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Diane de Poitiers (2609 bytes)
1: '''Diane de Poitiers''' ([[September 3]], [[1499]] - [[April ...
3: ...ng Fran篩s I]], she gained the title of Duchesse de Valentinois.
5: ...e noble foreigner [[Catherine de' Medici]], Diane de Poitiers would remain his lifelong true love. The...
7: [[Image:DianedePoitiers.jpg|left|frame|Diane de Poitiers]]
9: ...Paul III]] sent the new Queen Catherine the "[[Golden Rose]]", he did not forget to present the royal ...
Marguerite de Valois (5364 bytes)
1: ...humb|250px|right|style=margin-left:1em|Marguerite de Valois]]
2: '''Marguerite de Valois''' ([[May 14]], [[1553]] – [[May 27]...
4: ...f [[Henry II of France|Henri II]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]]. Three of her brothers became kings of...
6: ...eanne d'Albret died before the marriage was concluded.
8: ... It was reported that during the ceremony, the bride and groom stared straight ahead, never looking at...
Rush Limbaugh (21665 bytes)
2: ...''' (born [[January 12]], [[1951]] in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]]) is an [[United States|American]] [...
6: ... a [[judge]] whose wealth and power gave him considerable influence in Southeastern [[Missouri]], had ...
8: ...dropout|dropped out]]. This would have normally made him eligible for the [[draft]], but he was classi...
10: ... claim is now a reality as Limbaugh does use a golden microphone on ''The Rush Limbaugh Show''.)
18: ...tes|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] or even President George W. Bush.
Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
3: ...s foundation of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Peters...
7: ...[[Kolomenskoye]], near [[Moscow]], on the 18th of December [[1709]]. As her parents were not married a...
9: ...luency than accuracy. From her earliest years she delighted every one by her extraordinary beauty and ...
11: ...hat on the death of her mother (May 1727) and the departure to [[Holstein]] of her beloved sister Anne...
15: ...banishment to [[Siberia]], minus his tongue, by order of the empress [[Anna of Russia|Anne]], consoled...
Victoria of the United Kingdom (38571 bytes)
7: ...7]], and Empress of India from [[1876]] until her death. Her reign lasted more than sixty-three years ...
12: ...ged from their wives) and father children to provide an heir for the king. At the age of fifty the Duk...
16: ...Regent during the queen's minority. Ignoring precedent, Parliament did not create a council to limit t...
18: ...an prince) and out of a sense of duty (his family desired the match). Whatever Albert's original reaso...
20: ...h II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s descendants a separate family surname, [[Mountbatten...
Elizabeth Woodville (6291 bytes)
2: ... [[Edward IV of England]] from [[1464]] until his death in [[1483]].
6: ... 1st Earl Rivers|Sir Richard Woodville]] (later made first Earl Rivers) and [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]...
10: ...ers]], began to be favored over him, he changed sides.
16: ...was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid as bigamou...
18: ...[[Princes in the Tower]] is unknown but both were dead in this or the next reign. Elizabeth now lost t...
Marie Antoinette (40871 bytes)
4: ...ur of Saint John the Evangelist. A court official described the new baby as "a small, but completely h...
6: ...f her closest sister, Maria-Carolina (two years older) and brother, Max, (one year younger.) Her other...
7: ...een years before Antoinette's birth. She was considered one of the most brilliant political figures in...
9: ...ld like as a reward, Mozart is said to have responded by saying he would like the hand of the Empress'...
11: ...d off to European royalty. Maria-Christina, the eldest, was married to the Regent of the [[Netherlands...
Mary Robinson (21825 bytes)
3: ...servative political office. She resigned the presidency four months ahead of the end of her term of of...
5: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
6: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
7: ...ption>'''MARY ROBINSON President of Ireland'''</caption>
10: <tr><td>'''Term of Office:'''</td><td>[[3 December]] [[1990]] - [[12 September]] [[1997]]</td>...
The Valiant Five (3833 bytes)
6: ...ne Parlby|Irene Marryat Parlby]] (farm women's leader, activist and first woman [[Cabinet minister]] i...
9: ...or working women and founder of the [[Victorian Order of Nurses]]).
11: ...the [[British North America Act]], [[1867]], included the possibility of women becoming [[Senate of Ca...
15: ...'' did not include women. The stated grounds included:
20: ...thin the British Isles, the decision was non-precedental for the British House of Lords. The right of...
George Eliot (6014 bytes)
3: ...'George Eliot''' ([[22 November]] [[1819]] - [[22 December]] [[1880]]), was an [[England|English]] [[n...
5: ...f romances. An additional factor may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scruti...
8: ...[1851]]. The ''Westminster Review'' had been founded by [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Jeremy Bentham]] a...
10: ... remained married to her in name only, while he made house solely with Evans.
12: Two years after the death of Lewes, on [[May 6]], [[1880]] she married a...
Artemisia Gentileschi (23093 bytes)
1: ...]'' (1612-21) Oil on canvas 199 x 162 cm Galleria degli [[Uffizi]], Florence]]
3: ...ings, at a time when such heroic themes were considered beyond a mere woman's reach.
7: ...more talent than her brothers, who worked along side her. She learned drawing, how to mix color and ho...
9: ...anna and the Elders, Sch?rn Collection, Pommersfelden]]
10: ...]] in [[Pommersfelden]]. The picture shows how, under parental guidance, Artemisia assimilated the rea...
Marina Tsvetaeva (21885 bytes)
5: ... the 1960s. Tsvetaeva's poetry arose from her own deeply convoluted personality, her eccentricity and ...
8: ...lay on Marina's imagination, and to cause her to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.)
10: ...es and distant from his family. He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never g...
12: ...hool in [[Lausanne]]. Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during t...
14: ...an Voloshin]], whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in 'A Living Word About a Living Man'. Voloshi...
Hanna Reitsch (3751 bytes)
4: ...ds, being the first woman to fly the Alps in a glider, and was rather photogenic. Several of her glidi...
6: ...y, and in 1938 she flew the Fa 61 every night inside the arena of the Berlin Motor Show.
8: ...erver Badge with Diamonds. She survived many accidents and was badly injured several times.
10: ...ying Bomb]], which was fitted with a cockpit in order to be used during gliding tests, dropped from a ...
12: ...for Nazi commanders to join together in mass suicide when it was obvious that the war was over. She al...
Hypatia of Alexandria (10302 bytes)
2: ... Her contributions to science are reputed to include the invention of the [[astrolabe]] and the [[hydr...
4: ...man Empire had embarked on an intense campaign to destroy pagan places of worship.
8: ...e, and dogmatic Christians who demanded the final destruction of paganism on the other. Hypatia herse...
12: ...ll the philosophers of her own time. Having succeeded to the school of Plato and Plotinus, she explain...
14: ...contemporary information about Hypatia's life and death.
Margaret Mead (11387 bytes)
3: '''Margaret Mead''' ([[December 16]], [[1901]] – [[November 15]], [[1...
5: She was born in Philadelphia and raised in nearby [[Doylestown]] by a uni...
7: ... based on research she conducted as a graduate student, but her position as a pioneering anthropologis...
13: ... constitutes courtesy, modesty, good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is ...
16: ...e of adolescence itself or to the civilisation? Under different conditions does adolescence present a ...
Maria Callas (4931 bytes)
3: '''Maria Callas''' ([[December 2]], [[1923]] –[[September 16]], [[19...
5: .... Together with Serafin, Callas subsequently recorded and performed many bel canto operas, contributin...
7: ...or many roles. Her later [[stereo]] recordings evidence masterly musical interpretations with an incre...
9: ... was a disaster due to Callas's almost-completely destroyed voice.
11: ...cqueline Kennedy]], widow of assassinated US president [[John F. Kennedy]].
Billie Holiday (6766 bytes)
3: ...'''[[Jazz royalty|Lady Day]]''' is generally considered one of the greatest [[jazz]] [[singer]]s of al...
7: ...ng as a [[prostitute]] with her mother. This preceded her move to [[New York]] with her mother sometim...
9: ...er as a "[[Frank DeViese]]". Some historians consider this an anomaly, probably inserted by a hospital...
16: ...ormance, with pianist (and then-lover) [[Bobby Henderson]], did much to solidify her standing as a jaz...
20: ...songs, her unique tone and emotional commitment made her performances special.
Alanis Morissette (25762 bytes)
6: ...cade later in the songwriting, singing, and attitude of singers such as Aguilera, [[Avril Lavigne]], a...
10: ...an older brother, Chad, and a [[twin]] brother, Wade.
23: With the support of her parents and a relentless desire to succeed, Morissette traveled with Howe to ...
26: :''And your fake identification''
30: :''I'll be dealing with".''
Bonnie and Clyde (17385 bytes)
2: ...ge:Bonnie_and_Clyde.jpg|thumb|200px|Bonnie and Clyde clowning.]]
3: ... the [[central United States]] during the [[Great Depression]], often with various members of the [[Ba...
5: ...he attention of the [[American]] press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the ...
11: ...personal account of their crime spree and looming demise.
13: == Clyde ==
Mary, the mother of Jesus (30135 bytes)
8: ... figure of Mary, and the centuries of Marian cult derived from the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Chris...
11: ...t|250px|thumbnail|[[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]] delivering the [[Annunciation]] to Mary. Painting by...
13: ... strangers (Luke 2:6, 7). But as the inn was crowded, Mary had to retire to a place among the cattle.
15: ...rs only one event in the history of Jesus is recorded: his going up to [[Jerusalem]] when twelve years...
17: ... and other women (John 19:26). Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, calle...
Esther (5002 bytes)
2: ...ew Bible]], the queen of [[Ahasuerus]] (commonly identified with [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]] or [[...
5: ...name ''Esther'' is most likely related to the [[Medes|Median]] word for myrtle, ''astra'' and the [[Pe...
7: ...ad advised. In addition [[God]]'s workings are hidden in the events of the Book of Esther even though ...
9: ...[Ashtoreth]]. The names may nevertheless be coincidentally related, as the [[Semitic languages|Semitic...
12: ...min|Benjamite]]. She resided with her cousin [[Mordecai]], who held some office in the household of th...
Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (8386 bytes)
2: ...lavatsky''' or '''Madame Blavatsky''' was the founder of [[Theosophy]].
5: ...oth her mother and grandmother were strong role models that allowed her to mature into a nonconformist...
7: ...o have entered [[Tibet]] to study with the [[Ascended Master]]s for two years. She returned to Russia ...
9: ...out of nothing. Though she was apparently quite adept at these feats, her interests were more in the ...
15: ...wledge is consistent with new science may be considered to be the first instance of what is now called...
Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
1: ...g|right|framed|A medieval illumination showing Hildegard von Bingen and the monk Volmar]]
3: ...|German]] [[abbess]], [[Monasticism|monastic]] leader, [[Mystics|mystic]], author, and composer of [[m...
6: ... up around her. Upon Jutta's death in [[1136]] Hildegard was chosen superior of the community, and eve...
8: ...ling physically ill from carrying the unspoken burden.
11: ... of the meaning of the religious texts, and commanded her to write down everything she would observe i...
Kuan Yin (8111 bytes)
2: ...Buddhism|Buddhist]]s. Commonly known as the '''Goddess of Mercy''', Kuan Yin is also reverenced by [[C...
6: ...reas Avalokitesvara in other countries is usually depicted as a man.
12: ...a beautiful, white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier ''[[Pandaravasini]]'' form.
16: ...gain. With eleven heads gazing to the front and sides, Avalokiteshvara possesses the unique gift to se...
19: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" width="300" cellpadding="2" ...
Katharine Hepburn (23170 bytes)
2: ...ur. She was nominated for twelve Best Actress Academy Awards, the record for nominations until 2003, ...
5: ...d with giving her a sense of adventure and independence.
7: ...l for figure skating from the [[Madison Square Garden]] skating club, shooting golf in the low eightie...
8: ...and information about her brother's apparent suicide and its great impact on Hepburn -->
10: ...ay her degree was in drama -->, the same year she debuted on [[Broadway]] after landing a bit part in ...
Marilyn Monroe (30186 bytes)
2: ...en presence, stunning good looks and mysterious [[death]] would make her a perennial [[sex symbol]] an...
6: ... of Los Angeles County Hospital. Her grandmother, Della Monroe Grainger, later had her baptized ''Norm...
8: ...Ida claimed that she and Wayne had seriously considered adopting her, which they could not have done w...
10: ...ospital in [[Norwalk, California|Norwalk]], where Della had died; Gladys's father, Otis, died in a men...
12: ...elf, yet also developed a gritty, opportunistic side and a super-human drive. She was very intelligent...
Martina Navratilova (16246 bytes)
3: ...nis]] player. Originally from Czechoslovakia, she defected to the [[United States]] in [[1975]] and be...
11: ...utine to get herself into shape that eventually made extreme levels of fitness and conditioning a hall...
13: ... York City]] and informed them that she wished to defect. Within a month, she received a [[Green Card]...
15: ...She beat Evert in the final again to successfully defend her Wimbledon title in [[1979]].
17: ...tilová won her third Grand Slam singles title by defeating Evert in the final of the Australian Open,...
Orchidaceae (20056 bytes)
14: ...nd their [[symbiosis]] with mycorrhizae, are considered by some to be the culmination of floral [[evol...
16: ...s). He was a student of [[Aristotle]] and is considered the father of [[botany]] and [[ecology]].
18: Orchids, in their natural habitat, are considered by [[CITES]] as threatened or endangered. They...
20: == General description ==
21: ...itan]] in distribution, except [[Antarctica]] and deserts. The great majority are to be found in the [...
Apple (20408 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Maloideae]]}}
16: ...the family [[Rosaceae]], and is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Table apples are of the...
23: ...t affect domestic apples, and research with it to develop new disease-resistant apples is continuing.
25: ...ave been used in some recent breeding programs to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsu...
27: ... the earliest tree to be cultivated. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly [[citr...
Hydrangea (4213 bytes)
15: ...h the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.
19: ...[purple]]; in these species the exact color often depending upon the acidity or alkalinity of the soil...
22: ...in the genus ''Hydrangea''. Selected species include:
37: *''[[Hydrangea scandens]]''. Southern Japan south to the [[Philippines]...
42: ...phylla|H. macrophylla]]'' being by far the most widely grown with over 600 named [[cultivar]]s. Some a...
Locomotive (16705 bytes)
3: ...ves because they have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power cars.
8: ...ather than in self-propelled vehicles. These include:
13: ...tly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.
17: ...s of providing motive work - the common ones include:
20: ...illustration of a historical train. Pictures provided by by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Cli...
Abdomen (6929 bytes)
2: ...ining in the very front of the abdomen. Some consider the pelvis a separate section, but there is no s...
5: ...[[muscle]] is the outermost muscle covering the side of the abdomen. It is broad, flat, and irregularl...
7: ...y. It lies between the internal oblique and the underlying transversalis fascia. It originates from P...
9: ...bdominus is enclosed in a thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of the three mu...
15: ... [[venae cavae|inferior vena cava]] are also considered part of the abdomen, but are located in the pa...
Hillary Rodham Clinton (17176 bytes)
2: ...ent]] [[Bill Clinton]]. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party]].
8: ...oining the [[Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29|Democratic Party]] and writing her thesis on radical...
10: ...ld become the future White House Counsel for President Clinton.
12: ...counsel for a brief time before he committed suicide in 1993].
17: In 1980 Bill Clinton was defeated for reelection as governor. In 1982, as pa...
Actinium (7046 bytes)
2: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right...
5: {| align="center" border="0"
20: | [[Chemical series]] || [[Actinide]]s
25: | [[Density]], [[Mohs hardness scale|Hardness]]
39: | [[van der Waals radius]] || n/a pm
Ear (6659 bytes)
1: ...ge:Ear.jpg|thumb|A left [[human]] ear. Image provided by [https://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip ...
3: An '''ear''' is an organ used by an animal to detect [[sound]]. The term may refer to the entire ...
7: ...ncluding [[human]]s, have two ears, one on each side of the head.
10: ... waves. Many [[mammal]]s can move the pinna in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction, i...
12: ...umb|250px|left| Photography of a baby. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
Eye (21834 bytes)
1: ...ight or dark. More complex eyes are used to provide the [[sense]] of [[visual perception|vision]]. Ma...
9: ...es grow outward from brain cells during embryonic development, while mollusk eyes grow inward from ski...
11: ...ranged hexagonally, and which can give a full 360 degree field of vision. Compound eyes are very sensi...
16: Jumping spiders have simple eyes that are so large, supported b...
18: ...ght|thumb|300px|Eye of a Komodo Dragon.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
Larynx (2361 bytes)
4: ...lage resembles a signet ring (Narrow in back, broader in front). Above the larynx is a supporting bone...
11: ...ed in the larynx, while articulation of the sound derives from the use of [[teeth]], [[tongue]], [[pal...
Pancreas (4781 bytes)
11: ...ncreas and empties into the second part of the duodenum at the [[ampulla of Vater]]. The [[common bil...
13: ...ry]]. Venous drainage is via the [[pancreaticoduodenal veins]] which end up in the [[portal vein]]. ...
16: [[Image:Pancreas.jpg|thumb|250px|The duodenum and pancreas (stomach removed).]]</div>
23: ...in [[bicarbonate ion]]s and are [[alkaline]] in order to neutralize the acidic [[chyme]] that the stom...
24: ...]]s secreted by cells in the [[stomach]] and [[duodenum]], in response to distension and/or food and w...
Mandible (13717 bytes)
6: ... like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.
9: ...i Inferioris]] (Quadratus labii inferioris) and [[depressor anguli oris]] (Triangularis); the [[platys...
11: '''Figure 1 :''' Mandible. Outer surface. Side view.
12: ... the [[sublingual gland]] rests, and below the hinder part, an oval fossa for the [[submaxillary gland...
14: == Borders ==
Vertebral column (7072 bytes)
5: ...es are ''compensatory'' or ''secondary'', and are developed after [[birth]], the former when the [[chi...
7: ... convexity of the curve is directed to the left side.
17: ...nsverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cer...
21: ...he thoracic region. They present, in front, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae, marked in the th...
25: ...cervical and lumbar regions; and is small and rounded in the thoracic region, where motion is more lim...
Vertebra (3942 bytes)
5: ...ions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names ''cervical'' (7 vertebrae), ''thoracic...
6: ...egion, or it may be diminished in one region, the deficiency often being supplied by an additional ver...
15: ...he '''intervertebral foramina''', one on either side, for the transmission of the spinal nerves and ve...
22: ''Note: For more detailed information, see [[Cervical vertebrae]]''
24: These are generally small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with th...
Parathyroid gland (1913 bytes)
12: Disorders of the parathyroid hormone receptor have been a...
14: ...sa cystica]]. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as...
16: A [[Sestamibi scan]] is often used to determine which parathyroids are responsible for ove...
Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
4: ...OOS2_339A.jpg|thumb|100px|Human Body Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
11: ...noradrenaline, respectively). Medullary cells are derived from the [[embryo]]nic [[neural crest]] and,...
13: ...le effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine include increased [[heart rate]], [[vasoconstriction|bloo...
20: The cortex can be divided into three distinct layers of [[biological_tissu...
28: Pregnenolone can then be either dehydrogenated to [[progesterone]] or hydroxylated t...
Pineal gland (4403 bytes)
1: ...-brain.jpg|thumb||200px|right|Brain Clip Art provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
11: ..., perivascular phagocyte, pineal neurons and peptidergic neuron-like cells.
13: ...onia, and a little animal matter. <!-- I have no idea what Gray's Anatomy means by "Animal matter" - s...
17: ... by darkness and inhibited by light. Light can be detected by the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (SCN) wh...
19: ...er [[tetrapods]] and the skull orifice sealed. Modern birds and reptiles have been found to express t...
Arm (7276 bytes)
1: ...mmal, specifically the segment between the [[shoulder]] and the [[elbow]]. '''Arm''' may also refer ...
5: ...lder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the presence of two forearm...
8: ===The shoulder===
9: ...|400px|Diagram of the muscles in the arm and shoulder]]
11: ... [[sternoclavicular]] joint, while the scapula slides across the posterior chest wall via the "scapulo...
Hair (11457 bytes)
1: [[Image:Hair.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Long braided hair]]
2: ...ilamentous outgrowth of the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] found in [[mammal]]s. It is a characterist...
4: ...her. Because hair is often [[pigment]]ed, it provides coloration. This might serve to [[camouflage]] ...
6: ...ice]] and [[flea]] infestation which caused the order to be given for the routine cutting of hair to a...
15: ...beings often have their [[haircut|hair cut]] or [[depilation|remove it]] by shaving or other means.
Anatomy (6382 bytes)
1: ...[Image:anatomy06-brain.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ...y ([[phytonomy]]). Major branches of anatomy include [[comparative anatomy]], [[histology]], and [[hum...
6: Animal anatomy may include the study of the structure of different animals, ...
10: ...he healthy human body, and to this study the term descriptive or topographical human anatomy is given,...
12: ...ient observation, are complete masters of all its details; most of them specialize on certain parts, s...
Chromosome (12667 bytes)
1: ...color="#0000FF">Chromatid. One of the two identical parts of the chromosome after [[S phase]]. ...
2: ...in [[1842]] and their behavior later described in detail by [[Walther Flemming]] in [[1882]]. In [[191...
8: ...nction between plasmids and chromosomes is poorly defined, though size and necessity are generally tak...
17: ... color="#FF0000">'''centromere'''. (4) Condensed chromatin during [[prophase]]. (Two copies of...
19: ...ded by a [[satellite chromosome]] that contains codes for [[ribosome|ribosomal]] [[RNA]].
Flowering plant (29088 bytes)
12: ...agnoliophyta''') are one of the major groups of modern [[plant]]s, comprising those that produce [[see...
16: ...ce of truly naked ovules in the [[Cycadophyta|Cycadeae]] and [[Pinophyta|Coniferae]], entitling them t...
17: [[Image:IR_8091B.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
18: ...hen gradually came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants ot...
19: ..._012A_carnations.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
Renaissance (14795 bytes)
1: ...e [[Modern Age]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in [[Ita...
5: ... by French historian [[Jules Michelet]], and expanded upon by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] historian [[Jacob ...
10: ...riod is now often replaced by the term "[[Early Modern]]". (See [[periodization|periodisation]], [[Lum...
12: ...e as the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age.
17: ...del Fiore.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] church of [[Florence]], [[Italy]]. Flore...
Scientific revolution (17675 bytes)
1: ...he scientific revolution was the publication of ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' by [[Nicolaus ...
3: ...nly were there major theoretical and experimental developments, but even more importantly, the way in ...
7: ...as; some of the rancor and cross-purposes in such debates may arise from lack of recognition of these ...
9: ...tially as it is understood and practiced in the modern world; there is no concern here with "other nar...
15: ... (This and Galen's anatomy, though largely superseded by later work, are none the less important contr...
Ceramics (15941 bytes)
7: ...rthenware and porcelain to decorative tiles and modern sculptures, reflecting both functional and aest...
10: ...cement, leading to more uniform and sophisticated designs.
17: *Hand-Building: This includes pinching, coiling, and slab building. It's one o...
19: ...is popular for making bowls, vases, and other rounded forms.
21: ... making it easier to produce multiple copies of a design.
Glass (26176 bytes)
1: The materials definition of a '''glass''' is a uniform [[amorphous...
3: ...ed the word ''glaes'' to describe [[amber]], recorded by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] historians as ''glaesu...
5: ...glasses in common use as a building, container or decorative material.
9: ...d with very smooth and impervious surfaces. These desirable properties lead to a great many uses of gl...
13: ...ommon glass''' is mostly amorphous [[silicon dioxide]] ([[Silicon|Si]][[Oxygen|O]]2), which...
Pre-historic art (9744 bytes)
7: ...]], now suggests that Neanderthal humans may have developed a sophisticated and more complicated artis...
9: ...ron]] and [[manganese]] and indicates that it was decorated by someone and used as a figurine, regardl...
12: ...objects, like the paddles from [[Tybrind Vig]], [[Denmark]], are known as well.
15: ... by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks with a growing sophistication. S...
20: ... style are to be classified as art is a matter of definition.
Iconography (7643 bytes)
1: ...00px|''[[Salvator Mundi]]'' is an [[iconography]] depicting [[Christ]] with his right hand raised in [...
2: ...[symbolism|symbolically]] mean more than a simple depiction of the person involved.
4: ...ms of change, the flower of new life, the fire of destruction, etc.). The many heads, eyes, feet, and ...
6: ...[[Old Testament]] scriptures against the material depiction of the immaterial [[God]] is overturned in...
8: ...irement of the iconographer in order to correctly depict the spiritual realm. For the [[Eastern Orthod...
Heraldry (23465 bytes)
1: ...r [[jousting|jousts]] and to describe the various devices they carried or [[paint]]ed on their [[shiel...
3: ...ster. Dexter ("right" in [[Latin]]) is the left side of the shield, and sinister ("left") is the right...
5: ...he shield is immaterial and different artists can depict the same coat of arms on many different shape...
7: ...use bold, vivid colours rather than [[pastel]] shades.
9: ...plete depiction of a coat-of-arms, the crest is a design affixed to the [[helmet]]. Crests can also be...
Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
4: ...clear whether the blast furnace was independently developed there, or whether the technology was trans...
6: ...ource]], and the use of a [[coal]]-derived fuel made blast furnace-based iron smelting significantly l...
15: ...chemically to produce pure iron and [[carbon dioxide]], which leaks out of the furnace at the top.
17: ...into [[calcium oxide]] and additional carbon dioxide:
21: The calcium oxide reacts with various acidic impurities in the iron...
Dye (6033 bytes)
1: A '''dye''' can generally be described as a [[colour]]ed substance that has an [[...
3: [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence shows that, particularly in [[India]] and the ...
9: The first man-made [[organic]] dye, [[mauveine]], was discovered by ...
13: ...e for wool and silk. Usually [[acetic acid]] is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye ont...
15: ...int]], with the addition of either [[sodium chloride]] (NaCl) or [[sodium sulphate]] (Na2SO...
Weaving (6924 bytes)
1: ...rn), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs, including [[tapestry|tapestries]].
3: ...heir fabrics, regardless of the complexity of the design.
5: ...dye]]d before weaving is called [[ikat]]. Fabric decorated using a wax resist method is called [[bati...
9: .... The weft thread crosses the warp in some over/under sequence. The nature of that sequence gives rise...
11: ...rsely, if the warp is spread out, the weft can slide down and completely cover the warp, giving a ''we...
Marco Polo (6716 bytes)
1: ... January]] [[1324]]) was a [[Venice|Venetian]] trader and [[exploration|explorer]] who, together with ...
5: ...affio'') were prosperous merchants in the East trade. The two merchants set out to [[Asia]] in [[1255]...
7: ...ed prominence in Venice and are historically recorded as Venetians.
13: ... more advanced than similar contemporary European developments.
18: ...nt the few months of his imprisonment dictating a detailed account of his travels in the then-unknown ...
Ponce De Leon (5480 bytes)
2: ...] by appointment of the Spanish Crown. He is regarded as the first [[Europe]]an known to have visited ...
4: ...m and to which the natives had no immunity. Ponce de León, however, became rich while serving as Gove...
6: ...right|thumb|Cacique Agueybana greeting Juan Ponce de León]]
7: ...d been damaged. Not wishing to serve Diego, Ponce de León obtained title to explore the areas north o...
9: ...de los Castellanos'' of [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]].
Definitions of music (17609 bytes)
1: ...c actually consists of is something that is still debated today.
4: ... by way of the Latin ''musica''. It is ultimately derived from ''mousa'', the Greek word for [[muses|m...
6: ... may be combined with it in song) is relatively modern.
10: ...s. From this concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music of the spheres.
12: ..., all things were connected with each other - a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the [[o...
Map (10223 bytes)
3: ...that space. Usually, a map is a [[2D geometric model|two-dimensional, geometrically accurate represen...
7: ...itten language by several millennia. One of the oldest surviving maps, painted on a wall of the [[Cat...
9: ...y in the works of J.B. Harley, Mark Monmonier and Denis Wood.
11: ... in [[English language|English]] as "[[On Exactitude in Science]]".
13: ... internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work).
United Nations (29685 bytes)
1: ...f Palestine|Palestine]], have ''de facto'' independence and/or some international diplomatic recogniti...
3: ...o fulfill these obligations. The General Assembly determines admission upon recommendation of the Secu...
5: ... The name was transferred to the UN as it was founded by the victorious powers in the war as a conditi...
20: ...ebated by governments and private citizens worldwide.
24: ...ong the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original s...
Science (19868 bytes)
8: ...ce in terms of [[ontology]]: science attempts to identify what "things" in the world, their causal pow...
10: ...the empiricist tradition, we must be careful to understand that "prediction" refers to the outcome of ...
12: ...used interchangeably. Both have been subjected to devastating criticisms:
14: ...demonstrated the impossibility of a theory-independent observation language, so the very notion of tes...
15: ...steady accumulation of facts, as the empiricist model implies.
Cairo (12536 bytes)
2: ...he world. Cairo is located at 30°2' North, 31°13' East (30.03333, 31.21667). [http://earth-inf...
6: ...ere by troops sent from Cairo. ([[Mongols]], Crusaders & Ottomans are examples)
11: ...20040617.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This Envisat ASAR Wide-Swath radar multicolour composite image is focuse...
14: ...aks into three branches into the low-lying [[Nile Delta]] region.
16: ...ro is dominated by the government buildings and modern architecture, the eastern half is filled with h...
Piccolo heckelphone (2734 bytes)
1: ...[[heckelphone]], the piccolo heckelphone was intended to redress a point of weakness in the romantic o...
3: ... of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s second [[Brandenburg Concerto]], where it played the high trumpet...
5: ...trument's conicity is quite wide (though not as wide as that of a [[saxophone]]), giving it a characte...
9: ...nstrument museum. Of the rest, some may have been destroyed in the second world war, or may be in the ...
11: ...sis. It is this author's contention that were a modern version produced, it would undoubtedly be a gre...
Musical instrument (3823 bytes)
1: ....jpg|60px|left|]] A '''musical instrument''' is a device that has been constructed or modified with th...
2: ....jpg|thumb|right|175px|Picture of a Psaltery provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: The academic study of musical instruments is called ''[[org...
5: Instruments are often divided by the way in which they generate sound:
7: ...of tone production. The group is typically subdivided into [[Brass instruments|Brass]] and [[Woodwind]...
Cornett (5160 bytes)
6: ...he form of a tube, typically about 60 cm. long, made of [[ivory]] or [[wood]] with [[woodwind instrume...
8: ...ical instrument classification]] places it alongside instruments such as the [[trumpet]].
10: ...ompromise--often with the need to go on playing modern brass instruments--may use a much larger mouthp...
14: ...nd [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] wrote much of his resplendent [[Venetian polychoral style|polychoral]] music ...
16: ...ugh to be used in a consort of viols or even recorders.
Ptolemy I of Egypt (7434 bytes)
3: ...er of [[Egypt]] ([[323 BC]] - [[283 BC]]) and founder of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. In [[305 BC]] he t...
7: ...s]] and the young [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]].
9: ...sfully defended the [[Nile]] and Perdiccas was murdered by two of his subordinates. In the long wars ...
11: ...ge:Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin depicting '''Ptolemy I''' (r. [[305 BC|305]] - [[283...
13: ...her [[Menelaus]] was defeated and captured in the decisive [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus (306 BC)|Batt...
Sex (2995 bytes)
1: ...'[[male]]'' and ''[[female]]''. The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger [[gamet...
5: ...ology is quickly complicated by variations in the degree of sexuality. As with animals, there are onl...
8: ...the number of [[chromosomes]] as fertilized eggs, develop into [[Drone (bee)|drones]], i.e., male bees...
10: ...s]], sex may be determined by various other [[sex-determination systems]], including those controlled ...
Ashoka (15187 bytes)
5: ...abharata rulers, to unify such a vast territory under his empire, which in retrospect exceeds the boun...
10: ...anked Queen known as Dharma. Ashoka had several elder siblings and just one younger sibling, Vitthasho...
14: ...omed by the revolting militias and the uprising ended without a fight. (The province revolted once mor...
16: Ashoka's success made his step-brothers more wary of his intentions of ...
18: ...utra]], but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain.
Middle Kingdom of Egypt (5374 bytes)
5: ...] [[Mentuhotep II]] from [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] defeated the last king of the [[Tenth dynasty of Egy...
6: ...Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
8: ...s a palace coup by Amenemhat that resulted in the death of Mentuhotep IV.
10: ...es lasted throughout the Twelfth dynasty and provided great stability.
14: ...centralized government though) and established trade connections with Nubia and a war seems to be cond...
Egyptian chronology (11665 bytes)
1: ...y]] is a type of [[chronology]] worked on for decades by scholars of [[Egyptology]].
5: ...ist with no satisfactory solution. Scholars consider the creation of an Egyptian chronology a difficu...
7: ...ages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0006_egyptianChronolgoy.html]
9: ...plete, also (with relics and artifacts missing or destroyed). Egyptian chronology is in a constant sta...
13: ...phres Era'' may radically modify the prevailing modern Egyptian chronology, so the previous "firm" dat...
Nile (13738 bytes)
12: ... River|Amazon]] still remains the subject of much debate. This is, for the most part, due to two reaso...
24: ...lthough the lake itself has feeder rivers of considerable size from the other [[Great Lakes (Africa)|G...
26: ...Abyad, or the [[White Nile]], from the clay suspended in its waters. From there, the river flows to [...
32: ...[[:Image:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|Nile delta]])]]
40: ...he Nile in Sudan, looking north across the Sahara Desert towards Lake Nasser and Egypt. Photograph IS...
George Washington (29551 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=George Washington
3: | image name=Seal_us_presdent.jpg|thumb
5: | order=1st President
8: | preceded=None
9: | succeeded=[[John Adams]]
John Hancock (8787 bytes)
3: ... Independence|United States Declaration of Independence]]]]
5: ...to sign the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. According to legend, he signed his name lar...
8: ...ended [[Harvard College]] and received a business degree in [[1754]], when he was 17. Upon graduation,...
10: ...ously, the same. With his generosity, he was regarded as a man of integrity and honor.
13: ... [[Massachusetts General Court]], his colonial trade business naturally disposed him to resist the [[S...
Andrew Jackson (23546 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Andrew Jackson
3: | image name=Seal_us_presdent.jpg
4: | order=7th President
7: | preceded= [[John Quincy Adams]]
8: | succeeded= [[Martin Van Buren]]
Martin Van Buren (21629 bytes)
1: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
2: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
5: <tr><td>'''Order:'''</td><td>8th President</td></tr>
8: <tr><td>'''Succeeded by:'''</td><td>[[William Henry Harrison]]</td></...
9: <tr><td>'''Date of Birth'''</td><td>[[December 5]], [[1782]]</td></tr>
Abraham Lincoln (48771 bytes)
1: {| border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"
4: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: | '''Order:''' || 16th President
15: | '''Predecessor:''' || [[James Buchanan]]
24: | '''Date of death:''' || [[April 15]], [[1865]]
Ulysses S. Grant (23281 bytes)
1: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
2: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
5: <tr><td>'''Order:'''</td><td>18th President</td></tr>
8: <tr><td>'''Succeeded by:'''</td><td>[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]</td></tr>
11: <tr><td>'''Date of Death:'''</td><td>[[July 23]], [[1885]]</td></tr>
Alexandria (28378 bytes)
3: ...ntry's capital was ended, and it fell into a long decline, which by the late [[Ottoman]] period had se...
5: ...|right|Alexandria's state-of-the-art [[library]], designed by [[Christoph Kapellar]], was inaugurated ...
16: * The modern city from [[1798]] (red).
19: ...in. Alexander's seers, and in particular [[Aristander of Telmessus]], interpreted this as an omen that...
21: ...t the foundation, but are thwarted when Alexander descends in a glass box, and armed with exact knowle...
Mediterranean Sea (9773 bytes)
6: ...an]] is important to understanding the origin and development of [[Western Civilization]].
9: The term ''Mediterranean'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''mediterraneus'', 'inlan...
11: ...eer''. In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is ''Akdeniz'', "the white sea".
17: ...whereas the Black Sea is generally not. The man-made [[Suez Canal]] in the south-east connects the Med...
19: [[Tide]]s are very limited in the Mediterreanean as a re...
Age of the Earth (20052 bytes)
1: ...difficult to define. This article describes the modern dating methods used to arrive at the age of the...
4: ...ved in a similar date, and some today continue to defend [[young earth creationism]] (see [http://www....
6: Few people had conceived the idea of a time that stretched far into the past befor...
9: ...of [[Russia]]n science, was one of the first to undertake this exercise, suggesting in the mid-[[18th ...
11: ...h]] naturalist the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte du Buffon]] tried to obtain a value ...
Plate tectonics (27764 bytes)
1: ...e outermost part of the [[Earth]]'s interior is made up of two layers, the outer [[lithosphere]] and t...
3: ...ay from each other), and transform (two plates slide past one another). [[Earthquake]]s, [[volcano|vol...
5: ...r [[chemistry]], the discovery of the [[genetic code]] for [[genetics]], or [[evolution]] in [[biology...
8: ...the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to undergo motion in different directions.
10: ...famous. These boundaries are discussed in further detail below.
Earth (30908 bytes)
4: ...iker's Guide reference in here. It's been done to death. Find a gem with which to improve the article ...
7: ...l planet]]s, and the only planetary body that [[modern science]] confirms as harboring [[life]]. The p...
9: ... a variant puts the cross atop the circle ([[Unicode]]: ⊕ or ♁).
14: ... diameter of approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth ...
17: ... other [[terrestrial planets]], is chemically divided into an outer [[silicon|siliceous]] solid [[Crus...
Africa (35389 bytes)
8: ...with its capital [[Carthage]], corresponding to modern-day [[Tunisia]].
18: ...ent of the continent, the idea of ''Africa'' expanded with their knowledge.
24: ...rom the main mass of the Earth's surface. It includes within its remarkably regular outline an area, o...
26: ...6,000 km (16,100 miles) and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that Eu...
33: Africa is home to the [[cradle of Humankind|oldest inhabited territory]] on earth, with the [[huma...
Antarctica (14761 bytes)
4: ...near the Earth's [[North Pole]] on the opposite side of the planet.
8: ...so the continent with the highest average [[altitude]], and the lowest average [[humidity]] of any con...
15: ...he continent, but [[ice]] there can last for extended time periods. Nearly all of Antarctica is cover...
24: ...ea is called [[Western Antarctica]] and the remainder [[Eastern Antarctica]], since they correspond ro...
30: ...ons, particularly those close to the continent, made territorial claims in the [[20th century]]. These...
Europe (23835 bytes)
4: ...ains]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] (for more detailed description see [[Geography of Europe]]).
6: When considered a continent, Europe is the world's second smal...
11: ...and Greece and by [[500 BC]] its meaning was extended to lands to the north.
13: ... west. Likewise, [[Asia]] is also thought to have derived from the Akkadian word ''asu'', which means ...
18: ...es in [[Ireland]] and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled knowledge accumulated previously. T...
United States (58223 bytes)
2: ... level of local autonomy under the [[federation|federal]] system.
12: ...deral level]]; [[English language|English]] [[de facto]] |
14: government_type = [[Democratic]] [[Federal republic]] |
15: ...r>[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] |
16: leader_names = [[Joe Biden]] [[Kamala Harris]] |
Canada (35540 bytes)
1: ...rguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page, and wait until the consens...
3: ...o keep this overview article concise, please consider adding information instead to one of the many "m...
6: ...the second largest in area (after [[Russia]]). Bordering the [[United States]], its territorial claims...
8: ...iamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]] and is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wit...
15: ... who is the head of government, have official residences in Ottawa.
United Arab Emirates (10825 bytes)
2: ...ween the British and some Arab [[sheikh]]s. It borders [[Oman]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<!--
7: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
11: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
15: ...h="165px" | ([[Flag of the UAE|In Detail]])
32: ...on]]'''  - Total ([[2001]])  - [[Density]]
Algeria (16548 bytes)
1: ...stern Sahara]], in the west. The name Algeria is derived from the name of the city of Algiers; from t...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
11: ...gn="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Algeria|In Detail]])
25: ...e]]''' || [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], ''President''
Jordan (20715 bytes)
1: ...the coastlines of the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's main religion is [[Islam]] and ...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
11: ...ign="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Jordan|In Detail]])
12: ...ter" width="140px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Jordan|In Detail]])
Netherlands (35958 bytes)
1: ...arch]], located in northwestern [[Europe]]. It borders the [[North Sea]] to the north and west, [[Belg...
7: native_name = Nederland |
18: government_type= [[Democracy|Dem.]] [[Constitution|const.]] [[monarchy]] |
19: leader_titles = [[Dutch monarch|Queen]] [[Prime mini...
20: ...he Netherlands|Beatrix]] [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] |
Andorra (11532 bytes)
1: ...; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
33: ...sp;- Total (2003)  - [[Population density|Density]]:
36: | '''[[Independence]]''': || 1278
42: ...03) || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|NA]] – unranked
Feed (1445 bytes)
3: ...en to or meant for livestock (also called ''"[[fodder]]"'').
6: # A coupling device between an antenna and its transmission line....
11: ...is also an abbreviation for Front End Engineering Design.
12: * In [[metalworking]] feed describes the rate at which a tool advances into the...
13: ''This article contains information from [[Federal Standard 1037C]] and from [[MIL-STD-188]]''
Turkey (41694 bytes)
14: leader_titles = [[President of Turkey|President]] [[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime ...
15: leader_names = [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]] [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan|Recep Tayyip E...
17: ...ents =  - Formation of Parliament  - Declaration of Republic |
21: area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
28: population_density = 89 |
Madagascar (29377 bytes)
2: ...auritania]] are the only countries not to use a [[decimal currency]].
6: native_name = Republique de Madagascar Repoblikan'i Madagasikara |
17: ... = [[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President]] [[List of Prime Ministers of Madagascar|...
18: leader_names = [[Marc Ravalomanana]] [...
22: area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
Samoa (9435 bytes)
1: The '''Independent State of Samoa''' (conventional long form) or '...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
3: ...big>'''Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa Independent State of Samoa'''</big>
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: ...lign="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Samoa|In Detail]])
Eritrea (12964 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
9: ...gn="center" width="130px" | ([[Flag of Eritrea|In Detail]])
10: ...ign="center" width="130px" | ([[COA of Eritrea|In Detail]])
23: | '''[[President of Eritrea|President]]'''
Paraguay (10959 bytes)
1: ...uage|Guarani]] words "parᦱuot;, meaning "this side" and "guay", meaning "river". The expression in G...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
3: |+<big><big>'''Rep?a del Paraguay'''</big></big>
5: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
9: ...ign="center" width="130px"|([[Flag of Paraguay|In Detail]])
Greece (54754 bytes)
1: ...ld|Western civilization]] and the birthplace of [[democracy]], Greece has a long and rich history duri...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
11: ...Σ ''([[Greek language|Greek]]: Freedom or Death)''
21: | '''[[List of Presidents of Greece|President]]''' || [[Karolos Papoulias|KᲯlos Papo?]]
Iraq (19222 bytes)
1: ...ingdom|British]] forces which drove the former leader [[Saddam Hussein]] and his [[Ba'ath Party]] from...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="backg...
10: ...align="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Iraq|In Detail]]) || align="center" width="140px" | ([[Coat ...
21: | '''[[President of Iraq|President]]''' || [[Jalal Talabani]]
Thailand (14276 bytes)
1: ...hailand''' is a country in [[Southeast Asia]], bordering [[Laos]] and [[Cambodia]] to the east, the [[...
19: leader_titles = [[King]] [[Prime Minister]] |
20: leader_names = [[Bhumibol Adulyadej]] [[Thaksin Shinawatra]] |
22: area_magnitude = 1 E11|
30: population_density = 121 |
Saint Kitts and Nevis (6100 bytes)
1: '''The Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis''' is an island na...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
3: |+<big><big>'''Federation of Saint Kitts and Nevis'''</big></big>
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: ...dth="140px" | ([[Flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis|In Detail]])
People's Republic of China (40848 bytes)
1: ...on|privatized]] its economy in the past three decades. Politically, it remains a one-party [[authorit...
4: ...rsial with the ROC considering itself an [[independent state]]. See '''[[China]]''' and [[Political st...
6: ...d China]]" is sometimes used to denote the area under the PRC's rule, usually excluding the two [[Spec...
13: ...[Fujian]]. On [[October 1]], 1949, [[Mao Zedong]] declared the People's Republic of China, establishin...
15: ...s may also doubt statistics or accounts given for death tolls or other damages incurred by Mao's campa...
Lebanon (34225 bytes)
2: ...along the [[Mediterranean Sea]] (on the west), bordered by [[Syria]] on the east and north, and [[Isra...
3: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
11: ...lign="center" width="140" | ([[Flag of Lebanon|In Detail]])
12: ...nter" width="140" | ([[Coat of Arms of Lebanon|In Detail]])
Belize (11927 bytes)
1: ...the [[Gulf of Honduras]] to the east. The name is derived from [[Belize City]], the former capital and...
3: ... Honduras''', until [[1973]]. It became an independent nation in [[1981]].
5: ...mber of [[CARICOM]] and its citizens tend to consider themselves a Caribbean, and not Central American...
6: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
10: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
Germany (46412 bytes)
1: ... is bordered to the north by the [[North Sea]], [[Denmark]], and the [[Baltic Sea]], to the south by [...
3: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
4: |+<big>'''Bundesrepublik Deutschland'''</big>
6: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
7: ...Germany]] || align=center width=130px| [[Image:Bundesadler.png|100px|Germany: Coat of Arms]]
Guinea-Bissau (9517 bytes)
1: ...]], was added to the country's official name in order to prevent confusion between itself and the [[Gu...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: ...nter" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Guinea-Bissau|In Detail]])
14: ...er" colspan=2 | ''[[National motto]]: Unidade, Luta, Progresso ([[Portuguese language|Portug...
Slovakia (19892 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
9: ...align=center width=140px | ([[Flag of Slovakia|In Detail]])
22: | '''[[President of Slovakia|President]]'''
31: ... Total ([[2004]])  - [[Population density|Density]]
Barbados (21887 bytes)
3: ...re also dotted with large sugarcane estates and wide [[pastures]] with many good views to the sea.
5: ...ntry in the world. The island is a major tourist destination.
9: ...]], and [[Mapp's Cave]]. According to accounts by descendants of the aboriginal Arawak tribes on other...
11: ...lly called the island '''Os Barbados''' ("The Bearded Ones"), upon seeing the appearance of the island...
13: ...]] until independence in [[1966]], Barbados was under uninterrupted British control. Nevertheless, Bar...
Belgium (31774 bytes)
1: ...Belgien'') is a country in [[Western Europe]], bordered by the [[Netherlands]], [[Germany]], [[Luxembo...
4: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: |+<big>'''Royaume de Belgique''' '''Koninkrijk Belgi맧' '''K?re...
7: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
10: ...enter width=130px | ([[Coat of Arms of Belgium|In Detail]])
Hungary (18459 bytes)
1: ... [[landlocked]] country in [[Central Europe]], bordered by [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]], [[Ukraine]], [[R...
18: government_type= Democratic [[republic]] |
19: leader_titles = [[President of Hungary|President]] [[Prime minister of Hungary|Prime mini...
20: leader_names = (''outgoing'') [[Ferenc M᤬]] (''inc...
22: area_magnitude = 1_E10 |
Argentina (30219 bytes)
14: government_type= Democratic [[Republic]] |
15: leader_titles = [[President of Argentina|President]]|
16: leader_names = [[Néstor Kirchner]] |
18: area_magnitude = 1_E12 |
26: population_density = 14 |
Bangladesh (29715 bytes)
1: ...ing north of the [[Bay of Bengal]], on land it borders [[India]] and [[Myanmar]], and it is a close ne...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
3: ...86; Gano Projātontrī Bānglādesh</big></big>
8: ...age:Bangladesh flag large.png|125px|Flag of Bangladesh]]
9: | [[Image:Bangladesh coa.png]]
East Timor (13677 bytes)
1: ...ituated on the western side of the island, surrounded by [[West Timor]].
3: ...trol of the territory, which achieved full independence on [[May 20]], [[2002]].
12: ...f [[Timor]], while the surrounding islands came under [[Netherlands|Dutch]] control.
14: ...gainst the Japanese. The struggle resulted in the deaths of between 40,000 and 70,000 Timorese. Follow...
16: The process of decolonisation in the then [[Portuguese Timor]] bega...
Qatar (10610 bytes)
1: ...udi Arabia]] to the south and is otherwise surrounded by the [[Persian Gulf]].
4: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
8: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
33: ...otal (July 2003)  - [[Population density|Density]]
36: | '''[[Independence]]'''  - Recognised
Republic of Ireland (25543 bytes)
1: ...ingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]. Under the [[Constitution of Ireland|Irish constitution...
20: leader_titles = [[President of Ireland|President]] [[Taoiseach]] |
21: leader_names = [[Mary McAleese]] [[Bertie Ahern]] |
24: area_magnitude = 1 E9|
31: population_density = 57 |
Tuvalu (11893 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
34: | '''[[Independence]]''' 
40: ...]]'''  – Total  – [[Density]]
49: | '''[[List of country calling codes|Calling Code]]'''
Sierra Leone (10596 bytes)
1: ...oast of the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. The country is bordered by [[Guinea]] in the north and [[Liberia]] in ...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: ...enter" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Sierra Leone|In Detail]])
24: | '''[[List of Presidents of Sierra Leone|President]]'''
Vietnam (18265 bytes)
1: ... Asia]]. Situated in eastern [[Indochina]], it borders [[China]], [[Laos]], [[Cambodia]], and the [[So...
6: ...1973]] formally recognized sovereignty for both sides. American troops were withdrawn by [[March 29]]...
8: ...ers Resolution]] prevented the United States from defending South Vietnam. [[Fall of Saigon|Saigon fel...
10: ... fleeing from Vietnam through the rest of the decade, and into the next.
12: ...d [[Pol Pot]] from power and into hiding, thereby decisively stabilizing Cambodia. Only one month late...
Cuba (25106 bytes)
6: ...ted States]] occupied the island until its independence was granted in [[1902]], though limited by the...
10: ...able were expanded to cover all Cubans.After some delay, a [[Constitution]] of Soviet inspiration was ...
12: ...forced to surrender, due to president Kennedy's orders to call off the invasion. The failed attempt to...
14: ...pped the flow of vessels heading south and Cuba ended the exodus.
16: ...rty of Cuba in December of 1975 that "Without the decisive, steady, and generous aid of the Soviet peo...
Finland (29511 bytes)
1:
3: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
9: ...center width=130px| ([[Coat of Arms of Finland|In Detail]])
22: |'''[[List of Presidents of Finland|President]]''': || [[Tarja Halonen]]
Pakistan (74854 bytes)
7: ... ittihād, nazm ([[Urdu]]: Faith (self confidence), Unity, Discipline) |
13: government_type = [[Federal republic]] |
14: ..._titles = [[President of Pakistan|President]] [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Prime Minis...
15: leader_names = [[Pervez Musharraf]] [[...
19: area_magnitude = |
Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
1: ...cluded as a part of the [[Middle East]]. It is bordered by [[Iran]] in the west, [[Pakistan]] in the s...
3: ... ''Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan''. Under its new [[Constitution of Afghanistan|constituti...
4: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
8: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
13: ...center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Afghanistan|In Detail]])
Rwanda (10946 bytes)
13: government_type = [[republic]]; [[presidential|pres.]] [[multi-party|multy-p.]] syst. |
14: leader_titles = [[President of Rwanda|President]] [[Prime Minister of Rwanda|Prime Ministe...
15: leader_names = [[Paul Kagame]] [[Bernard Makuza]] ...
19: area_magnitude = 1 E10 |
26: population_density = 281 |
Bolivia (30115 bytes)
2: ...[country]] in central [[South America]]. It is bordered by [[Brazil]] on the north and east, [[Paragua...
8: native_name = República de Bolivia |
19: leader_titles = [[President of Bolivia|President]] |
20: leader_names = [[Eduardo Rodr�ez]] (interim) |
24: area_magnitude = 1 E12 |
Portugal (61755 bytes)
1: ... [[Azores Islands|Azores]]and [[Madeira Islands|Madeira and Porto Santo]] (including the [[Savage Isla...
5: ...After the rise of other colonial powers, Portugal declined.
7: ...ocial and economic progress in the subsequent decades, with a clear slow-down in the last few years.
15: ...ver among some other tribes. {{Inote | ''Hist󲩡 de Portugal - A Forma磯 do Territ󲩯'', page 9, "A...
17: ...atin Right]] in [[73|73 AD]].{{Inote | ''Hist󲩡 de Portugal - A Forma磯 do Territ󲩯'', page 135, ...
United Kingdom (37269 bytes)
12: ... Kingdom|None]]; [[English language|English]] ''[[de facto]]'' 4 |
17: leader_titles = [[British monarchy|Queen]] [[Prime M...
18: leader_names = [[Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom|El...
20: area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
28: population_density = 246.5 |
Zambia (24496 bytes)
1: ...ion)|Northern Zambezia]], and then, [[Northern Rhodesia]], the country is named after the [[Zambezi Ri...
15: ... = [[List of Presidents of Zambia|President]] |
16: leader_names = [[Levy Mwanawasa]] |
20: area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
27: population_density = 13 |
Luxembourg (11321 bytes)
1: ...th-west of the continental [[European Union]], bordered by [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Belgium]].<br...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
8: | width="130px"| ([[Flag of Luxembourg|In Detail]])
15: ...], [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]] ([[de jure]] since 1984)
Great Sphinx of Giza (7181 bytes)
7: ==Description==
8: ....jpg|thumb|left|220px|The Great Sphinx.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
9: ...]. It is 57 metres (260 feet) long, 6 m (20 ft) wide, and has a height of 20 m (65 ft), making it the ...
11: ...he paws. It was only in [[1817]] that the first modern dig, supervised by [[Giovanni Battista Caviglia...
18: ...cts about it are unknown, such as the real-life model for the face, when exactly it was built, and by ...
Flag of California (3028 bytes)
1: ...ed|The modern Bear Flag of California. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
5: ...irteen years under [[Mexico|Mexican]] rule as the department of [[Alta California]], whose Spanish-spe...
7: The modern flag is white with a wide [[red]] strip along the bottom. There is a red st...
9: ... is a California [[grizzly bear|grizzly]] or [[golden bear]], a grizzly subspecies that is now [[extin...
11: ... namesake, Sir [[Francis Drake]] (in 1579), and made good American colonial claims on the lands from t...
Flag of Texas (2443 bytes)
1: ...ge:Texas_flag.jpg|thumb|Flag of Texas. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: The '''Flag of Texas''' is defined by law as follows:
4: ... stripe one-third the entire length of the flag wide, and two equal horizontal stripes, the upper stri...
8: ...he 28th state of the [[United States|Union]] on [[December 29]], [[1845]], its national flag became th...
14: ...hat the flag of the United States be given [[precedence]] over the Lone Star flag in the same way as i...
Beekeeping (6363 bytes)
3: A '''beekeeper''' is one who keeps [[bee]]s in order to collect [[honey]] and [[beeswax]] or for the ...
9: ... was particularly well developed in Egypt and was dealt with by the Roman writers [[Virgil]], [[Gaius ...
10: ...n.jpg|left|250px|Bee loaded with pollen.Image provded by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
11: ...osmetic]]s, wood polish and for modelling. The modern use of hive products has not changed much.
13: ...rniolan honeybee]]s and [[caucasian bee]]s were added.
Culture of China (15738 bytes)
1: ...a.jpg|thumb|250px|Chinese Tea Ceremony Image provided [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]...
3: ...na's history, and mastery of Confucian texts provided the primary criterion for [[Imperial examination...
10: ...bronze casting art work, noted for its clarify of detail. Early Chinese music and poetry was influenc...
12: ...y appreciated arts in court circles, with a great deal of work done on silk until after the invention ...
14: ... Chinese poetry. In this period, the highly regarded greatest Chinese poets, [[Li Po]] and [[Du Fu]] ...
Eli Whitney (3270 bytes)
2: '''Eli Whitney''' ([[December 8]], [[1765]] - [[January 8]], [[1825]]) wa...
14: ...ecome more sustainable at a critical point in its development.
16: ...to understand and reproduce that the concepts and designs were readily duplicated by others. Whitney'...
22: ...order between [[New Haven, Connecticut]] and [[Hamden, Connecticut]], on a road which is now named [[W...
24: ...n consisted of making parts and subassemblies as identical and interchangeable as possible by machiner...
Koala (10686 bytes)
3: Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
12: ...xobox authority | author = [[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|Blainville]] | date = 1816}}
18: ...a thickset arboreal [[marsupial]] [[herbivore]] endemic to [[Australia]], and the only representative ...
22: ... the eastern coast of Australia from near [[Adelaide]] to the base of the [[Cape York Peninsula]], and...
26: ... more a more prominently light-coloured ventral side and fluffy white ear tufts. Typical weights are 1...
Ancient Egypt (16131 bytes)
1: ... around [[3300 BC]] until the conquest of [[Alexander the Great]] in [[332 BC]]. Although recent excav...
6: ... [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Red Sea]]; it borders [[Libya]] to the west, [[Sudan]] to the south, ...
7: [[Image:Giza_ph2.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
8: Ancient Egypt was divided into two kingdoms, known as the [[Upper and Lowe...
14: ...al breadbaskets of the ancient world. There is evidence of ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the [[Twelfth ...
Iron Age (8996 bytes)
1: ... iron from Swedish Iron Age, found at Gotland, Sweden.jpg|thumb|200px|Iron Age Axe found on Gotland]]
3: ...eeminent. The adoption of this new material coincided with other changes in past societies often inclu...
5: ...an Iron Age]] are examples. The Iron Age was preceded by the [[Copper Age]] and later the [[Bronze Age...
7: ...areas is listed below, broadly in chronological order.
13: ... and a [[battle axe]] with an iron blade and gold-decorated bronze haft were both found in the excavat...
Aswan Dam (6375 bytes)
3: ... point: the newer '''Aswan High Dam''', and the older '''Aswan Dam''' or '''Aswan Low Dam'''.
5: ... wiped out, while in a low-water year there was widespread drought and famine.
10: ... high. The initial design was soon found to be inadequate and the height of the dam was raised in two ...
12: When the dam almost overflowed in 1946 it was decided that rather than raise the dam a third time a se...
13: ...avy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Russian Zuk [[Hydroproject Institute...
Boat (6417 bytes)
73: * In UK English the term "gravy boat" is used to describe a small jug used to dispense meat gravy at ...
77: [[image:badewannenrennen.jpg|thumbnail|190px|right|Bathtub rac...
83: A specialized set of terms is used to designate directions relative to a boat or ship.
85: ...the frame of reference is within the vessel. Outside the vessel, the corresponding terms are ahead and...
87: The '''[[left and right]]''' sides of a ship, relative to a person in the vessel an...
Luxor (8772 bytes)
7: ...touring [[Upper Egypt]], and is a popular holiday destination, both in its own right and as a starting...
11: ...everal of them never came to be true, like the golden obelisk of [[Hatshepsut]], but who says that the...
13: ... a debate in metaphysics. And yet, on the other side of the river, the supreme masters of [[Kemet]] &m...
16: ...of [[Ay]], the high priest of Amun, since he intended to ascend to the throne of Thebes through such a...
18: ...ny more, but rather the whole city was to be considered as an entire mausoleum and therefore venerated...
Isis (20790 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
3: '''Isis''' is a goddess in the [[Egyptian mythology|Egyptian belief]]. ...
5: .... [[mortal]], and she may simply have represented deified, real, [[Queen regnant|queen]]s.
7: ...f many other goddesses. It eventually spread outside [[Egypt]] throughout the [[Middle East]] and [[Eu...
12: ...uption by English speakers. The Ancient Greeks tended to add a terminal 's' at the end of foreign name...
Ra (2793 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
2: ...st deity of the Egyptian [[pantheon]]. Amon-Ra's identity with [[Zeus]] or [[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]] w...
4: ...d into a god of the setting sun, Atum became considered an aspect of Ra. [[Khepri]], the less importan...
8: ...r [[Apep]] (representing darkness), who wished to devour Ra. Temporary failure to protect Ra was said ...
10: ...e symbols of Ra are the [[solar symbols]] of a golden disk or the symbol ⊙ (Circle with a point ...
Horus (19927 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
8: ...ed at [[Nekhen]] (city of the hawk), that became identified as Horus very early on.
10: ...said to be the father of these four ''children'', deifications of the jars, known as the [[Four sons o...
12: ...ragoge]]). The form of Djebauti eventually became depicted as an [[heron]], nethertheless continuing t...
17: ...ther side victorious, until eventually the gods sided with Horus.
Nuit (1845 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
2: ... deity)|Shu]], god of the air, and [[Tefnut]], goddess of moistness. She was one of the [[Ennead]], a...
4: ...us was regarded as an eternal mother, and also goddess of resurrection.
6: ...[sarcophagi]] as a reminder of resurrection. When depicted standing up separately from Geb, she appear...
Elephantine (3346 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
2: ...orth to south, and is about 400 m across at its widest.
3: It is a part of the modern [[Egypt|Egyptian]] city of [[Aswan]].
5: ...de, and, as an island, also provided an excellent defensive site for a city.
6: ...e was the dwelling place of [[Chnum]], the ram-headed god of the cataracts, who controlled the waters ...
Ancient Rome (25155 bytes)
11: ... ford, Rome was at a crossroads of traffic and trade.
13: ...al or semi-mythical kings are (in chronological order): [[Romulus]], [[Numa Pompilius]] (Good King Num...
23: ...rs]], conquering [[Sicily]] and [[Iberia]]. After defeating [[Macedonia]] and the [[Seleucids]] in the...
25: ...and [[Gaius Cassius Longinus|Cassius]], on the [[Ides of March]] [[44 BC]].
27: ...ransformed Rome from a Republic to an Empire. His designated successor, [[Tiberius]], took power witho...
Alabama (10792 bytes)
2: ...jpg|thumb|350px|right| Alabama State Capital provided by classroomclipart.com]]
26: DensityRank = 27thth |
27: 2021Density = 33.84 |
28: AdmittanceOrder = 22nd |
29: AdmittanceDate = [[December 14]], [[1819]] |
Babe Ruth (55357 bytes)
4: ...the ''[[Roaring Twenties]]'' as the fan base expanded significantly and triggered major expansion of n...
7: ...ed above the saloon they owned and operated on Camden Street. Kate would walk to her father's home eac...
9: ...ry recalled how their father would beat Babe in a desperate attempt to bring the boy into line, but to...
12: ... every play. One day, as his team was getting pounded, Babe started mocking his own pitcher. Brother M...
15: ...ot in such good shape. In 1914 the breakaway [[Federal League]], a rebel major league which would las...
Alaska (24727 bytes)
23: DensityRank = 50th |
24: 2000Density = 0.42 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 49th |
28: Latitude = 54?40'N to 71?50'N |
29: Longitude = 130?W to 173?E |
Arizona (24367 bytes)
25: DensityRank = 36th |
26: 2000Density = 17.43 |
27: AdmittanceOrder = 48th |
30: Latitude = 31?20'N to 37?N |
31: Longitude = 109?3'W to 114?50'W |
California (63989 bytes)
8: Nickname = The Golden State |
23: PCDesert = 25 |
28: DensityRank = 12th |
29: 2000Density = 83.78 |
30: AdmittanceOrder = 31st |
North Carolina (18268 bytes)
22: DensityRank = 17th |
23: 2000Density = 63.80 |
24: AdmittanceOrder = 12th |
27: Latitude = 34?N to 36?21'N |
28: Longitude = 75?30'W to 84?15'W |
Connecticut (28543 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 4th |
22: 2000Density = 271.40 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 5th |
26: Longitude = 71?47'W to 73?44'W |
27: Latitude = 40?58'N to 42?3'N |
Delaware (15006 bytes)
2: Name = Delaware |
3: Fullname = State of Delaware |
4: Flag = Delaware state flag.png |
5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Delaware]] |
6: Seal = Delaware state seal.png |
Florida (24937 bytes)
8: Nickname = Sunshine State, Everglade State |
21: DensityRank = 8th |
22: 2000Density = 114.43 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 27th |
26: Latitude = 24?30'N to 31?N |
Georgia (U.S. state) (26579 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 18th |
22: 2000Density = 54.59 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 4th |
26: Latitude = 30°31'N to 35°N |
27: Longitude = 81°W to 85°53'W |
Hawaii (34434 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 13th |
22: 2000Density = 42.75 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 50th |
26: Longitude = 154?40'W to 162?W |
27: Latitude = 18?55'N to 29?N |
Idaho (13962 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 44th |
22: 2000Density = 6.04 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 43rd |
26: Latitude = 42? N to [[49th parallel north|49? ...
27: Longitude = 111? W to 117? W |
Indiana (20194 bytes)
23: DensityRank = 16th |
24: 2000Density = 65.46 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 19th |
26: AdmittanceDate = [[December 11]], [[1816]] |
28: Latitude = 37?47'N to 41?46'N |
Iowa (24205 bytes)
9: Capital = [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] |
11: LargestCity = [[Des Moines, Iowa|Des Moines]] |
21: DensityRank = 33rd |
22: 2000Density = 20.22 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 29th |
Kansas (21369 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 40th |
22: 2000Density = 32.9/mi²; 12.7 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 34th |
25: ...re Central except for 4 counties on western border. |
26: Latitude = 37?N to 40?N |
Louisiana (26375 bytes)
5: Fullname = State of Louisiana ɴat de Louisiane |
12: ...language|English]] and [[French language|French]] de facto |
24: DensityRank = 22nd |
25: 2000Density = 39.61 |
26: AdmittanceOrder = 18th |
Maine (17312 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 38th |
22: 2000Density = 15.95 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 23rd |
26: Longitude = 66?57'W to 71?7'W |
27: Latitude = 43?4'N to 47?28'N |
Maryland (22654 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 5th |
22: 2000Density = 165 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 7th |
26: Latitude = 37°53'N to 39°43'N |
27: Longitude = 75°4'W to 79°33'W |
Missouri (16086 bytes)
10: ...me Law"'', compare with King [[Charles XIII of Sweden]] ([[1809]]) ''"The welfare of the people my hig...
23: DensityRank = 27th |
24: 2000Density = 80.27/mi²; 31 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 24th |
28: Latitude = 36?N to 40?35'N |
Wisconsin (18812 bytes)
23: DensityRank = 24th |
24: 2000Density = 38.13 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 30th |
28: Latitude = 42°30'N to 47°3'N |
29: Longitude = 86°49'W to 92°54'W |
Washington (20186 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 25th |
22: 2000Density = 34.20 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 42nd |
26: Longitude = 116?57' W to 124?48' W |
27: Latitude = 45?32' N to 49? N |
Virginia (23198 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 14th |
22: 2000Density = 69.03 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 10th |
26: Latitude = 36°31'N to 39°37'N |
27: Longitude = 75°13'W to 83°37'W |
Vermont (39851 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 30th |
22: 2000Density = 25.41 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 14th |
26: Longitude = 71?28'W to 73?26'W |
27: Latitude = 42?44'N to 45?0'43"N |
Utah (29154 bytes)
23: DensityRank = 41st |
24: 2000Density = 10.50 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 45th |
28: Longitude = 109?W to 114?W |
29: Latitude = 37?N to 42?N |
Texas (39610 bytes)
13: ...ge|English]] and [[Spanish language|Spanish]] are de facto. |
21: DensityRank = 28th |
22: 2000Density = 30.75 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 28th |
24: AdmittanceDate = [[December 29]], [[1845]] |
Tennessee (19096 bytes)
12: Governor = [[Phil Bredesen]] |
21: DensityRank = 19th |
22: 2000Density = 53.29 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 16th |
26: Latitude = 35°N to 36°41'N |
South Dakota (14035 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 46th |
22: 2000Density = 3.84 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 40th |
26: Latitude = 42?29'30"N to 45?56'N |
27: Longitude = 98?28'33"W to 104?3'W |
South Carolina (11968 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 21st |
22: 2000Density = 51.45 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 8th |
26: Latitude = 32°4'30"N to 35°12'N |
27: Longitude = 78°0'30"W to 83°20'W |
Rhode Island (15004 bytes)
2: Name = Rhode Island |
3: ...lname = The State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations |
4: Flag = Rhode Island state flag.png |
5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Rhode Island]] |
6: Seal = Rhode Island state seal.png |
Pennsylvania (32594 bytes)
10: ...rgestCity = [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia]] |
11: Governor = [[Ed Rendell]] |
21: DensityRank = 10th |
22: 2000Density = 105.80 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 2nd |
Oregon (26551 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 39th |
22: 2000Density = 13.76 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 33rd |
26: Latitude = 42°N to 46°15'N |
27: Longitude = 116°45'W to 124°30'W |
Oklahoma (32092 bytes)
23: DensityRank = 35th |
24: 2000Density = 19.4 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 46th |
28: Latitude = 33?35'N to 37?N |
29: Longitude = 94?29'W to 103?W |
West Virginia (24258 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 29th |
22: 2000Density = 29.0 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 35th |
26: Latitude = 37°10'N to 40°40'N |
27: Longitude = 77°40'W to 82°40'W |
Minnesota (26682 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 21st |
22: 2000Density = 23.86 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 32nd |
26: Latitude = 43?34'N to 49?23'50.26"N |
27: Longitude = 89?34'W to 97?12'W |
Montana (14119 bytes)
8: Tree = [[Ponderosa Pine]] |
23: DensityRank = 48th |
24: 2000Density = 2.39 |
25: AdmittanceOrder = 41st |
28: Latitude = 44?26' N to [[49th parallel north|49?&nb...
New Hampshire (23166 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 20th |
22: 2000Density = 53.20 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 9th |
26: Longitude = 70?37'W to 72?37'W |
27: Latitude = 42?40'N to 45?18'N |
New Jersey (35646 bytes)
8: Nickname = The Garden State |
11: Governor = [[Richard Codey]] (acting)|
13: OfficialLang = ''None defined'' |
21: DensityRank = 1st |
22: 2000Density = 438 |
New Mexico (31079 bytes)
22: DensityRank = 45th |
23: 2000Density = 5.79 |
24: AdmittanceOrder = 47th |
27: Longitude = 103?W to 109?W |
28: Latitude = 31?20'N to 37?N |
Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
2: ...erTheGreat_Bust.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bust]] of Alexander III in the [[British Museum]].]]
4: ... as the [[Middle-Persian]] literature as '''Alexander the Cursed''' due to his burning of the Persian ...
6: ...ady during his lifetime, and especially after his death, his exploits inspired a literary tradition in...
9: ...[Aristotle]] was Alexander's tutor; he gave Alexander a thorough training in rhetoric and literature a...
11: ...racles]] through [[Caranus]] and his mother descended from [[Aeacus]] through [[Neoptolemus]] and [[Ac...
Anaxagoras (6622 bytes)
4: ...ch he surrendered, from a fear that they would hinder his search after knowledge.
5: ...ere is no reason for the theory that he studied under [[Hermotimus]] of Clazomenae, the ancient miracl...
9: ...to love and admire him and the poet [[Euripides]] derived from him an enthusiasm for science and human...
14: ...s led him to form new theories of the universal order, and brought him into collision with the popular...
15: ...meteor]]s, [[rainbow]]s and the [[sun]], which he described as a mass of blazing metal, larger than th...
Ptolemy VIII of Egypt (5881 bytes)
1: ...n [[170 BC]], when [[Antiochus IV Epiphanes]] invaded Egypt and installed the young Euergetes as king.
3: ...9]]), Euergetes agreed to a joint rule with his older brother [[Ptolemy VI of Egypt|Ptolemy VI Philome...
5: ...tempt, and despite the opposition of [[Cato the Elder]], received the Senate's support and some resour...
9: ...e throne as "Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II", the name deliberately recalling his ancestor [[Ptolemy III of...
11: ... engaging in mass purges and expulsions that included [[Aristarchus]] and [[Apollodorus]], leaving Ale...
Ptolemy XIII of Egypt (3087 bytes)
1: ...y and Pothinus attempted to depose Cleopatra in order for the first to become sole ruler and the secon...
3: ... did arrive he was presented with the head of his deceased rival and former ally but reportedly instea...
5: ...ions occurred in middle December of [[48 BC]] inside [[Alexandria]] itself which suffered serious dama...
7: {| align="center" cellpadding="2" border="2"
9: | width="30%" align="center" | Preceded by: '''[[Ptolemy XII of Egypt|Ptolemy XII]]''...
Dinosaur (35313 bytes)
2: ...> [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of the Interior]]}}
9: ...ion_subdivision | color = pink | plural_taxon = Orders}}
17: ...rd_flying.jpg |thumb|300px|left|Tenontosaurus and deinonych]]
18: ...he [[media]]. The term is also used informally to describe any prehistoric reptile, like the [[pelycos...
20: ...ww.ucmp.berkeley.edu/diapsids/avians.html]. The widespread application of [[cladistics]], which rigoro...
French and Indian War (5652 bytes)
1: ...'' is the [[United States|American]] name for the decisive nine-year conflict ([[1754]]-[[1763]]) in [...
5: ...ne|French Canadians]] refer to it as the ''Guerre de la conqu괥'' (War of the Conquest), since it is ...
13: ... defeated a French garrison led by [[Louis-Joseph de Montcalm]] and then captured New France's capital...
17: ..., preferring to keep the Caribbean island of [[Guadeloupe]] because of its rich [[sugar]] crops and th...
19: ...ionary War]]. The British colonists no longer needed British protection from the French and resented ...
Seven Years' War (11256 bytes)
1: ...against [[France]], [[Austria]], [[Russia]], [[Sweden]], and [[Saxony]]. [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]] we...
3: ... sided with France although some did fight alongside the British. The name "Seven Years' War" is used ...
8: ...gned the peace [[Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle]] in order to rebuild her [[Army|military forces]] and to f...
12: ...elfare of the soldiers had gained her their undivided respect.
18: ...ions of the [[coalition]] opposing him, Frederick determined to strike first. On [[August 29]], his we...
Roaring Twenties (28131 bytes)
1: ...onomic boom|boom]] and accelerated [[consumer]] [[demand]] and aspirations, coupled with significant c...
3: ...the second half of this decade was termed "The Golden Twenties". In France and Canada they were also c...
5: ...s were cultivated in [[jazz]] and [[dancing]], in defiance of the horrors of the First World War, whic...
8: ... [[1920]]s were setting the stage for the [[Great Depression]] that would dominate the [[1930]]s.
10: ===Demobilization===
History of the United States (21226 bytes)
5: ''For details, see the main [[Pre-Colonial America]] artic...
10: ''For details, see the main [[Colonial America]] article.'...
12: ... which was distinct from that of its European founders.
15: ''For details, see the main [[History of the United States...
17: ...ring this period the United States won its independence from the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] during t...
Arrow (1419 bytes)
1: ...hot with a [[bow (weapon)|bow]]. It predates recorded history and is common to most cultures.
4: ...inally made from [[feather]]s but are now often made of [[plastic]].
6: ...row, ''fl裨e''. To fletch an arrow means to provide it with its vanes.
8: ...rget, its shaft will bend and flex from side to side, almost like a fish swimming through water.
Chemistry (12553 bytes)
3: ...thumb|200px|Chemistry Flask Clipart .Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
9: Chemistry typically is divided into several major sub-disciplines. There are al...
11: ...the [[analysis]] of material samples to gain an understanding of their [[chemical composition]] and [[...
19: ...physical chemists. Important areas of study include [[chemical thermodynamics]], [[chemical kinetics]...
28: ...for naming [[chemical compound]]s. There are well-defined systems in place for naming chemical species...
Desert (21206 bytes)
1: ...humb|right|Valley of the Kings, Egypt. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: ...mb|right|Man and Camel, Desert, Egypt. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ... of the world's deserts, http://pubs.usgs.gov/gip/deserts/what/world.html)
6: ...nd-driven) processes are major factors in shaping desert landscapes.
8: ...ed by erosion. Because deserts are dry, they are ideal places for human artifacts and fossils to be pr...
Space (10661 bytes)
3: '''Space''' has a range of definitions.
8: ...physics]] does not treat space and time as independent dimensions, but treats both as features of [[sp...
12: ...us concepts used to try to define space have included:
14: * The structure defined by the set of spatial relationships between ...
15: * A [[manifold]] defined by a [[coordinate system]] where an object ...
Solar system (21174 bytes)
5: The wide variety of objects that exist in the Solar System...
20: [[Image:Portrait de famille (1 px = 1000 km).jpg|thumb|center|550px|T...
23: ...s, mainly Earth, as well as probes heading into [[deep space]].
25: **[[Space debris]] of artificial origin that can be found in o...
27: ...nt part of non-volatile minerals. They are subdivided into [[asteroid group]]s and [[:Category:Asteroi...
Sun (20830 bytes)
2: ...="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;" align="right" width=280px
13: ! align="left" | [[Apparent magnitude|Visual brightness]] (''V'')
16: ! align="left" | [[Absolute magnitude]]
48: ! align="left" | Density
76: | 7.25[[degree (angle)|?]] (to the [[ecliptic]]) 67....
Asteroid (24334 bytes)
1: ...nd of the asteroid across the gouge on its underside and toward the opposite end. Features as small as...
3: == Definition ==
4: ...p://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1840AN.....17...81E&db_key=AST&high=41e14...
6: The exact definition of an asteroid is unsettled. The term "mi...
8: ...[boulder]]-sized or smaller. The distinction is made because asteroids are large enough to survive pas...
Weather (2398 bytes)
1: ...along the coast in Northern California Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
6: On Earth, the regular events include wind, thunderstorms, rain, sleet, hail, and snow, which occur ...
11: ...ont]] | [[jet stream]] | [[windchill]] | [[heat index]] | [[Equivalent potential temperature|Theta-e]]...
13: ...rm]]''': [[Thunderstorm]] | [[lightning]] | [[thunder]] | [[hail]] | [[tornado]] | [[convection]] | [[...
33: ==Video Clips==
Time zone (34024 bytes)
2: ... [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]]s of a [[longitude]] that is a multiple of 15? thus making neighbori...
6: ...'s atomically measured time as distinct from time determined by astronomical observation as formerly c...
8: ...00 UTC on the last Sunday in March. For the remainder of the year local time is UTC + 1—known in...
13: *[[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]: UTC + 1 (e.g. if it is 12:00 UTC, then it is ...
18: ...ment for time zones results in a time the other side of midnight from UTC, then the date at the locati...
Geometry (3634 bytes)
1: ...per cent. The [[Rhind Mathematical Papyrus]] also describes one of the earliest attempts at [[squaring...
3: ... but can be used in conjunction with mathematical definitions for [[point (geometry)|points]], [[line_...
5: ...truct new geometries other than the standard Euclidean version.
7: ...in geometry is that of ''congruence''. In [[Euclidean geometry]], two figures are said to be [[congru...
9: ...s)|group]] of transformations to work with (Euclidean geometry uses the inhomogeneous orthogonal tran...
Art (11479 bytes)
3: ...st range of forms, styles, and cultures. Art includes a variety of media, such as painting, sculpture,...
5: ...ny discussions and debates. '''Art''', in its broadest meaning, is the expression of creativity or ima...
9: ==Historical Development and Styles==
11: ...return to classical ideals and proportions. The modern era introduced movements such as Impressionism,...
15: ...us mediums and techniques. Painting, one of the oldest forms, uses pigments on surfaces like canvas or...
Frost (2825 bytes)
2: ...Image:GrassCoatedInFrost.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Blades of [[grass]] coated in frost.]]
4: ...air are chilled below the deposition point (see [[dew point|frost point]]), then [[spicule]]s of [[ice...
6: ...ir, otherwise water would first [[condensation|condense]] in small [[droplet]]s and then freeze into c...
8: Because cold air is more dense that warm air, and forms close to the ground, ...
10: ...on -- where the temperature at ground level is colder, and reaches the [[frost point]].
Clitoris (369 bytes)
1: [[Image:Fem isa 2.gif|thumb|350px|{{{demo}}}|A woman's clitoris extends from the visible ...
Cave (10592 bytes)
2: [[image:Lavacaveexit.jpg|thumb|300px|The outside world viewed from a cave]]
3: ...aylight; however, in popular usage, the term includes smaller spaces like cliff cavities, rock shelter...
11: ...ols down and becomes hard. The lava now flows inside its crust, until the eruption ends.
12: The liquid lava inside the crust flows out and leaves a hollow tube.
13: ...[Kazumura Cave]] near [[Hilo]] is the longest and deepest lava tube of the world and also the eighth l...
Meteorology (19082 bytes)
12: ...d in [[1667]] by [[Robert Hooke]], while [[Horace de Saussure]] completed this list of the most import...
14: ... was also the first American to keep accurate and detailed records of weather conditions on a daily ba...
16: ...s was understood. Early in the 20th century this deflecting force was named after [[Gaspard-Gustave C...
18: ...lowed exchange of weather information with unprecedented speed.
20: ... [[front (meteorology)|front]]s, that is, sharply defined boundaries between air masses.
Mercury (planet) (22924 bytes)
1: ...anges from −0.4 to 5.5 in [[apparent magnitude]]; Mercury is sufficiently "close" to the Sun tha...
3: ...not realized it could alternately appear on one side of the Sun and then the other. It was called [[He...
12: ...aded [[Impact crater|crater]]s, where it has been deposited by [[comet]] impacts and/or gases arising ...
16: ...idal bulge]]s, raised by the [[Sun]] (the Sun's tides on Mercury are about 17% stronger than the Moon'...
28: ...of Earth compresses the planet and creates a high density. Mercury has only 5.5% of Earth's mass. The ...
String instrument (8163 bytes)
4: ...g|thumb|The string bass is often plucked or bowed depending on the genre and piece.]]
5: In order for a string instrument to produce sound, its st...
7: ...ed, either by a finger or thumb, or by some other device such as a [[plectrum]]. Instruments like the...
10: ...ment, since sound production through struck blows defines this instrument family; the proclamation tha...
16: ...n. Other string instruments with a keyboard include the [[clavichord]] (where the strings are struck ...
List of musical instruments (9508 bytes)
1: [[Image:Music instru.jpg|thumb|250px|Photo provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
2: A '''musical instrument''' is a device that has been constructed or modified with th...
4: The academic study of musical instruments is called ''[[org...
6: Instruments are often divided by the way in which they generate sound:
7: ...age:Music_instru3.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
Flag (13245 bytes)
1: [[Image:Delaware_flag.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Delaware State Flag]]
3: ... is a flag if it is flown like a flag, with one side attached, though many flags are recognisable if d...
9: ... thousands of years, the origin of flags in the modern sense is a matter of dispute. Some believe flag...
11: ...]], and in [[China]] they were the [[general]]s under the imperial army.
13: ...ter a legal requirement) for ships to carry flags designating their nationalities; these flags eventua...
National flag (3434 bytes)
6: ... [[stern]] of the ship, or from a [[gaff]] when underway. Both these positions are superior to any oth...
9: ...gh these two do in fact use slightly different shades of blue as a distinction. Furthermore, it is als...
13: ...example, national flags should never be flown upside down (where this is possible) except as a [[distr...
32: *[[Flag desecration]]
Dynasties in Chinese history (8665 bytes)
7: ...hey had been defeated. In addition, China was divided for long periods of its history, with different ...
9: ...ifferent name), while the last Ming dynasty pretender was not disposed of until [[1662]]. The change o...
11: For more details on the dynasties listed here and their emper...
15: <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" align="cente...
57: ''traditionally divided into''
Crusade (28507 bytes)
1: {{Crusade}}
2: ...hars]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
4: ...age of the term "crusade"|Usage of the term "crusade"]].
7: ...h the relative stabilization of local European borders after the Christianization of the [[Vikings]], ...
9: ... the Islamic [[Moors]]. In [[1063]], [[Pope Alexander II]] had given papal blessing to Spanish [[Chris...
Ming Dynasty (65624 bytes)
2: ...ain]] industry) reaching unprecedented heights. Under Ming rule, a vast [[navy]] and [[army]] was buil...
6: ...ful of the various [[Han Chinese]] groups and Zhu declared the foundation of the Ming Dynasty in [[136...
8: ...zu]] of the [[Han Dynasty]]; [[Mao Zedong]] and [[Deng Xiaoping]] are the two other peasant revolution...
10: ... since the Mongols were still a threat. As an aside, the name Hongwu means "Vast Military" and reflec...
12: ...hina|Yongle Emperor]], independent peasant landholders predominated in Chinese agriculture.
Trajans Column (10003 bytes)
1: ... numerous [[victory column]]s, both ancient and modern.
3: ... the shaft, a spiral staircase of 185 stairs provides access to a viewing platform at the top. The cap...
5: ...elf, which disappeared in the [[Middle Ages]]. On December 4 1587, the top was crowned by [[Pope Sixtu...
11: ...Victory]] writing on a shield flanked on either side by Trophies. Otherwise, the scenes on the frieze ...
13: ...ta]] or catapult for example. The emperor Trajan, depicted realistically (not superhuman), makes 59 ap...
American football (39287 bytes)
1: :''For details of the origins and development of American football, see the [[history ...
3: ...d usually has a large set of stitches along one side.]]
7: Outside of the United States and Canada, the sport is ref...
13: ...an [[United States Air Force Academy|Air Force Academy]] player tries to thwart his progress.]]
15: ...jpg|thumb|250px|American football is a physically demanding sport.]]
Byzantine Empire (29975 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #ffffff; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
13: ...it into Eastern and Western halves, following the death of Theodosius I.
27: ...nquer the Levant and Egypt. In the following decades, they take most of North Africa, and later conqu...
29: ...of the Empire's remaining Italian territories, aside from some territories in the south.
35: | The Emperor Romanus IV is defeated by the [[Seljuk Turks]] at the [[Battle of ...
Medieval music (31843 bytes)
2: ...s4.jpg|thumb|200px|Medieval Musicians. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
9: ...implicity of chant, with unison voice and natural declamation, is most common.
11: ...multiple texts and instrumental accompaniment has developed by the end of the era.
14: ...musical notation|notation]] was a relatively late development, reconstruction of this music, especiall...
17: ...ic of the 13th century uses the rhythmic modes as defined by Garlandia.
Medieval literature (14207 bytes)
2: ... touching all points in-between. Because of the wide range of time and place it is difficult to speak ...
5: ...tern Roman Empire]] and the [[Orthodox Church]] made [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Old Church Slavoni...
7: ...ve survived in the [[Breton lai|lais]] of [[Marie de France]], the ''[[Mabinogion]]'' and the [[King A...
10: ...sical]] writers and the [[Church Fathers]] and tended to re-tell and embellish stories they had heard ...
20: ...so frequently written, as an encouragement to the devout and a warning to others.
Medieval fortification (8517 bytes)
1: ...aspect of [[Medieval technology]] that covers the development of [[fortification]] construction and us...
5: ...hpost), is a [[fort]], a [[camp]] and the logical development of a [[Fortification|fortified enclosure...
9: ...ure of the walls of a medieval town or city would depend on the resources available for building them,...
11: ...e wall. The word is a [[medieval]] and later one, derived from the classical [[Latin]] ''post murum'',...
13: ...he end of the [[sixteenth century]], the word had developed further in common use, into ''pomery''.
Castle (27805 bytes)
1: ...)|earthworks]] (e.g. [[Hollingbury]] Castle, [[Maiden Castle]]).
2: ...houses from the late 15th century, their "castle" designations, relics of the [[feudalism|feudal]] age...
5: ...pg|thumb|right|200px|The Prague Castle Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
7: ...stle found along the coast of Ireland. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
8: ...ensive weapon, but also as a home. Castles were made by their owners for specific purposes, or evolved...
Aviation history (39698 bytes)
3: ...[The Bible]]. Nevertheless, it exemplifies man's desire to fly.
5: ...rping the planes' wings ([[Wright brothers]]). Modern planes are controlled by [[computer]]s, which c...
15: ... also sketched designs for a helicopter, but this design would not have flown.
17: ... for powered flight until the [[gasoline]] engine designed by the Wright Brothers.
19: ...d understanding of the relationship between altitude and the atmosphere.
Geologic time scale (26014 bytes)
1: ... on Stratigraphy]], and uses the standard color codes of the [[United States Geologic Survey]].
3: ...tinction event|extinction event]] that marked the demise of the [[dinosaur]]s and of many marine [[spe...
7: ... there are far more recognized faunal stages than defined geologic time units.
9: ...phy to reconcile this conflicting terminology and define universal horizons that can be used around th...
13: ...eroded, distorted, tilted, or even inverted after deposition; 2) Strata laid down at the same time in ...
Tree (23723 bytes)
3: ...ennial]], woody [[plant]]. Though there is no set definition regarding minimum size, the term generall...
8: ...nkiaer.jpg|250px|right|thumb|An [[oak]] tree in [[Denmark]]]]
9: ...iology)|families]] of plants. Trees thus show a wide variety of growth form, leaf type and shape, bark...
13: ...lled a '''[[forest]]'''. Several [[biotope]]s are defined largely by the trees that inhabit them; exam...
16: ...]] consists of ''xylem'' cells, and [[bark]] is made of ''phloem'' and other tissues external to the v...
List of inventors (14020 bytes)
11: *[[Archimedes]], (circa 287 BC-212 BC), [[Greece]]
12: *[[Manfred von Ardenne]], (1907-1997), [[Germany]]
14: ...s]],(1927 - June, 1996)of the [[Canada|Canadian]] Department of Agriculture — instant mashed po...
19: *[[Robert Baden Powell]]- scouting movement
22: ... U.S. solar inventor and developer; architectural designer.
Geography of the United States (15104 bytes)
4: <tr><td colspan=2 align=center><table border=1 width="190px">
15: Latitude: 
16: Longitude:
19: 38°0' N 
20: 97°0'W
Human (48024 bytes)
8: {{Taxobox_superfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Hominoidea]]}}
21: ...rimate]] belonging to the superfamily of [[Hominoidea]], with all of the [[apes]]: [[chimpanzee]]s, [[...
24: ...he upper limbs for manipulating objects, a highly developed [[brain]] and consequent capacity for abst...
27: ...ly [[philosophy of mind]], attempts to fathom the depths of each of these perspectives. [[Art]], [[mus...
30: ...and [[manipulate]] the world around us led to the development of [[technology]] and [[science]] as a s...
Civilization (29205 bytes)
5: ...r working small [[horticulture|horticultural]] gardens. When used in this sense, civilization is an ex...
7: ...lex and city-dwelling, or simple and tribal. This definition is often perceived as less exclusive and ...
9: ...y back in Civilization after being lost in the wilderness for 3 weeks." Additionally, it is used in th...
11: ...zed" behavior is contrasted with "barbaric" or crude behavior. In this sense, civilization implies sop...
17: ... to produce a surplus of food that will not be needed for their own subsistence.
Food (24212 bytes)
7: ==Legal definition==
9: ...ocessed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be ingested by ...
14: Links to official legal definitions of food:
15: ...fda.gov/opacom/laws/fdcact/fdcact1.htm US federal definition of food]
16: ...uk/acts/acts1990/Ukpga_19900016_en_2.htm#mdiv1 UK definition of food]
Algae (8082 bytes)
2: ... group, but a level of organization that may have developed several times in the early evolutionary hi...
4: ...ups may contain members that are [[mixotrophic]], deriving energy both from photosynthesis as well as ...
6: ...ll algae have photosynthetic machinery ultimately derived from the [[cyanobacteria]], and so produce [...
8: ...se for most marine [[food chain]]s. In very high densities (so-called [[algal bloom]]s) they may disc...
12: ... some recent treatises on algae specifically exclude them. Cyanobacteria is one of the first groups o...
Carnivorous plant (44834 bytes)
1: ...e ]]A '''carnivorous plant''' is a [[plant]] that derives some or most of its
16: *Bladder traps, which suck in prey with a bladder that generates an internal vacuum; and
22: most [[sundew]]s, whose leaves undergo rapid growth, aiding in the retention and
27: Pitfall traps have evolved independently on at least four occasions. The simplest pitf...
29: ...enus, the leaves are quite clearly evolutionarily derived from a simple
Cell (biology) (28190 bytes)
3: The [[cell theory]], first developed in the [[19th century]], states that all [...
15: ...nergy stored in organic molecules. This energy is derived from [[metabolic pathway]]s.
21: ...mes (''dark blue''). The drawing on the ''right'' demonstrates how bacterial DNA is housed in a struct...
23: ...ms) that function and survive more or less independently, through ''colonial'' forms with cells living...
34: ...these primary components of the cell then briefly describe their function.
Galileo Galilei (33761 bytes)
2: ... [[Johannes Kepler]]. The work of Galileo is considered to be a significant break from that of [[Arist...
7: ...610]]. During this time he explored science and made many landmark discoveries.
10: ...ion. These are the primary justifications for his description as "father of science."
12: ...00s]]. According to Koyr鬠the law was arrived at deductively, and the experiments were merely illustr...
14: ... rolling balls) were replicated using the methods described by Galileo (Settle, 1961), and the precisi...
Isaac Newton (23339 bytes)
2: ...fried Leibniz|Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] for the development of differential [[calculus]]. While they...
4: ...a prism was inherent in the white light and not added by the prism as [[Roger Bacon]] had claimed in t...
6: ...ped a [[Newton's law of cooling|law of cooling]], describing the rate of cooling of objects when expos...
12: ...ief biography of Newton's early life. For more in-depth information, see [[Isaac Newton's early life a...
14: ... said that his body at that time can even fit inside a quart mug. His father had died three months bef...
American Civil War (47733 bytes)
1: {| border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" ...
6: [[Military history of the Confederate States]]
14: |Result||Defeat of seceding CSA
19: {| border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
27: | width="50%" valign="top"|[[Confederate States of America]] [[Image:starsnbars.p...
World War I (62979 bytes)
2: ...had roots of power back to the days of the [[Crusade]]s, all fell during or after the war.
4: The causes of World War I were complex developments by themselves (see [[#Diplomatic and po...
6: ...s the last direct major conflict of the war. The defeat of [[Germany]] in the war and failure to reso...
8: ...n diplomatic ineptitude as well as a tremendous tide of nationalism that swept the European continent ...
10: ... on the home front due to food shortages, [[genocide]], and ground combat.
Great Depression (16069 bytes)
1: ... global [[economics|economic]] [[recession]] (or "depression") that ran from [[1929]] to [[1941]]. It...
4: ...sion" was that it is by far the largest sustained decline in industrial production and productivity fr...
5: ... to the cultural period, often called simply "The Depression", and to the political response to the ec...
7: ...b|[[Dorothea Lange]]'s ''Migrant Mother'' depicts destitute pea pickers in California, centering on [[...
9: ==Causes of the Great Depression==
World War II (58065 bytes)
4: ...er of debate. On which date the war began is also debated, cited as either the German [[Polish Septemb...
6: ...il [[Japanese Instrument of Surrender|Japan surrendered]] on [[15 August]] [[1945]] ([[V-J Day]]).
8: ...Strategic bombing|bombing of civilians]] to a new degree. [[Atomic weapon]]s, [[jet aircraft]], and [[...
10: ...d States' military occupation of Japan led to its democratization, and China came to split into the Co...
16: ...ed in the war, more or less voluntarily, on the side of the power that in their neighbourhood was the ...
Vietnam War (102682 bytes)
1: {| border="1" width="325" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" ...
10: ...outh Vietnam • Reunification of Vietnam under communist rule 
15: ...n="top" style="text-align:center"|[[North Vietnam|Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam)]]<...
24: ...IA]]:''' ? '''Total dead:''' 287,232 '''Wounded:''' 1,496,037
25: ...fficial Vietnamese estimate: 1,100,000 '''Wounded:''' 600,000
History of the United States (1918-1945) (54688 bytes)
7: ... use of the [[tractor]], so fewer farmers were needed to produce a greater harvest of food.
9: [[President of the United States|US President]] [[Woodrow Wilson]] campaigned for the U.S. to...
14: In the [[U.S. presidential election, 1920]] the [[United States Republi...
16: ...flected by the extension of credit to a dangerous degree, including in the [[Stock Market]], which ros...
18: ...idely reviled as unmusical noise by much of the older generation). [[Dancing]] was a popular recreatio...
History of the United States (1945-1964) (29139 bytes)
8: ... horrendous casualties, as high as twenty million dead.
11: ...e Minster [[Winston Churchill]] (left), U.S. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] (center), and Soviet ...
13: ...des that they could stay there and that neither side would use force to push the other out. This tacit...
15: ...e to vie for the allegiance of the developing and developed world in the postwar years.
17: ...f-interest. [[World War II]] resulted in enormous destruction of infrastructure and populations throug...
History of the United States (1964-1980) (21973 bytes)
3: ... the political mood of the country. The new president, [[Lyndon B. Johnson]], capitalized on this sit...
5: ...dash;and led the nation in the number of black leaders elected. In [[1969]], [[Tennessee]] had a 92.1%...
11: ... 1964]], Lyndon Johnson positioned himself as a moderate, contrasting himself to his GOP opponent, [[B...
13: ...nous electoral trends for Democrats, who had depended on the "solid South" as an electoralt base for a...
15: ...30 years, until the issue of [[civil rights]] divided conservative southern whites from the rest of th...
History of the United States (1980-1988) (35211 bytes)
2: ==Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt==
4: ...xpense of industry and manufacturing, facilitated demographic shifts to the "frontiers" from the more ...
6: ...lifornia]] has reemerged as a bright spot for the Democratic Party in the late [[1990s]], due to a bac...
8: ...nding demand for social services, while tax bases declined. [[New York City]] barely averted bankruptc...
10: ...the GOP captured the U.S. House after 40 years of Democratic control.
Mississippi (15114 bytes)
21: DensityRank = 32nd |
22: 2000Density = 23.42 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 20th |
24: AdmittanceDate = [[December 10]], [[1817]] |
26: Latitude = 30?13'N to 35?N |
Michigan (29427 bytes)
10: LargestCity = [[Detroit, Michigan|Detroit]] |
21: DensityRank = 15th |
22: 2000Density = 67.55 |
23: AdmittanceOrder = 26th |
25: ...-4]] (Some Upper Peninsula counties bordering Wisconsin are Central time.) |
Cirrus cloud (3505 bytes)
9: ...rrus clouds can also be the remnants from a [[thunderstorm]].
15: ...t.[14] Because humidity is low at such high altitudes, this genus-type tends to be very thin.[2] Cirru...
18: == Thunderstorms ==
20: ...nvils.[18] High-altitude winds commonly push this dense mat out into an anvil shape that stretches dow...
25: ...de a cold front, squall line or multicellular thunderstorm, it is because they are blown off the anvil...
Precipitation (meteorology) (2923 bytes)
2: ... of [[ice]]) form, which then fall to the earth under [[gravity]]. It is possible to 'seed' clouds to ...
6: ... on the descending (generally warming), leeward side where a [[rain shadow]] is formed.
8: ...[[Waikiki|Waikīkī]]), and the tops of moderately high uplands are especially wet (~475 in (1...
12: ... cooling will result, and [[water vapor]] will condense out of the air to form droplets, and eventuall...
16: ... rises it also cools down. Moisture in the air condenses to form clouds, and precipitation occurs.
Tropical cyclone (34538 bytes)
6: ...rom the equatorial region toward the higher latitudes.
9: ...ation]] from water vapor condensing at high altitudes. Because of this, a tropical cyclone can be thou...
11: The ingredients for a tropical cyclone include a pre-existing weather disturbance, warm tropical...
13: ...water, which provides the atmospheric moisture needed. The evaporation of this moisture is driven by t...
16: ...ons, tropical storms and a third group whose name depends on the region.
Fog (4764 bytes)
3: ...depending on how the cooling that caused the [[condensation]] occurred:
5: ...t calm the fog layer can be less than a [[metre]] deep but [[turbulence]] can promote a thicker layer....
7: ...[[tropical]] air encounters cooler higher-[[latitude]] [[water]]s. It is also extremely common as a [...
9: ...mon in [[polar region|polar]] regions, and around deeper and larger [[lakes]] in late [[autumn]] and e...
13: ... water vapour cools and at the [[dewpoint]] it condenses and fog forms.
Season (10047 bytes)
2: ... [[temperate]] regions, the year is typically divided into four seasons: ''[[spring (season)|spring]]'...
4: ...n the average temperature. [[Ancient Egypt]] divided the year into three seasons, the season of the f...
6: ...winter through mid summer, depending upon [[latitude]]). Areas with a [[Mediterranean climate]], such ...
10: <table align="right" border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" width="372" ...
13: ...rctic winter]]. In addition to the density of incident light, the [[dissipation]] of light in the [[Ea...
Plato (17363 bytes)
1: ...mb|Statue of a philosopher, presumely Plato, in [[Delphi]].]]
2: ...of [[Aristotle]], writer, and founder of the [[Academy]] in [[Athens]]. In countries speaking Arabic, ...
4: ...he ''[[Second Alcibiades (dialogue)|Second Alcibiades]]'').
12: ...s of the Athenian nobility.--> His family claimed descent from the ancient [[King of Athens| Athenian ...
14: ...derable number of manuscripts (see below). He was deeply affected by the city's treatment of Socrates ...
John Locke (14749 bytes)
2: ...-image-crca.jpg|400px|thumb|John Locke Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: ...up called the [[British Empiricists]], which includes [[David Hume]] and [[George Berkeley]]. Locke is...
6: ...found reading modern philosophers, such as [[Rene Descartes]], more interesting than the classical mat...
8: ...ed a bachelor's degree in [[1656]] and a master's degree in [[1658]]. Although Locke never became a me...
10: ...n Locke's writing of the Essay Concerning Human Understanding.
Dodo (9332 bytes)
17: ==Description==
18: ...ct museum specimens of the Dodo extant today. The decaying remnants of the last stuffed Dodo, in [[Oxf...
27: ...rd ''doudo'', meaning "simpleton", ''doido'' in modern Portuguese meaning fool or mad. (The island was...
29: ...found in the old [[midden]]s of the Dutch fort Frederik Hendrik.
31: ..., while humans destroyed the forests where they made their homes.
Face (3212 bytes)
10: ...tch]] between the [[bicuspid]] [[teeth]] to the side of the chin will cut the exit of the second divis...
13: ...ris palpebrarum muscle. On everting the lids the delicate conjunctival membrane is seen, and between ...
18: On the side of the face the facial artery may be felt pulsati...
19: ...work called the pes anserinus, after which it divides into five branches (temporal,zygomatic, buccal, ...
Barbecue (24807 bytes)
1: ...Airpork Crew barbecue team prepares [[pork]] shoulder at the [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] in May Wor...
4: ...be cooked in large brick or metal ovens specially designed for that purpose.
6: ...lling is barbecuing except when it means double-sided frying with something like a [[sandwich toaster]...
8: ...ich is frowned upon by purists in some areas. The device used for cooking barbecue can usually be used...
10: ...barbecue" restaurants, but nevertheless many consider this to be a distinct cooking process called smo...
Mars (27704 bytes)
2: [[Image:Mars NPArea-PIA00161 modest.jpg|thumb|right|North Polar region with icecap....
4: ...]]s ([[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and [[Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]) which are both small and oddly-shaped, pos...
8: ...e. Its red, fiery appearance is caused by Iron Oxide (rust) on its surface. Mars has only a quarter th...
11: ...he atmosphere on Mars is 95 percent [[carbon dioxide]], 3 percent [[nitrogen]], 1.6 percent [[argon]],...
13: ... volcanic methane is accompanied by [[sulfur dioxide]].
Jupiter (24639 bytes)
1: ...="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" align="righ...
4: ...]] Click image for description
39: | 1.305 30° (6.09? to [[Sun]]'s equator)
41: ...e ascending node|Longitude of the ascending node]]
42: | 100.556 15°
Saturn (planet) (23300 bytes)
1: ...cing=0 align=right style="margin:0 0 .5em 1em; border-collapse:collapse;" width=280px;
4: ...]] Click image for description
39: | 2.484 46° (5.51? to Sun's equator)
41: ...e ascending node|Longitude of the ascending node]]
42: | 113.715 04°
Pluto (planet) (26470 bytes)
1: ...margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" style="floa...
10: | [[Clyde Tombaugh|Clyde W. Tombaugh]]
48: | 17.141 75° (11.88? to Sun's equator)
50: ...e ascending node|Longitude of the ascending node]]
51: | 110.303 47°
Artemis (11271 bytes)
1: ...pg|thumb|right|200px|Artemis sculpture.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom ClipAr...
3: ...[[Roman mythology]], she was known as [[Diana (goddess)|Diana]]. In [[Etruscan mythology]], she took ...
7: ...as the [[moon goddess]] to complement her twin's identification with and supplantation of [[Helios]] a...
11: ...preaching of the new faith, zealously riot in her defense, shouting "Great is Diana of the Ephesians!"...
13: Festivals in honor of Artemis include [[Brauronia]], held in [[Brauron]] and the festiv...
Colonial America (32872 bytes)
4: To summarize the areas of development in colonial America, historians typicall...
9: ... the development of [[seafaring]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
11: ...on and conquest. Within a few years, they had divided up lucrative [[South America|South]] and [[Centr...
16: ...mercial enterprise]], [[over-population]] and the desire for [[religious freedom]] played their respec...
22: ...ir [[Walter Raleigh]]. The second resupply ship, delayed for several years by circumstances in Englan...
Anthropology (23191 bytes)
1: ...ecome increasingly the subject of controversy and debate, with anthropological methods now being commo...
3: ...nited States]], anthropology is traditionally divided into four fields:
5: ... among the social group being studied for an extended period of time;
7: ...sed within a living or past group as mediums of understanding its cultural values.
14: ...ibutes to understanding how it fits into other academic disciplines.
Lightning rod (7638 bytes)
1: ...sel) from [[lightning]] damage. Other names include '''lightning conductor''', '''lightning arrester'...
4: ... that tends to become so during storms. If the underground cable will resist [[corrosion]] well, it m...
6: ...he main power conductors. This conductor is grounded at various points along the link. Electrical su...
8: ..., as it is possible for lightning to strike the side of a building.
10: ... likely to be struck if they are nearer to the leader than this critical distance. It is standard pra...
Sundial (16148 bytes)
7: ...en designs, such as the 'ordinary' or standard garden sundial, cast a shadow on a flat surface marked ...
9: However, sundials can be designed for any surface where a fixed object casts ...
11: Most sundial designs indicate [[solar time|apparent solar time]].
12: Minor design variations can measure standard and daylight ...
14: Sundials are known from ancient Egypt, and were developed further by other cultures, including the [...
Archaeopteryx (8771 bytes)
2: ...:Archaeopteryx-model.jpg|250px|]] | caption = A model of ''Archaeopteryx lithographica'' on displ...
17: ...[The Origin of Species]]'' set off a firestorm of debate about [[evolution]] and the role of [[transit...
27: ...|200px|left|Illustration of a Archaeopteryx, provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
28: ...tures) lineage of which eventually gave rise to modern birds.
30: ...arently earlier bird, ''[[Protoavis]]'', are considered to be unproven by most [[paleontologist]]s.
Skyscraper (12706 bytes)
3: ...s, but it tends to be applied specifically to residential buildings.
5: ...hts of stairs, and water pressure could only provide running water to about 50 feet (15 m).
7: ...her development essential to practical skyscraper development was the invention of the [[elevator]].
9: ...[[1931]] for the Field's building. Another contender for the title is the 1892 ten-story [[Wainwright...
11: ... supported by these skeletal frames. Special consideration must also be given for wind loads.
Rhodes (9349 bytes)
1: :''The Greek island of Rhodes..''
3: ... of the medieval city of Rhodes'' Photograph provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip ...
5: ...se and of the Province of Rhodes, which also includes the nearby islands of [[Symi]], [[Tilos]], [[Hal...
7: ...its [[Colossus of Rhodes]], one of the [[Seven Wonders of the World]]. The medieval city is a [[World ...
10: .../rhod.htm Diagoras International Airport], IATA code: RHO) is located 14 km to the southwest of the ci...
American Black Bear (15019 bytes)
2: ...age = [[Image:Bear9738.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
16: ... a low of 200,000 before rebounding in recent decades, partly due to conservation measures. By current...
20: ...ally sport a slight white chest blaze on either side of the river.
23: ...werful front [[paw]] is enough to kill an adult [[deer]].
27: ...cks, in banks, caves, or culverts, and in shallow depressions.
Polar bear (6417 bytes)
15: ...'northern bear''', is a large [[mammal]] of the order [[Carnivora]] (meat eater), family ''Ursidae'' (...
20: ... barely visible. Only the pads of their feet emit detectable heat.
22: ...y include [[beluga whale]]s, [[walrus]]es and [[rodent]]s. As a pure carnivore predating upon [[fish]...
24: ...ed 15–25 percent between 1995 and 2005. The decrease in several regions was caused by hunting, n...
26: ...itions. The bears were washed in a [[peroxide blonde]] solution to restore their expected color. A sim...
Morse code (33777 bytes)
1: ...b|right|Portrait of Samuel F. B. Morse.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: ...orse code is the only digital [[modulation]] mode designed to be easily read by humans without a compu...
4: ...rly form of a digital code. International Morse code is composed of six elements:
11: ...by more regular formats, including the [[Baudot code]] and [[ASCII]].
13: ...s, became known as Railroad or [[American Morse code]], and is now very rarely used.
History of California (38344 bytes)
5: ...l fields, and finally with its high-technology leadership.
7: ...325px|A field of [[California Poppy|California golden poppies]] ''circa'' [[1910]].]]
13: ... while those in the northern [[Cascade Range]] traded [[obsidian]], used for arrowheads, axe heads, an...
19: ...cted by stories of [[Zihuatanejo|Ciguatan]], a wonderful country far to the northwest, populated with ...
23: ...ula of [[Baja California]]), and laid out and founded the city that was to become LaPaz later that spr...
Earthquake (13859 bytes)
1: ...s]] into which the Earth's [[lithosphere]] is divided. Events that occur at plate boundaries are call...
5: ...he earthquakes shaking is the dominant and most widespread cause of damage.
11: ...er one, large faults are capable of higher magnitude earthquakes than smaller faults are.
13: ...ake, or as a result of submarine landslips or "slides" indirectly triggered by it.
15: ...ed simultaneously. They arrive in the following order: first the body waves [[P-wave]]s (primary or pr...
Economics (30960 bytes)
1: ...lyzing the [[production]], [[distribution]], [[trade]] and [[consumption]] of [[goods]] and [[services...
3: ...ny problem that involves choice under scarcity or determining economic [[value#Economics|value]].
5: ... models]] in order to predict the consequences of decisions or events, it also analyses the behaviour ...
7: ... also studied topics ranging from marriage to the death penalty and optimal political institutions.
12: Economics is usually divided into two main branches:
Religion (72319 bytes)
1: ...onship with the universe. In the course of the [[development of religion]], it has taken a huge numbe...
2: ...is used to designate what should be more properly described as a "religious organization" – that...
5: ...ht|Fishers of men; Oil on panel by [[Adriaen van de Venne]] ([[1614]])]]
10: ...e. The second interpretation, favoured by more modern scholars such as [[Tom Harpur]], is ''re + ligi...
12: ===Defining "religion"===
Meditation (26064 bytes)
3: ...me calm and focused. Several major religions include ritual meditation; however, meditation itself nee...
5: ...se is the receipt of spiritual insights and new understanding.
10: ...t-clipart-9029.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
12: ...and some people use repetitive activities such as deep breathing, humming or chanting to help induce a...
16: Besides the physical factors related to meditation perha...
Lightning (33113 bytes)
2: ...ning strokes are observed during a night-time thunderstorm.]]
6: ...e air, producing lightning's characteristic [[thunder]] sound.
10: ...but while waiting for its completion, he got the idea of using a flying object, such as a [[kite]] ins...
12: ...fallen during the storm had soaked the line and made it conductive.
14: ...ted the original high-object-with-some-spark-gap idea that they used, so he usually gets the credit.
Flood (7770 bytes)
1: ...er", the word is applied to the inflow of the [[tide]], as opposed to the outflow or "ebb".
2: ... history is treated badly as [[Deluge (mythology)|Deluge in mythology]].
5: ...]fall does occur, it can sometimes result in a sudden flood of water filling dry streambeds known as a...
7: ...e rich farmlands and can result in their eventual depletion. The annual cycle of flood and farming was...
10: ...ntries, such as [[Bangladesh]], due to their extended periods of [[rainfall]].
Pressure (9004 bytes)
12: Often ''F'' is taken to be the magnitude of the mean vector force normal to the surface of...
14: The [[gradient]] of pressure is [[force density]].
23: ...t. Pressure acts in all directions at a point inside a gas. At the surface of a gas, the pressure forc...
30: *''[[rho|ρ]]'' (rho) is the [[density]] of the fluid
38: ...or [[Cobra probe]], connected to a [[manometer]]. Depending on where the inlet holes are located on th...
Independence Day (United States) (6238 bytes)
1: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right...
2: ...lor="chocolate"><center>'''Independence Day'''</center></td></tr>
4: <td bgcolor="#ffde80">[[United States|Americans]]</td></tr>
6: <td bgcolor="#ffde80">Fourth of July</tr></td>
8: <td bgcolor="#ffde80">[[July 4]]</td></tr>
Garlic (12167 bytes)
3: ...ated by eating fresh [[parsley]] and this is included in many garlic recipes. Because of its strong o...
8: Because of its wide cultivation, the origins of garlic are uncertain;...
10: ...as long, narrow, flat, obscurely keeled leaves, a deciduous spathe, and a globose umbel of whitish flo...
12: ...h.com/garlic.htm#grow Selfsufficientish.com] provides the following growing instructions:
13: ...in drills of 5 cm (2 in) and 15 cm (6 in) apart. Ideal soil pH is in the 6.2 to 6.8 range.
Kangaroo Facts (16137 bytes)
18: ... The term ''kangaroo'' is sometimes used in a broader sense to refer to all members of the macropod fa...
21: ... mouth of the Endeavour River in the harbour of modern [[Cooktown]] for almost 7 weeks repairing their...
22: ....jpg|thumb|250px|left|Picture of a Kangaroo, provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
23: ...nd wallabies. The belief that it means "I don't understand" is a popular [[myth]] that is also applied...
29: ...iganteus'') is less well-known than the red (outside of Australia), but the most often seen, as its ra...
Pope Leo I (11553 bytes)
5: ... request. But nothing shows more plainly the confidence felt in him than his being chosen by the emper...
13: ...], and proceeded against them by holding a public debate with their representatives, burning their boo...
15: ...against the sect, examining its false teaching in detail, and calling for a Spanish general council to...
17: ...]], the disciple of [[Saint Peter|Peter]] and founder of the Alexandrian Church, could have had no oth...
19: ...unity to assert his authority there, which he did decisively in regard to a number of questions of dis...
Pope Gelasius I (4083 bytes)
2: ...te orthodox patriarch [[Euphemius]] (''q.v.'' for details of the '''[[Acacian schism]]''').
4: ...hristo naturis'' ('On the dual nature of Christ') delineated the western view.
8: ...s of the controversy and incidentally offers some details of this festival combining [[fertility]] and...
10: ...d, the old normal method of receiving communion under the form of bread alone returned into vogue.
12: ... was the definition of what books were to be considered canonical. The fixing of the [[The Canon of Sc...
Cambodia (32076 bytes)
9: ...French]] and [[English language|English]] often understood by educated classes |
12: government_type = [[Democracy|Democratic]] [[constitutional monarchy|const. monarc...
13: leader_titles = [[King of Cambodia|King]] [[Prime ...
14: leader_names = [[Norodom Sihamoni]] [[Hun Sen]] |
16: area_magnitude = 1 E11|
Mesencephalon (2668 bytes)
1: ...m the [[neural tube]] that forms the [[brain]] of developing animals. The mesencephalon caudally adjoi...
3: ...ong the three vesicles. The mesencephalon is considered part of the [[brain stem]] or the [[midbrain]]...
12: ...ochlear nerve is visible wrapping around the outside of the peduncles.
19: ...rent are the [[trochlear nerve]] nucleus, and the decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles.
Prostate (3581 bytes)
1: ...unds the [[urethra]] just below the [[urinary bladder]]. It is located in front of the [[rectum]] and ...
3: ...hin the prostate, the urethra coming from the bladder merges with the two [[ejaculatory duct]]s.
13: ==Disorders of the prostate==
15: ...ws too large it may constrict the urethra and impede the flow of urine, making [[urination]] difficult...
17: In older men, the prostate often enlarges to the point wh...
Neck (1960 bytes)
1: ...head]] from the [[torso]] or trunk. An anatomical description of the [[human]] neck follows.
4: ...astoid muscle]] is the most striking mark; it divides the anterior triangle of the neck from the poste...
6: ...terally the outward slope of the neck to the shoulder is caused by the [[trapezius muscle]].
Shoulder (2182 bytes)
2: ...r facilitated by the ability of the scapula to slide both laterally and vertically along the rib cage....
4: ...les in moving the shoulder. Ligaments attach shoulder bones to each other, providing stability. For ex...
6: ...et and provides mobility and strength to the shoulder joint.
11: * [[Shoulder problems]]
16: ...://www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/shoulderprobs/shoulderqa.htm ''
Seismograph (4037 bytes)
6: ...cord both S and P waves, but those on the other side of the Earth can only record P waves.
10: ==Design==
12: ...o the mass, an amplifying device, and a recording device.
18: A popular modern design uses strain-beam accelerometers constructed a...
20: ...r amateurs, a PC with a recording sound card provides a computer with an inexpensive analog-to-digital...
Charles de Gaulle (41586 bytes)
1: ... Gaulle. For the [[Paris]] airport, see [[Charles de Gaulle International Airport]]''
4: ...; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 85%;"
5: |+ <big><big>'''Charles de Gaulle'''</big></big>
7: ...nd:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | [[Image:DeGaullePortrait.jpg|180px]]
10: | [[President of France]]
Dairy product (4337 bytes)
1: '''Dairy products''' are generally defined as [[food]]stuffs produced from [[milk]]. A ...
5: ...ub-products in each category. Dairy products include:
6: ...mogenization]], [[pasteurization]], in several grades after standardization of the fat level
11: **[[Powdered milk|Milk powder]] (or powdered milk), produced by removing the water from mil...
15: *** High milk-fat & nutritional powders (for infant formulas)
Horse (38916 bytes)
15: ...ed an important role in [[transport]], whether ridden or used for pulling a [[chariot]], [[carriage]],...
19: ...ances of modern horses with true extra toes as evidence that minor genetic mutations can reintroduce a...
21: ...rtle easily and must, for the safety of riders, undergo careful introductions to strange objects and s...
25: ...ecently, researchers have observed that a form of democracy appears to exist among horses. For instanc...
28: ...vy horses of northern [[Europe]], such as the [[Ardennais]].
Horse tack (8580 bytes)
6: ...s at the rear of the saddle and goes around the widest part of the horse's belly.
8: ...ant that the saddle is comfortable for both the rider and the horse—an improperly fitting saddle...
10: There are many types of saddles, each specially designed for its given task.
21: *[[Sidesaddle]]
22: **English Sidesaddle
Great Rift Valley (4717 bytes)
1: ...|250px|Rift Valley Sign, Kenya Africa. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: ... [[valley]] varies in width from 30-100 km and in depth from a few hundred to several thousand metres....
5: ...lee]] in [[Israel]] to the [[Dead Sea]]. From the Dead Sea southwards, the Rift is occupied by the Wad...
7: ...inues as the Great Rift Valley, which split the older [[Ethiopian highlands]] into two halves.
9: In eastern Africa the valley divides into two, the '''Eastern Rift''' and the '''West...
Mount Kenya (2621 bytes)
2: {| border="1" bgcolor="#ffffff" cellpadding="5" align="rig...
14: ...[1899]] by [[Halford John Mackinder|Halford Mackinder]]
21: ...n 2.6 and 3.1 million years ago. Its slopes include several different [[biome]]s; the lowest parts ar...
27: ...south side and August or September on the north side.
Nairobi (2690 bytes)
6: ...] in [[1907]] and the capital of the newly independent Kenya in [[1963]].
8: ...ya2.jpg|left|thumb|Traffic in Nairobi. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
12: ...reserve, [[Nairobi National Park]], within its borders. Nairobi also has more species of [[bird]]s th...
14: ...as bombed in [[August]] [[1998]] by [[Osama bin Laden]]'s terrorist group [[Al-Qaida]]. See: [[1998 U....
16: ...assifying the city as "status C". The head of one development agency cited the "notoriously high level...
Crossbow (7510 bytes)
2: ... European medieval warfare and is still used in modern times for various purposes.
4: ==Description==
5: ...lts are typically called [[quarrel]]s, and do not depend upon lift as [[arrow]]s do. The stock and tri...
7: ...w. This consistent performance was part of what made the crossbow historically a significant force in ...
10: ...ich is held in place by a nut when the bolt is loaded and the cross bow is engaged (referred to as at ...
Compass (8275 bytes)
3: ...bility. This device greatly improved maritime trade by making travel safer and more efficient.
5: ...ariation compass''' is a specific instrument of a delicate type of construction. It is used by observi...
9: ...s in a [[4th century]] Chinese book: "Book of the Devil Valley Master"
11: ...cer magnetized a needle by rubbing its tip with lodestone, and hanged the magnetic needle with one sin...
17: ...in the Oxford [[Bodleian Library]] contains great details about the use of compass in navigation.
Tycho Brahe (17516 bytes)
3: ...]], [[Bohemia]] (now [[Czech Republic]])) was a [[Denmark|Danish]] [[nobleman]], well known as an [[as...
8: ... a [[nobleman]], was an important figure in the [[Denmark|Danish]] King's court. [[Beate Bille]], Tych...
12: ...eu descriptio totius orbis and [[Regiomontanus]]' De triangulis omnimodis.
14: ...e astronomers and all of them disagree. What's needed is a long term project with the aim of mapping t...
16: ...ecame the possessions of Kepler following Tycho's death.)
Donatello (10376 bytes)
3: ...''Donato di Niccolo Betto Bardi''') ([[1386]] - [[December 13]], [[1466]])
7: ... eventually construct the cupola of [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] in Florence, while Donatello acquired hi...
10: ...hitectural setting. In fact, so strong is this tendency that the ''Saint Mark'', when inspected at the...
13: [[Image:Davide (Donatello).jpg|right|thumb|100px|[[Donatello's D...
14: ... copied from life with all their angularities and deviations from the lines of beauty.
Baldassare Castiglione (7242 bytes)
1: ...'Baldassare Castiglione, count of Novellata''' ([[December 6]], [[1478]] – [[February 2]], [[152...
10: ...f a noble family, soon his duties would have included representative offices for the court; for instan...
13: ...edici]], [[Cardinal Bibbiena]], Ottaviano and [[Federico Fregoso]], [[Cesare Gonzaga]] (a cousin of bo...
15: ...ond the figures of three shepherds, he originally depicts the court of Urbino. The work contains echoe...
19: ...s expedition against [[Venice]] and this made him deserve the title of Novellata, a county near Pesaro...
William Shakespeare (28915 bytes)
4: ...ualled, due to his understanding of the range and depth of human emotions. A colossal figure in world ...
8: ...ence on the English-speaking world shows in the widespread use of [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Shakes...
12: ...t through the study of considerable historical evidence.
14: ...haps appropriately for a playwright commonly considered to be [[England]]'s greatest, it is also the [...
17: ...an [[alderman]]. Some evidence exists that both sides of the family had [[Roman Catholic]] sympathies....
Niccolo Machiavelli (11084 bytes)
10: ...ents arising out of the ambitions of [[Pope Alexander VI]] and his son, [[Cesare Borgia]], and these c...
12: ...turned to [[Sant'Andrea in Percussina]], where he devoted himself to literature. He died in Florence i...
15: ...because the Catholic church put the work in its Index – a list of books against the faith.
19: === A critical reading on where Modernity in Politics starts ===
21: ... his position. And that is the whole point with Modern politics.
Nicolaus Copernicus (26283 bytes)
3: ...ntal starting point of modern [[astronomy]] and modern science itself, (it inaugurated the [[scientifi...
7: ...cus_00125w.jpg||thumb|250px|Copernicus Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
8: ...raised him and his three other siblings after the death of Copernicus' father. His brother Andrew beca...
10: ... him, as his books (stolen by Swedes during [[The Deluge]], and now in [[Uppsala]]'s library) show. Af...
12: ... together with Domenico Novara, are recorded in ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium''.
Napoleonic Wars (44488 bytes)
3: ...on's empire ultimately suffered complete military defeat, resulting in the [[Bourbon Dynasty, Restored...
5: ..., following Napoleon's final [[Battle of Waterloo|defeat at Waterloo]] and the [[Treaty of Paris (1815...
12: ...ld, and the United Kingdom's industrial economy made it the most powerful commercial nation as well.
13: ...gal system, with clearly redacted [[code of law|codes]] compiling the basic laws.
14: ..., but on the basis of human culture, origin, and ideology.
Age of Enlightenment (36312 bytes)
4: ...ation in the unity of science movement which includes [[logical positivism]].
6: ...of its proponents attempted to use rationalism to demonstrate the existence of a supreme being. In thi...
8: ...rise of [[empiricism | empirical]] philosophical ideas, and their application to [[political economy]]...
10: ... and the [[Renaissance]] and [[Reformation]] preceded it (if it is thought of as a long period). Furth...
14: ...the universe where God and Nature were one. This idea became central to the Enlightenment from Newton ...
Protestant Reformation (26890 bytes)
1: ...uther]] and his [[95 Theses]]. The reformation ended in division and the establishment of new institu...
4: ... Anti-hierarchical movements: [[Cathar]]ism, [[Waldensian]]ism, and others
18: === Underlying Demographic and Economic Factors ===
20: ...rring in conjunction with economic, political and demographic forces that contributed to a growing dis...
22: ...[[Louis XI of France]] (1461-1483), the “spider king,” sought to remove all constitutional...
Condor (7828 bytes)
18: ...n Condor''' (''Vultur gryphus'') inhabits the [[Andes]] mountains. The '''California Condor''' (''Gymn...
22: [[Image:Colca_Canyon_Condor.jpg|thumb|250px|An Andean condor soars over southern [[Peru]]'s [[Colca C...
24: ...f dehydration and ultraviolet light at high altitudes, and are meticulously kept clean by the bird. Th...
26: ...reatly elongated, and the hinder one but slightly developed, while the talons of all the toes are comp...
30: ...gg is laid to take its place. Researchers and breeders take advantage of this behavior to double the r...
Annelid (7780 bytes)
11:    [[Acanthobdellida]] 
12:    [[Branchiobdellida]] 
17: ...small>*Some authors consider the subclasses under Clitellata to be classes
19: ...itic or mutualistic. They range in length from under a millimetre to over 3 metres.
23: ...[[muscle]] underneath a thin [[cuticle]] and [[epidermis]], and a system of longitudinal muscles. In e...
Arthropod (9248 bytes)
2: {{Taxobox_image | image = [[Image:spider_crab_at_hydrocarbon_sink.Gulf_of_Mexico.NOAA.jpg...
11: **[[Arachnida]] - [[Spider]]s, [[Scorpion]]s, etc.
13: **[[Pycnogonida]] - [[Sea Spider]]s
15: **[[Chilopoda]] - [[Centipede]]s
16: **[[Diplopoda]] - [[Millipede]]s
Baboon (5672 bytes)
13: ...rder. The English word ''Baboon'' is thought to derive from that of the Egyptian baboon-god [[Babi (...
18: ... troops of 5 to 250 animals (50 or so is common), depending on species and time of year. They can live...
21: ...mage:L baboon 04.jpg|thumb|350px|right|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
24: ...ly in size but also sometimes in colour or canine development.
29: ... female. The allowed mating order among the males depends partially on the ranking and fights between ...
Stag Beetle (3702 bytes)
16: ...{Taxobox_superfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Scarabaeoidea]]}}
26: [[Syndesinae]] 
28: ...er Schedule 5 of the UK's [[Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981]] and the EU Habitats Directive of the [...
30: ...tion]]) with other larvae. The name [[cervus]] is derived from the mandibles of the male, which look l...
Bird (20345 bytes)
9: ...color = pink | plural_taxon = [[Order (biology)|Orders]]}}
10: <center>Many - see [[#Bird orders|section below]].</center>
13: '''Birds''' are [[biped]]al, [[warm-blooded]], egg-laying [[vertebrate]]s characterized prim...
15: ...mmingbird]]s to the huge [[Ostrich]] and [[Emu]]. Depending on taxonomic viewpoint, there are between ...
17: ...spend almost all their time at sea (e.g. the [[Wandering Albatross]]). Some, such as [[frigatebird]]s,...
Ireland (33828 bytes)
3: ... [[island]] in [[Europe]]. It lies on the west side of the [[Irish Sea]], and is part of the geograph...
10: ...hysical_large.png|this larger version]] with more details.]]
15: ...ultural areas and retain a strong sense of local identity.
25: Politically, Ireland is divided into:
27: ...while the "Republic of Ireland" is its official ''description''.
Congress of the United States (41315 bytes)
3: ...[[Constitution of the United States]], which also delineates its structure and powers. Congress is a [...
5: ...erves a two-year term. Seats in the House are divided between the states on the basis of population, w...
7: ...eme Court]], to maintain [[armed forces]], and to declare [[war]]. Insofar as passing legislation is c...
15: ...own as [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner]]) is elected to a four-year term....
17: ...g]], approximately 15 percent of members have law degrees.
United States Senate (35505 bytes)
2: ...cantly, the [[President of the United States|President]] must ratify treaties and make important appoi...
4: ...erated to the Senate in the Constitution are regarded as more important than those exclusively enumera...
10: ...ates called for a second Congressional chamber, modeled on the [[House of Lords]] (the [[aristocratic]...
12: ...n the House of Representatives. [[James Madison]] described the Senate's purpose as "A necessary fence...
14: ...]] for political purposes; the trial ultimately ended in acquittal, with the Senate falling one vote s...
Ocean (6829 bytes)
6: ...unique in being defined only by a line of [[latitude]] with no landmass boundaries.
12: ... Ocean through the [[Strait of Gibraltar]], and indeed several times over the last few million years m...
14: ...d its average depth is 3790 m. This does not include seas not connected to the World Ocean, such as th...
18: See [[sea water]] for a detailed discussion of ocean water composition, most...
22: ... gravity map.gif|right|thumb|350px|Map of large underwater features. (1995, [[NOAA]])]]
Tsunami (29462 bytes)
1: ...ami that struck [[Mal靝 in the [[Maldives]] on [[December 26]], [[2004]].]]
2: ...fects of a tsunami can range from unnoticeable to devastation.
4: ... [[ocean]]; it simply has a much smaller [[amplitude]] (wave heights) offshore, and a very long [[wave...
6: ...re not actually related to tides the term is considered misleading and its usage is discouraged by [[o...
10: ... tsunami by itself may trigger an undersea landslide quite capable of generating a tsunami.
Badminton (12494 bytes)
5: ...long handles, to make it easier to impart a great deal of [[momentum]] to overcome the drag. The racqu...
7: ...a fitness perspective a close comparison can be made to Squash which also has the same explosive start...
13: ...eft service court and right service court are divided by the centre line.
18: ... kinetic energy transfer. However, some low-end models still use steel or aluminum for some or all of ...
22: ...oes]] need a gum sole for good grip, reinforced side walls for durability during drags, and shock disp...
Archery (18991 bytes)
5: ==Modern competitive archery==
9: ...competing with bows for millennia, the first recorded archery competitions began around [[1583]] in [[...
11: ...Internationale de Tir ࠬ'Arc). Olympic rules are derived from FITA rules.
17: ... An archer shoots between 3 and 6 arrows per end, depending on the type of round. After each end, the ...
19: ...ially lethal weapons, much attention is paid to order and safety.
Auto racing (15302 bytes)
1: ...may also mean [[motorcycle racing]], and can include [[motorboat racing]] and [[air racing]]. It is on...
6: ...zine [[Le Petit Journal]], a reliability test to determine best performance.
8: ...ce was staged, from [[Paris]], [[France]] to [[Bordeaux]], France. First over the line was [[ɭile Lev...
12: ...o electric. The first trophy awarded was the [[Vanderbilt Cup]].
18: ...ed the French government to stop the race in [[Bordeaux]] and ban open-road racing.
Stock car racing (7372 bytes)
5: ... from a ''race car'', a special, custom-built car designed only for racing purposes with no intent of ...
7: ... a model run of which at least 500 cars of that model were sold to the general public. In NASCAR's ear...
9: ...s are stock in name only, using a body template modeled after currently-available automobiles, but the...
11: ...hicle)|suspension]] and such are architecturally identical on all vehicles. Ironically, these regulat...
13: ...on cars, but with near-identical specifications underneath, remains true.
Chicago Cubs (25972 bytes)
4: :'''Founded:''' [[1870]], as an independent professional club. Joined the National Associa...
5: ...emnants'', in [[1901]], after a number of players deserted the team for the [[American League]]. The ...
8: :'''Logo design:''' A red "C" circumscribed by a blue circle...
18: ...teams in [[1870]], each with the singular goal of defeating the Red Stockings. A number of them adopt...
20: ...uth side of the city. The [[Great Chicago Fire]] destroyed the club's ballpark, uniforms and other po...
Los Angeles Dodgers (23879 bytes)
5: :'''Founded:''' [[1883]], as a member of the minor Inter-St...
7: ... -- originally a pejorative term for Brooklyn residents, shortened to ''Dodgers'' and officially adopt...
10: :'''Logo design:''' a cursive "Dodgers" superimposed over a r...
17: :'''General Manager''': [[Paul DePodesta]]
23: ...they were then known won two successive pennats under [[Ned Hanlon]] in 1899 and 1900.
Oakland Athletics (34248 bytes)
5: ...in the minor [[Western League]]. Moved to [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] in [[1900]] when that league...
6: :'''Formerly known as:''' Philadelphia Athletics ([[1901]]-[[1954]]), Kansas City A...
9: :'''Logo design:''' A stylized "A's". The team also occasio...
17: ===The Philadelphia Years (1901-1954)===
18: ...t Shibe had a ?white elephant on his hands," Mack defiantly adopted the [[white elephant]] as the team...
Tampa Bay Devil Rays (7282 bytes)
1: {{MLB Devil Rays franchise}}
3: The '''Tampa Bay Devil Rays''' are a [[Major League Baseball]] team b...
5: :'''Founded:''' [[1998]] ([[American League]] expansion)
8: ... words "TAMPA BAY" superimposed on a [[ray (fish)|devil ray (manta ray)]]
14: == Before the Devil Rays ==
Mountain biking (7992 bytes)
2: ...incipally on the sporting (i.e. bicycle racing) side of this activity.
5: ...ed States]], where young men left common roads or defined cyclocross circles and tried to travel on wi...
9: ...ndustry, and the race circuit always provides an ideal testing ground for new products. Therefore ther...
10: [[Image:ShadLHTT1.JPG |thumb|A rider during a Cross Country race]]
11: ... USA. ([http://www.usdeafsports.org/2006cycling/index.html])
Cheerleading (7470 bytes)
1: ...tivity. A cheerleading performer is a '''cheerleader'''.
4: ...[Image:USNA cheerleaders2.jpg|thumb|250px|Cheerleaders in formation.]]
11: ...eerleaders.jpg|thumb|A cheerleader is flipped upside-down during a pep rally routine before a football...
17: ...s in a T motion. This is the most common cheerleader jump.
19: ...ither forward (a front hurdler), or sideways (a side hurdler.) The bent knee points downward.
Bowling (1865 bytes)
4: ...o score points by knocking the targets down. Included in this group are
12: ...t closest to a designated point. This group includes games such as [[Bowls|Lawn bowls]], [[Bocce]] Ba...
Golf (35905 bytes)
4: ...ng various [[golf club (equipment)|clubs]]. It is defined in the ''Rules of Golf'' as ''"playing a bal...
6: ...the ball in as few strokes as possible may be impeded by various obstructions, such as bunkers and [[w...
8: ...r and then adds the points over a round; for more details on this method, see [[The INTERNATIONAL]], a...
16: ... or may be replaced by dropping another ball outside the water, but a penalty is incurred in the latte...
18: ...The ''hole'' must have a diameter of 108 mm and a depth of at least 100 mm. Its position on the green ...
Ice hockey (16008 bytes)
4: ...itals.jpg|frame|right|Two defencemen and a goaltender guard their goal. The referee's raised arm indic...
5: ... One of the six players is typically a ''[[goaltender]]'', whose primary job is to stop the puck from ...
8: ...s playing together. The [[Defenceman (ice hockey)|defensemen]] usually stay together as a pair, but ma...
10: ...vement of the puck: ''[[Offside (ice hockey)|offside]]'' and ''[[Icing (ice hockey)|icing]]''.
12: ...its game roster, two of whom are typically goaltenders. North American professional leagues restrict ...
Surfing (15219 bytes)
2: ...ge:Surfing in Hawaii.jpg|thumb|350px|Surfing outside [[Kaneohe Bay]], Hawai‘i.]]
5: ... droves to enjoy the maneuverability and stunts made possible by the new boards. The sport has spread ...
7: ...ads (to keep a surfers feet from slipping off the deck of the board), interchangeable "[[skeg]]s" (als...
9: ...orming a "tube" (or "barrel"), with the rider inside the cylindrical portion of the wave. However, su...
11: ...ing has to do with paddling out and waiting 'outside'. However, one does not see photographs of pros ...
Hobby (3707 bytes)
4: ...s perhaps the most popular. It is said that the modern use of ''hobby'' to indicate a pastime followed...
6: ...vourite pastime", and in turn, ''hobby'' in the modern sense of [[recreation]].
8: ...ent, rather than financial reward. Examples include [[collecting]], making, tinkering, [[sport]]s and...
10: ...]] might enjoy playing (and helping to debug) [[video game|computer games]]. Generally speaking, the ...
12: ... people find it enjoyable; so it is commonly regarded as a hobby.
Crossword (24761 bytes)
1: ...the convenience of the solver, although in many widely distributed American crosswords such as the ''[...
8: ...e traditionally limited to about one-sixth of the design. Crossword grids elsewhere, such as in [[Brit...
10: ...ttern appears the same if the paper is turned upside down. In addition, many weekday puzzles such as ...
12: ...ic circles. ''Free form'' crosswords have simple designs and are not symmetric.
16: ...cations are unspecified. A successful solver must deduce not only the answers to individual clues, but...
Boston Tea Party (4518 bytes)
1: ...olitical protest by [[Boston, Massachusetts]] residents against the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British...
2: [[Image:Boston tea party.jpg|thumb|Destruction of tea at the "Boston Tea party".]]
3: ... Harbor and throwing chests of tea overboard on [[December 18]], [[1773]]. Created/published: [[1784]]...
5: ...nd he was charged with [[smuggling]]. He was defended by [[John Adams]] and eventually the charges wer...
7: ...he usual colonial tax, thereby allowing them to undercut the prices of the colonial merchants and smug...
List of computing topics (15876 bytes)
93: [[Addressing mode]] --
119: [[Atlas Autocode]] --
143: [[Blue screen of death]] --
166: [[Code and fix]] --
167: [[Code Red worm]] --
History of the world (21975 bytes)
5: ...repertoire that included systematic burial of the dead and adornment of the living. During this perio...
7: Modern humans spread rapidly over the globe from [[Afr...
12: ...s of grains in the Ohalo II paleolithic site in modern Israel seem to suggest that cereals had been in...
14: ...velopments such as [[writing]] and extensive [[trade]] were introduced.
16: ...nnium BC|2500 BCE]], but the first dynasty to be identified by archaeology is that of the [[Shang Dyna...
Pliers (2624 bytes)
3: ...ings. They are a tool common to many dexterous trades and occupations.
7: ... and electronic components. Because of the multitude of possible objects and operations, the variety o...
11: ==Design==
13: The basic design has changed little since its origins, with th...
20: * Side cutting pliers or linesmen's pliers
High jump (8613 bytes)
6: ...nd the turn of the century, techniques began to modernize, starting with M.F. Sweeney's ''Eastern cut...
24: bar:Leaders width:25 mark:(line,white) align:left fontsize:...
55: ...ile the outer leg is thrust up to lead the body sideways over the bar. Horine took the world standard...
57: ...c gold medal in [[1964]], before a motorcycle accident foreshortened his career.
59: .... He directed himself over the bar head and shoulders first, sliding over on his back and landing in ...
Earth Day (8264 bytes)
1: ...held annually in the (northern) spring, both intended to inspire awareness of and appreciation for the...
12: ...he Environment in [[1969]], the same year that he designed the [[Earth flag]]. The first ''Earth Day''...
13: ...e equinox. In [[1975]] the U.S. Congress and President [[Gerald Ford|Ford]] proclaimed and urged obser...
21: ...udents and selected [[Denis Hayes]] (a Harvard student and Stanford graduate) as coordinator of activi...
23: ...the time nor resources to organize the 20 million demonstrators and the thousands of schools and local...
Tyrannosaurus rex (20653 bytes)
1: ...aur_clipart.jpg|150px|thumb|Dinosaur Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
15: ... the largest to have ever existed. New finds have dethroned it as the largest theropod, but ''T. rex''...
18: ...ton in [[Wyoming]] in [[1900]]. This skeleton resides in [[London]].
22: ...eropod, and the serrated teeth, far from being bladelike, are massive and oval in cross-section. Heavy...
24: ...or of many bones has been hollowed out. This considerably reduced the weight of the skeleton while mai...
Archimedes (13735 bytes)
1: ...etribution.) Some math historians consider Archimedes to be one of history's greatest mathematicians, ...
4: ...ented the [[irrigation]] device known as [[Archimedes' screw]].
6: ...inst the invading Romans was the [[claw of Archimedes]].
8: ...wooden ship with a variety of mirrors, they concluded that the enemy ships would have had to be virtua...
10: Archimedes was killed in Syracuse by a Roman soldier in 212...
Henry Ford (16324 bytes)
2: ...e over modern culture that many social theorists identify this phase of economic and social history as...
6: ... from [[County Cork]], [[Ireland]]. He was the eldest of six children. As a child, Henry was passiona...
8: ...o Dearborn to work on the family farm and became adept at operating the Westinghouse portable steam en...
10: ...neer in [[1893]], he had enough time and money to devote attention to his personal experiments on inte...
12: ... Quadricycle to victory in a race against [[Alexander Winton]], a well-known driver and the heavy favo...
Johann Gutenberg (6119 bytes)
4: '''Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg''' (circa [[1398]] – [[Febru...
6: ... son of a merchant named Friele Gensfleisch zur Laden, who adopted the surname "zum Gutenberg" after t...
9: ...s individual sheets of paper were pressed into wooden blocks with the text and illustrations carved in...
11: ...these existing techniques or invented them independently. Some also claim Dutchman [[Laurens Janszoon ...
14: ...because it had to be hand-carved, Gutenberg concluded that metal type could be reproduced much more qu...
Ship (18843 bytes)
1: [[Image:Genoa 139a.jpg||thumb|250px|Picture provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: ... a boat". Often local [[law]] and regulation will define the exact size (or the number of [[mast (sail...
4: ... have a [[bowsprit]] but this was not part of the definition. The same economic pressures which increa...
10: ... [[volume]] rather than weight, and are used when describing merchant ships for the purpose of tolls, ...
12: ... ship-owners could load their vessels until their decks were almost awash, resulting in a dangerously ...
Tricycle (4572 bytes)
5: ...motorcycle]]s (however, [[sidecar]]s are not considered tricycles, neither are the three wheeled autom...
7: ...being at one end, tadpoles always understeer, and deltas always oversteer.
9: ... Higgins and Pashley are the principal makers of 'delta' pattern upright trikes in the UK. Most tadpo...
11: ... corners much as a bicycle does, and this also renders them more comfortable on cambered roads. They ...
13: ...r use. These are known as [[velomobile]]s. Other designers try to reduce the number of parts, especia...
Airline (29546 bytes)
1: ...tography of Air Kenya, Kenya Africa. Picture provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
11: ...it greater freedom, in steps that are usually decades apart. This pattern has not been completed for a...
13: ...uenced by macroeconomic activity in the markets under study. These patterns are highly seasonal, and o...
15: ...ions, but certainly areas where deregulation provided more competition and greater pricing freedom res...
17: ...upgrades they ordered to respond to the increased demand. Since 1980, the industry as a whole has not ...
Underground Railroad (17993 bytes)
2: ...e '''Underground Railroad''' was a network of clandestine routes by which [[African]] [[slavery|slaves...
4: ...llion slaves who were to eventually escape. The Underground Railroad has captured public imagination a...
6: ...ailroadsmall2.jpg|right|400px|thumb|Map of some Underground Railroad routes]]
10: ...s disseminated the abolitionist viewpoint nationwide.
14: The Underground Railroad developed its own jargon, which continued the [[rail...
Coral reef (11599 bytes)
2: ... forms: shallow water reefs and deep water reefs. Deep water reefs have only recently been discovered,...
4: ...''coral reef''' is a type of [[reef|biotic reef]] developing in [[tropical]] waters. Although [[coral]...
6: ... temperature of 20-28 [[?C]] (68-82 [[?F]]) is needed for the growth of the coral reef. Coral reefs ar...
8: Such reefs take a variety of forms, defined as follows:
19: ...an environment of exceptionally high biodiversity despite relatively poor nutrient availability.
Ice skating (4786 bytes)
1: ...kating blades|parabolic]]) blade-like devices moulded into special [[boot]]s (or, more primitively, wi...
3: ...ld's longest (about 8 kilometres long) is the [[Rideau Canal]] located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
8: ...to the feet. The blades were polished oxen or reindeer bones. Skates were originally used for transpor...
12: ... They can also create momentum by pushing the blade against the curved track which it cuts into the i...
14: ...s that the greater the pressure exerted by the blade, the slipperier the surface of the ice will becom...
Softball (19057 bytes)
1: ...d [[base (baseball)|bases]]. Softball is a direct descendant of [[baseball]] (sometimes referred to as...
3: ...n any position and is usually thrown overarm or sidearm.
4: * The ball is larger, less dense, and heavier than a baseball.
10: ...] sport for women. The [[International Softball Federation]] holds world championships in several cate...
16: ...ry defensive, pitcher-oriented game. The pitcher delivers the ball at maximum speed with a flat arc, ...
Swimming (22854 bytes)
1: ...sic swimming skills and safety precautions are needed to participate in water activities.
5: ...g composed mostly of water, has nearly the same [[density]] as water. Thus, staying afloat requires on...
7: ...convert a slow or average swimmer to at least a moderately fast swimmer. Since speed converts directly...
11: ...easing speed. This is an effect long used by boat designers, and unconsciously used by "naturally good...
13: ...the torso is smaller front-to-back than side-to-side on most swimmers. This reduces the frontal cross-...
Italy (17022 bytes)
3: The independent countries of [[San Marino]] and the [[Vatican C...
7: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
10: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
13: | width="130px"| ([[Flag of Italy|In Detail]])
24: |'''[[President of Italy|President]]''' || [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]
Extreme points of the world (6602 bytes)
4: ===Latitude and longitude===
6: ...north of [[Cape Morris Jesup]], [[Greenland]] (83°39'). Various shifting [[gravel bar]]s lie furt...
11: ===Altitude===
13: ...ttp://www.rain.org/ocean/ocean-studies-challenger-deep-mariana-trench.html].
14: * The lowest point on land is the shore of the [[Dead Sea]]: 417 [[metre|m]] below sea level. ''See [...
Geography of Italy (2563 bytes)
1: This article describes the '''[[geography]] of [[Italy]]'''.
13: :* Note: includes [[Sardinia]] and [[Sicily]]
16: :* Border countries: Austria 430 km, France 488 km, Holy S...
20: ...ontinental shelf: 200 [[metre|m]] depth or to the depth of exploitation
30: ...ash, marble, sulfur, dwindling natural gas and crude oil reserves, fish, coal, arable land
Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
3: ...ugustus, the pre-Augustan state is conventionally described as the [[Roman Republic]], since the struc...
5: ...s traditionally set in [[476]], when [[Odovacar]] deposed the last Emperor and sent the Imperial insig...
7: ...various semantic periods or eras. Such names include [[Byzantine Empire]], [[Eastern Roman Empire]] an...
9: ...r") imperial power showed its naked face, with golden crowns and ornate imperial ritual. We now know t...
14: ===Political Developments===
Nutrition (42689 bytes)
1: ...[2005]], is a general nutrition guide for recommended [[food]] consumption.]]
2: ...bsence of adequate nutrients may cause disease or death.
4: ...y incur [[toxic]] and potentially lethal effects, depending on the dose.
5: The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influe...
12: rapidly dehydrate; (hence the devastating effects of persistent [[diarrhea]]).
Philosophy (30964 bytes)
1: ...a philosophical question that philosophers have understood and treated differently through the ages.
3: '''Philosophy''' can mean the academic exploration of various questions raised by phi...
5: ...assifed by time period (e.g. ancient, medieval, modern, contemporary, et al.), geography (e.g. Contine...
9: ...ature of these concepts--questions typically outside the scope of science. Several major works of pos...
11: *What is truth? How or why do we identify a statement as correct or false, and how do ...
Erasmus (18332 bytes)
1: ...Image:erasmus.jpg|thumbnail|Erasmus. Picture provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipa...
2: '''Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus''' (also '''Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam''') ([[October 27]], pro...
6: ... he was cared for by his parents till their early death from the [[plague]] in [[1483]], and then give...
8: ...in the making of lifelong friendships with the leaders of English thought in the stirring days of King...
10: ... but, as it proved, sufficient, rewards of independent literary activity. From [[1506]] to [[1509]] he...
Hubble Space Telescope (50930 bytes)
16: |'''Deorbit date'''||circa 2010
38: |'''[[WFPC2]]'''||wide field camera
43: ...ons and has helped astronomers achieve a better understanding of many fundamental problems in astrophy...
45: ...e project to build a space telescope was beset by delays and budget problems. Immediately after its l...
49: ==Conception, design and aims==
Glacial motion (2558 bytes)
7: ... decline in the overall volume of glaciers worldwide.
11: As the glaciers were expanded, due to their accumulating weight of snow and ic...
13: ...ght of crushed rock and sand, [[glacial landforms|depositional landforms]] were created, such as [[mor...
15: ...form when a retreating glacier leaves behind an underground chunk of ice. Moraine-dammed lakes occur w...
Czech Republic (13856 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
9: ... width="120px" | ([[Flag of the Czech Republic|In Detail]])
23: | '''[[President of the Czech Republic|President]]'''
32: ...tal ([[2003]])  - [[Population density|Density]]
Photosynthesis (9830 bytes)
1: ...t is meant to be very nontechnial and accessible. Details come later. -->
3: ...oduce food. Ultimately, nearly all living things depend on energy produced from photosynthesis for th...
6: ... from them. Most notably, they use [[carbon dioxide]] gas and water to produce sugars and [[oxygen]] ...
10: ...plex sequence of steps, and are very different in detail.
12: ...llen leaf. Areas where green chlorophyll has been destroyed now appear yellow]]
Forest (3705 bytes)
2: [[image:Conifer_forest.jpg|thumb|right|360px|A dense growth of softwoods (a forest) in the Sierra N...
4: ...ommunities covering large areas of the globe provide carbon-sink, oxygen-release, habitat, and soil-re...
6: ... is locked in [[lignin]] and other materials that decompose slowly.
9: [[image:Forest1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A decidous beech forest in [[Slovenia]].]]
17: ...]). [[Tropical]] and [[subtropical]] forests include [[tropical rainforest]], [[Tropical and subtropic...
Samburu (2862 bytes)
1: ...Image:Samburu_tribe_19.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
3: ...o foreigners of both [[European]] and [[African]] descent. A special permit issued by the administrati...
4: ...:Samburu tribe 14.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
6: ... the Laikipiak Maasai, a Maasai section which was destroyed in the late 19th century. Others are from ...
8: ...space in the centre. The circle of huts is surrounded by thorn bush fence.
Hittites (17910 bytes)
1: ...ablished a kingdom centered in [[Hattusa]] (the modern village of Boğazk?n north-central [[Turkey...
3: ... Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived until aroun...
7: ...elieved the two peoples to be the same, but this identification is still disputed.
12: ...cient [[Karum Kanesh]]), containing records of trade between Assyrian merchants and a certain "land of...
14: ...cal Hittites. Sayce's identification came to be widely accepted over the course of the early 20th cent...
San Francisco, California (55022 bytes)
12: leader_title = [[Mayor]] |
13: leader_name = [[Gavin Newsom]] |
14: area_magnitude = 1 E8 |
21: population_density = 6958.45 |
26: latitude = 37°46' N |
Bill Clinton (59225 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=William Jefferson Clinton
4: | order=42nd President
7: | preceded=[[George H. W. Bush]]
8: | succeeded=[[George W. Bush]]
11: | dead=alive
Ronald Reagan (52721 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Ronald W. Reagan
4: | order=40th President
7: | preceded=[[Jimmy Carter]]
8: | succeeded=[[George H.W. Bush]]
11: | dead= dead
Jimmy Carter (33280 bytes)
2: {{Infobox President | name=James Earl Carter, Jr.
4: | image name=Presidentcarter.jpg
5: | order=39th President
8: | preceded=[[Gerald Ford]]
9: | succeeded=[[Ronald Reagan]]
John F. Kennedy (36524 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=John Fitzgerald Kennedy
4: | order=35th President
7: | preceded=[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
8: | succeeded=[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
11: | dead=dead
Lyndon B. Johnson (32801 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Lyndon B. Johnson
4: | order=36th President
7: | preceded=[[John F. Kennedy]]
8: | succeeded=[[Richard Nixon|Richard M. Nixon]]
11: | dead=dead
Richard Nixon (32863 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Richard M. Nixon
4: | order=37th President
7: | preceded=[[Lyndon B. Johnson]]
8: | succeeded=[[Gerald R. Ford]]
11: | dead=dead
Dwight D. Eisenhower (37513 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Dwight D. Eisenhower
4: | order=34th President
7: | preceded=[[Harry S. Truman]]
8: | succeeded=[[John F. Kennedy]]
10: | place of birth=[[Denison, Texas]]
Franklin D. Roosevelt (74009 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Franklin Delano Roosevelt
4: | order=32th President
7: | preceded=[[Herbert Hoover]]
8: | succeeded=[[Harry S. Truman]]
10: | place of birth=[[Hyde Park, New York|Hyde Park]], [[New York]]
National Football League (30340 bytes)
8: ... and lasted through [[Christmas]] week. However, declining television ratings on Labor Day have pushe...
13: ...argin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;">
14: <tr><th bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="4" style="border-bottom:1px solid gray;">[[American Football Conf...
16: ...ore Ravens]]</td><td>[[Houston Texans]]</td><td>[[Denver Broncos]]</td></tr>
18: ...<td>[[Jacksonville Jaguars]]</td><td>[[Oakland Raiders]]</td></tr>
Aaron Burr (20716 bytes)
1: [[Image:AaronBurr-flipped.jpg|thumb|Vice President Aaron Burr]]
3: ...omas Jefferson]] as for his [[duel]] with [[Alexander Hamilton]] and his trial and acquittal on charge...
7: ...Rev. [[Aaron Burr, Sr.]], who was the second president of the [[College of New Jersey]], now [[Princet...
9: ...ary War|Revolutionary War]], in which he served under [[Benedict Arnold]], [[George Washington]] and [...
13: ...at from [[Long Island]] Burr saved an entire brigade from capture.
Benedict Arnold (11750 bytes)
1: ...jpg|thumb|right|250px|Benedict Arnold. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
3: ...he plot was thwarted, but Arnold successfully avoided capture by Continental forces. Shortly thereaft...
6: ...ips, as his father had done. Some of his business dealings drifted into smuggling - in contempt of the...
9: ...colonel]] in the Massachusetts's [[militia]] to undertake the first entirely offensive military expedi...
10: ...]. In a dawn attack on [[May 10]], [[1775]], Ticonderoga was taken from the 22 British troops that hel...
Trajan (7787 bytes)
1: ....jpg|right|thumb|250px|Emperor Trajan. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: ...[five good emperors]]" of the [[Roman Empire]]. Under his rule, the empire reached its greatest territ...
5: ...Ulpii in a line that continued long after his own death.
7: ...d was known as one of the foremost military commanders of the empire when Domitian was killed in [[96]...
9: ...the highly respected Trajan succeeded without incident, making him the first non-[[Italy|Italian]] Rom...
James K. Polk (27988 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=James Knox Polk
5: | order=11th President
8: | preceded=[[John Tyler]]
9: | succeeded=[[Zachary Taylor]]
12: | dead=dead
Reference (3758 bytes)
7: .... Sometimes the word-object relation is called "[[denotation]]" for clarity.
9: ...ege]] discovered, reference cannot be treated as identical with meaning: "[[Hesperos]]" (an ancient Gr...
13: ...lsewhere in memory, and are used to construct a wide variety of [[data structure]]s such as [[linked l...
19: A '''reference point''' is a location used to describe another one, by giving the relative positio...
26: Many of the books in the ''reference department'' of a library are reference works, but s...
Ionosphere (19365 bytes)
8: ...alance between these two processes determines the degree of ionization present at any given time.
10: ...e also mechanisms that disturb the ionosphere and decrease the ionization. There are disturbances suc...
14: ...imum solar activity. With an active sun electron density values are a factor of 10 higher.]]
19: ...] of 121.5 [[nanometre]](nm) ionizing [[nitric oxide]] (NO). In addition, when the sun is active with...
22: ...ow far it can reflect radio waves. On the night side of the Earth, the solar wind drags the ionosphere...
Bahrain (16123 bytes)
1: ...ed '''Bahrein'''''), is a [[borderless country|borderless]] [[island nation]] in the [[Persian Gulf]] ...
3: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
12: ...gn="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Bahrain|In Detail]])
36:  - [[Population density|Density]]
Nubia (8928 bytes)
1: ... [[Sudan]], but in ancient times it was an independent kingdom.
5: ...9th centuries AD. It is considered ancestral to modern day Nobiin.
9: ...]]. It consisted of semi-nomadic groups who subsided by herding [[sheep]], [[goat]]s, and some [[catt...
11: ...ously the B-Group people were thought to have invaded from elsewhere. Today most historians believe th...
13: ...man beings and it is possible that there was a sudden influx of Saharan nomads.
Maya civilization (25116 bytes)
1: ...g|right|thumbnail|300px|Mayan Temple Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
5: ...1000 BCE. There is some disagreement about the borders and difference between the early Maya and their...
9: Eventually, the Olmec culture faded after spreading its influence into the [[Yucatan...
11: ...which depict rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their [[genealogy]], [[war]] victories, a...
13: ...ssibly further lands. Important trade goods included [[cacao]], [[salt]], and [[obsidian]]; see also:...
Julius Caesar (50670 bytes)
2: ...ntroducing Roman influence into what has become modern [[France]], an accomplishment whose direct cons...
4: ...lic]] and the beginning of the [[Roman Empire]] under Caesar's grand-nephew and adopted son, [[Caesar ...
6: ...tarii'')]], and many details of his life are recorded by later historians such as [[Suetonius]], [[Plu...
9: ... who according to myth was the son of [[Venus (goddess)|Venus]]. Caesar was raised in the Subura, a lo...
15: ...7;s proscription said, "He whose life you so much desire will one day be the overthrow of the part of ...
Pompey (25785 bytes)
3: ...n the ensuing [[civil war]] and ultimately was murdered by [[Ptolemy XIII]] in [[Egypt]].
7: ==Early life and political debut==
8: ...ular teenager, considered a look alike of [[Alexander the Great]].
10: ... affairs and fortune. Despite his youth, Pompey sided with Sulla after his return from the [[Mithridat...
12: ... When Pompey commended on his action, Sulla responded saying that he wanted to leave a few enemies ali...
Caesar Augustus (50559 bytes)
3: ... years of civil war that followed, Octavian would defeat such enemies as [[Marcus Brutus]], [[Gaius Ca...
5: ...[police force]] and the world's first [[fire brigade]]. He finished, repaired or rebuilt almost every ...
7: ...borders he established to become the [[natural borders]] for the Empire for over 400 years. His surnam...
10: ...ble but undistinguished family of the equestian order on [[September 23]], [[63 BC]]. His father was t...
12: ...y against Caesar’s orders that turned the tide of the battle and granted Caesar his last victory...
Nero (23127 bytes)
4: ...d. His death was reportedly the result of [[suicide]] assisted by his [[scribe]] [[Epaphroditos]].
8: ... but not by the general public. There is a strong desire for certainty, especially if there is an invo...
14: Born in [[Antium]] (modern day [[Anzio]]), he was the only son of [[Gnaeus...
16: His father was grandson to an elder [[Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus (1st century BC)|G...
18: ... the namesake of her own mother [[Agrippina the elder]] who was granddaughter to Octavia's brother [[C...
Architectural history (13369 bytes)
1: ... [[discipline]]. Consequently there have been a wide range of perspectives in the study of architectur...
3: ...torical evolution of principles and styles in the design of [[buildings]] and cities.
5: ...y|phenomenologically]]. Although both approaches identify architecture as a sort of language, they dif...
7: ...tion]], late [[capitalism]] and [[neo-liberal]] [[democracy]]. An increasing awareness of [[Postcoloni...
9: ...hat Architectural history reflects the historical development of its time.
Adolf Hitler (51456 bytes)
7: dead=dead |
8: date_of_death = [[30 April]] [[1945]] |
9: place_of_death = [[Berlin]], [[Germany]]
11: ...[[Germany]] from [[1933]] to his death. He was leader of the [[National Socialist German Workers Party...
13: ...eople, including 6 million [[Jew]]s, in a [[genocide]] now known as [[the Holocaust]].
Francis Drake (14963 bytes)
2: ... was second in command of the English fleet which defeated the [[Spanish Armada]] in [[1588]].
7: ...e in his life. Francis was the eldest or second eldest of twelve children.
9: ... Drake made the first English [[Atlantic slave trade|slave-trading]] expeditions.
12: ... against the [[Spanish Empire]]; the Spanish considered him an outlaw [[pirate]], but to England he wa...
13: ... Train to the nearby port of Nombre de Dios. He made off with a fortune in gold, but had to leave behi...
American Revolutionary War (40738 bytes)
1: ... American colonies]]. The war, which eventually widened far beyond [[British North America]], resulted...
3: ...fers solely to the military campaign; for the broader perspective, including the origins and aftermath...
10: ..." army). Each colony instead provided for its own defenses through the use of local [[militia]]. Milit...
12: ...st number of men that Washington personally commanded in the field at any one time was fewer than 17,0...
15: ...g the war years. However, according to reliable modern estimates, total British strength in the coloni...
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (8624 bytes)
2: ...entific and medical references to him are found under this spelling.
6: ...ute of Martinus Herman van Doorn]]. He later attended [[Utrecht Technical School]], from which he was ...
8: In [[1865]], he attended the [[Utrecht University|University of Utrecht]]...
12: ...nd in [[1871]] became a [[professor]] at the [[Academy of Agriculture]] at [[Hohenheim]], [[Württembe...
16: ... cardboard screen painted with barium platinocyanide when it was placed close to the aluminium window....
Battle of the Wilderness (11082 bytes)
1: ...h and Indian War]] battle, see [[Battle of the Wilderness 1755]].''
4: battle_name=Battle of the Wilderness
7: |image=[[Image:Battle of the Wilderness.png|300px]]
8: |caption=''Battle of the Wilderness'' by Kurz and Allison.
14: |combatant2=[[Confederate States of America]]
Jefferson Davis (14427 bytes)
2: [[Image:President-Jefferson-Davis.jpg|thumb|'''Jefferson Davis'''...
3: ...r serving as the only [[President]] of the [[Confederate States of America]] throughout the [[American...
6: ...[[British Empire|British]], two of them serving under [[Andrew Jackson]] and receiving his commendatio...
10: ...ry Academy]] at [[West Point, New York]] as a [[cadet]].
14: ...spatched to [[Galena, Illinois]] at the head of a detachment assigned to remove [[miner|miners]] from ...
Stonewall Jackson (15247 bytes)
3: ..., and his death was a severe setback for the Confederacy.
8: ... Julia was buried in an unmarked grave in a homemade coffin in a small town along the [[James River an...
12: ...nt to live with other relatives on his mother's side of the family, but he died of [[tuberculosis]] in...
14: ...ation of a law in Virginia at that time that forbade teaching a slave to read or write, but neverthele...
16: ...ademy. Thomas Jackson graduated 17th out of 59 students in the Class of [[1846]].
James Longstreet (9732 bytes)
8: ...lot with the [[Confederate States of America|Confederacy]] in the Civil War.
10: ==Career as Confederate General==
12: ...ppointed as a [[brigadier general]] in the [[Confederate Army]]. He fought well at the [[First Battle ...
14: ...n. In fact, troops under his command never lost a defensive position during the war. Lee referred to L...
16: ...omoted to [[lieutenant general]], the senior Confederate officer of that rank.
Frederick Cook (12772 bytes)
2: ...[Robert Peary]] claimed to, April 6, 1909.<ref>Henderson, B. 2009, pp. 58-69</ref>
6: [[Image:Frederick Cook2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Frederick Cook on South Michigan Avenue in [[Chicago]]]...
9: ...in 1890. On his 37th birthday he married Marie Fidele Hunt; they had one daughter, Helene. In 1923 t...
13: ...n missionary)|Thomas Bridges]] shortly before his death. As a result of that meeting, Cook brought bac...
15: ... a second expedition in 1906, and claim to have made the first ascent of that mountain (this claim is ...
Henry Hudson (4760 bytes)
3: ...is no way to go further due to the ice and he decided to return to England on the 31st. On the return ...
5: ...reached by several crews in the past and was considered the end of the line, which convinced the Mosco...
7: ...]], and [[Cape Cod]]–the first Europeans to describe these locations (although [[Giovanni da Ver...
9: ...list]] laws England had enacted to protect its trade routes from the Dutch. He was soon released.
11: ...iscovery'', he stayed to the north (some claim he deliberately went too far south with the Dutch), rea...
Henry the Navigator (6878 bytes)
2: [[Image:Heinrich der Seefahrer.jpg|right|200px|Henry the Navigator]]
3: ...Ceuta served as a terminus for that trade. The trade dried up after [[Battle of Ceuta|Ceuta fell into ...
5: ... life, and as time passed he became more and more devoted to Christianity. For the purposes of his int...
7: ...er resources. When John I died in 1433, Henry's eldest brother [[Edward of Portugal|Duarte]] became ki...
9: ...he Arabs, made the complicated return voyages, headed upwind, possible; without it, the brothers Ugoli...
Hernan Cortes (17441 bytes)
2: ...marqués del Valle de Oaxaca''' ([[1485]]–[[December 2]], [[1547]]) was the [[conquistador]] who...
5: ...o]], who later conquered the [[Inca]] empire of modern-day [[Peru]] (not to be confused with another F...
10: ...ting the indigenous [[Guanches]]) but would prove devastating in the New World.
12: ... the west. Governor Velázquez forbade him to invade the mainland (a privilege he reserved for himself...
14: ==Cartas de Relacion==
James Cook (14770 bytes)
3: ...]] [[explorers|explorer]] and [[navigator]]. He made three voyages to the [[Pacific Ocean]], in which ...
8: ... Cook rose in the ranks of the merchant fleet but declined the command of his own collier in 1755 on t...
20: ...lly [[Alexander Dalrymple]], insisted must exist, despite Cook's personal doubts. With the help of a ...
22: ...t landing, at Kurnell on [[Botany Bay]], was intended to be the site of the first [[British colony]] i...
24: Botany Bay was indeed the site of one of the earliest European contac...
Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo (4763 bytes)
5: ...en his nationality is uncertain; most biographies describe him as Portuguese, but in his exhaustive 19...
8: ...his landholdings to mine gold in [[Guatemala]], made him one of the richest of the [[conquistador]]s i...
10: ... or three ships), and stood to profit from any trade or treasure.
12: ...s buried. His second-in-command brought the remainder of the party back to Navidad, where they arrived...
14: ...yage appeared in print before historian [[Antonio de Herrera]]'s account early in the 17th century.
Lewis and Clark Expedition (11755 bytes)
3: ...edition of [[Alexander Mackenzie (explorer)|Alexander Mackenzie]], the first European to cross North A...
5: ...wis concealed this from the men and shared the leadership of the expedition, always referring to Clark...
7: ...Charbonneau]], joined the group from there and guided them westward. [[Sacagawea]] and her [[Shoshone]...
9: ...] until they reached the [[Pacific Ocean]] in the December of 1805. At this point in time, Lewis spott...
10: ... agreed to camp on the south side of the river (modern Astoria, OR) , building [[Fort Clatsop]] as the...
Roald Amundsen (8034 bytes)
6: ...]]'s crossing of [[Greenland]] in [[1888]] he decided on a life of exploration.
10: ...ica]]. Also on board was an American doctor, [[Frederick Cook]]. Cook probably saved the crew from [[s...
14: ...a success message ([[collect call|collect]]) on [[December 5]], [[1905]]. [[Nome, Alaska|Nome]] was re...
18: ...th Pole]]. On hearing in [[1909]] that first [[Frederick Cook]] and then [[Robert Peary]] claimed the ...
20: ...e change. Every member agreed to continue. Leon made the news public on October 2.
Digital photography (33923 bytes)
4: ...ther devices, such as [[mobile phone]]s, now include digital photography features.
10: * [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD)
18: ...onsumer digital cameras became available for considerably lower prices. (The [[Ritz Dakota Digital]] i...
22: ...eb cam]]s at the lowest-end, a [[digital memory]] device (usually [[flash memory]]; [[floppy disk]]s a...
24: ...can take still photographs, and store them on [[videotape]] or on flash memory cards.
Depth of field (8291 bytes)
1: ..._dof.jpg|thumb|260px|An example of fairly shallow depth of field]]
2: ... focus, but focus falls off gradually on either side of that distance, so there is a region in which t...
4: ... However, the most important factor is the actual degree of error in relation to the area of film expo...
6: ... nearer will produce the image of a disk whose border is known as "[[circle of confusion]]." The diame...
8: ...ars sharp while the areas in front and behind the depth of field appear blurry.]]
Sacramento, California (21190 bytes)
2: ...S. state]] of [[California]]. It was founded in [[December]] [[1848]] by [[John Sutter, Jr.]] Sacramen...
13: leader_title = [[Mayor]] |
14: leader_name = [[Heather Fargo]] |
15: area_magnitude = 1 E8 |
22: population_density = 1,617 |
Phoenix, Arizona (34271 bytes)
5: ... is now the fifth-largest city, surpassing [[Philadelphia, Pennsylvania]] with 1.5 million people
24: founded = [[May 4]], [[1868]] |
33: density = 1,074|
46: ...aced them; or, they may be the ancestors of the modern Pima Indians who now live on the [[Salt River]]...
49: ...es northwest of a similar farming community at Hayden's Ferry, which would become [[Tempe, Arizona|Tem...
Atlanta, Georgia (39442 bytes)
15: |popdensity=1,221
17: |latitude=33°65' N
18: |longitude=84°42′ W
22: ...lt, Atlanta is a common case study for college students who study Urban Geography around the globe. ...
24: ...19th century]] as a railroad hub. It was largely destroyed by Union forces during the [[American Civi...
Honolulu, Hawaii (19495 bytes)
8: founded = |
17: density = 1,674.4|
29: ...°C) only rarely with lows in the 50's ?F (15 °C) occurring once or twice a year.
35: ... Head, Hawaii|Diamond Head]], [[Koko Head]] (includes [[Hanauma Bay]]), Koko Crater, Salt Lake, and &#...
46: ...ecame the center of commerce in the islands, with descendants of American missionaries establishing th...
Boston, Massachusetts (36071 bytes)
9: founded = [[September 17]], [[1630]] |
11: ...Thomas Menino]] ([[United_States_Democratic_Party|Dem]]) |
18: density = 4,696.9|
25: ...tened from [[Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]]' phrase ''The Hub of the Universe''), ...
27: ...has a population of approximately 5.8 million residents. [[Greater Boston]] is one of the top-ten larg...
Saint Paul, Minnesota (13759 bytes)
2: ...ille]] has a marker near an obscure intersection identifying the exact location of the 45th parallel)....
13: founded = 1854|
22: density = 2,101.0|
31: ...r league]] [[baseball]] team, the [[Minnesota Thunder]], professional [[soccer]] team, the [[Minnesota...
32: ...ge:Minnesota_state_map.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
Jefferson City, Missouri (7230 bytes)
2: ...bolt of lightning. This building was deliberately designed to resemble the [[U.S._Capitol]] building. ...
6: ...opean settlers began arriving here, the Mound Builders had already vanished into history and the indig...
7: ...age:Missouri_state_map.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
8: ...little more than a trading post located in the wilderness about midway between St. Louis and Kansas Ci...
20: founded = |
Raleigh, North Carolina (12457 bytes)
17: founded = [[1792]] |
26: density = 930.2|
40: ...]] issued no watches or warnings before the storm developed [http://www2.ncsu.edu/eos/service/pams/mea...
42: ...d Avenue. Damage and casualties included 400-500 destroyed or heavily damaged homes and two fatalitie...
45: ...rth_carolina_state_map.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
Columbus, Ohio (27104 bytes)
6: ...y]]. It also extends into [[Delaware County, Ohio|Delaware]] and [[Fairfield County, Ohio|Fairfield]] ...
19: founded = |
20: ... County, Ohio|Franklin]], [[Delaware County, Ohio|Delaware]], and [[Fairfield County, Ohio|Fairfie...
28: density = 1,306.4|
35: ...] (CCAD), [[Otterbein College]] in Westerville, [[DeVry University]], [[Ohio Dominican University]], a...
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma (37869 bytes)
3: ...s 'Oak City,' but locals never use this name. Residents of outlying suburbs or rural areas often call ...
7: ...3 totaled 523,303 with more than 1.25 million residents in the metropolitan area.
9: ...or to the [[September 11th attacks]] and the most destructive act of domestic terrorism in American hi...
19: founded = |
29: density = 325.3|
Olympia, Washington (7112 bytes)
14: founded = |
23: density = 982.3|
30: ...ning streams entering Puget Sound at this point made it a productive food-gathering area. Many tribes...
36: ... now comprises downtown Olympia. Smith's untimely death in [[1848]] left Sylvester the sole owner of t...
38: ... Upon his arrival in Olympia in [[1853]] Stevens declared it capital of the territory.
Salt Lake City, Utah (41550 bytes)
2: ...City-[[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]] [[metropolitan area]], defined as [[Salt Lake County, Utah|Salt Lake]], [[D...
4: ...lake's shore by [[marsh]]es and [[mudflat]]s. Residents are known as "[[List of famous Salt Lakers|Sal...
5: [[Image:Utah_state_map.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar...
6: ...own as the "Crossroads of the West". The city has developed a strong tourism industry and was host to ...
8: ... The current mayor of Salt Lake City is [[Rocky Anderson]].
Russia (28007 bytes)
2: ...ndonesia]], [[Brazil]], [[Pakistan]], and [[Bangladesh]].
4: ... Union]] Russia was called the [[Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR).
15: ...e and was quite prosperous, due to diversified trade with both Europe and Asia.
17: ...nd]]. The political dissolution of Kievan Rus divided the [[Russians |Russian people]] in the north fr...
19: ...y. Nevertheless it had to fight the Germanic crusaders who attempted to colonize the region.
Economy of Russia (68844 bytes)
2: ...xperience in this process. Russia's experience is detailed below.
7: ...infrastructure, and inefficient supply systems hinder efficient utilization of those resources.
9: ...r of legacies with which the Russian economy must deal in its transition to a market economy.
11: ... that if each unit met or exceeded its plan, then demand and supply would balance.
15: ...lance among the sectors throughout the economy. Under central planning, the state performed the alloca...
Politics of Russia (78325 bytes)
2: ... strong presidency, was approved by referendum in December [[1993]].
4: ...dered alternatives. As the transition period extended into the mid-[[1990s]], the power of the nationa...
8: ...blics' constitutionally guaranteed "right" to secede from the union. Russia was the largest of the uni...
10: ... voicing), which made possible open discussion of democratic reforms and long-ignored public problems ...
12: ...ularly elected as president in June 1991, handily defeating five other candidates with more than 57 pe...
Sweden (27111 bytes)
1: ...ting of large peaceful forests and mountainous wilderness.
3: ...quently lost within a century. Since [[1816]], Sweden has been at peace, adopting a policy of armed ne...
5: ...ury]]. The country is today defined by liberal tendencies and a strong national quest for equality.
12: common_name = Sweden |
14: image_flag = Sweden flag large.png |
Estonia (13391 bytes)
2: ...uth, with [[Russia]] to the east, and maritime border with [[Finland]] to the north.
3: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| style="background:#f9f9f9;" border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" height="120p...
11: ...gn="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Estonia|In Detail]])
12: ...er" width="140px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Estonia|In Detail]])
Geography of Estonia (3012 bytes)
1: ... and 59.5 [[latitude]] and 21.5 and 28.1 [[longitude]], [[Estonia]] lies on the eastern shores of the ...
3: ...[New England]]'s. [[Oil shale]] and [[limestone]] deposits, along with forests which cover 47% of the ...
7: '''Location:''' Eastern [[Europe]], bordering the [[Baltic Sea]] and [[Gulf of Finland]], b...
17: ''note:'' includes 1,520 islands in the Baltic Sea
21: ''border countries:'' Latvia 339 km, Russia 294 km
Latvia (12041 bytes)
1: ...est Latvia shares a [[maritime]] border with [[Sweden]]. The capital of Latvia, [[Riga]] ([[Latvian la...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
24: | '''[[List of Presidents of Latvia|President]]'''
33: ...otal ([[2005]])  - [[Population density|Density]]
Malta (18511 bytes)
1: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0
10: ... align=center width="140px" | ([[Flag of Malta|In Detail]])
26: |'''[[President of Malta|President]]'''
38: ...Total ([[2003]])  - [[Population density|Density]]
Geography of Malta (2380 bytes)
2: ...ng the indented coastline of the [[island]]s provide good [[harbour]]s. The landscape of the islands i...
33: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
73: ...ral fresh water resources; increasing reliance on desalination
77: Air Pollution, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea,...
History of Slovakia (43199 bytes)
5: ...ian|Clactonian technique]], and are a potent reminder of the ancient habitation of Slovakia.
7: ...age, including the famous Cranium Mold of a [[Neanderthal]] (c. 200,000 BCE), discovered near Gᮯvce,...
9: ...#353;inare These findings are the most ancient evidence of commercial exchanges carried out between th...
11: ...first attempts at coloring. These shapes reveal a developed aesthetic sense.
13: ...meters. This cave is one of the biggest Neolithic deposits in Europe, and was continuously inhabited f...
Monaco (12001 bytes)
1: ...Yes, this sentence is correct: Monaco is the most densely populated country because Macau is now part ...
4: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border=0 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 style="background:...
10: | width="130px"| ([[Flag of Monaco|In Detail]])
13: ...n=center colspan=2 | ''[[National motto]]: Deo Juvante ([[English language|English]]: With G...
Cigarette (11302 bytes)
2: ...garette is ignited at one end and allowed to smoulder for the purpose of inhalation of its smoke from ...
4: ...soldiers began emulating their Ottoman Turks comrades, who resorted to rolling their tobacco with news...
8: ...ty clove cigarettes simply have a clove essence added to the tobacco.
10: ...t of tobacco dust. Manufacturing operations have developed procedures for collecting this dust and re...
12: ... high [[nitrogen]] content. Procedures have been developed, however, to "expand" the stems, and proce...
Lung cancer (15648 bytes)
2: ...lignant tumour worldwide, causing up to 3 million deaths annually.
6: ...ee of spread). Possible treatment modalities include [[surgery]], [[chemotherapy]]) and/or [[radiation...
9: Common symptoms that suggest lung cancer include:
23: ...f the lung, known as [[Pancoast tumor]]s, may invade the local part of the [[sympathetic nervous syste...
28: ...py or CT-guided [[biopsy]] is often necessary to identify the tumor type.
Amusement park (17293 bytes)
3: ...re generic term for a collection of [[amusement ride]]s and other [[entertainment]] attractions assemb...
5: ...orary (often annual) amusement park with mobile rides etc. is called a '''fun fair''' or '''[[carnival...
7: ...well as the more traditional midway arcades and rides at county and state fairs (in the United States)...
9: ...from [[1843]] and still existing, see [[Tivoli Gardens, Copenhagen]].
12: ... have a [[Ferris wheel]] and an [[arcade game|arcade]] midway, as well as various concessions. This co...
Roller coaster (14862 bytes)
3: ...to be a true coaster. (Note that not all thrill rides that run on a track are roller coasters). Most c...
9: ...is motion and usually run the circuit once with riders moving fowards and then backwards through the s...
11: ...st common method of bringing the roller coaster ride to a stop.
15: ...to keep it from entering. This can cause a [[cascade]] effect when multiple trains become stopped at t...
17: ...tside the station, release train #2 (which has loaded while #1 was running), then allow #1 into the st...
Crochet (5214 bytes)
3: ...gin of the crochet technique is a subject of considerable controversy. The word is not to be confused ...
5: ==Definition==
7: ... many stitches into a single loop. Stitches are made by pulling one or more loops through each loop of...
12: ...th America, or China, but there is no decisive evidence of the craft being performed before its popula...
14: ... point to the tambour hooks used in tambour embroidery in France in the seventeenth century, and conte...
Mahatma Gandhi (35350 bytes)
8: dead=dead|
9: date_of_death=[[January 30]], [[1948]] |
10: place_of_death=[[New Delhi]], [[India]]
13: ...who brought the cause of [[India|India's]] independence from [[British India|British colonial rule]] t...
15: ... truth" or "pursuit of truth", has inspired other democratic activists, including [[Martin Luther King...
Rene Descartes (17976 bytes)
1: ...y studied from his time down to the present day. Descartes was one of the key thinkers of the Scienti...
2: ...ge-crca.jpg|thumb|400px|Rene Descartes Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ...heless, many elements of his philosophy have precedents in late [[Aristotelianism]], the revived [[Sto...
6: ...e invention of the [[calculus]] and [[analysis]]. Descartes's reflections on mind and mechanism began ...
11: On March 31, 1596, Descartes was born in [[La Haye en Touraine]], [[Ind...
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (15483 bytes)
1: ...th Century Germany's movement of philosophical [[idealism]]. It would come to have a profound impact o...
5: ...on]] and collaborated in a [[critique]] of the [[idealist]] philosophies of [[Immanuel Kant]] and his ...
7: ...hy were compiled from the lecture notes of his students and published posthumously.
9: ...of rational [[government]] and the revolutionary ideals of freedom and equality.
11: ...o an infinite antithesis; that, viz. between the Idea in its free, universal form - in which it exists...
Confucius (21352 bytes)
1: ...pacing=0px bgcolor=#f7f8ff style="float:right; border:2px solid; margin:5px"
2: |colspan=2 align=center style="margin: 10px; border-top:2px solid"|[[Image: Confucius_02.gif|center|...
4: !style="background:#ccf; border-bottom:2px solid" align=center colspan=2|Confuci...
6: ...mily name|Ancestral name]] (姓):||style="border-top:1px solid"|'''Zi'''¹ ([[Chinese ...
8: ...se family name|Clan name]] (氏):||style="border-top:1px solid"|'''Kong''' (Ch: &#...
Buddhist philosophy (14386 bytes)
2: ... [[563 BC]] - c. [[483 BC]]). Buddhist philosophy deals extensively with problems in [[metaphysics]], ...
6: ...a strong philosophical component. Buddhism is founded on the rejection of certain [[Hindu philosophy|o...
8: ...istemological debates over the proper modes of evidence have always been lively in Buddhism.
10: Readers should note that theory for its own sake is not...
16: ...erence of saints, etc.), to Buddhism's thoroughly developed hierarchies of clergy (not usually charact...
History of Christianity (35391 bytes)
2: ...es the history of '''[[Christianity]]''' and provides links to relevant topics.
8: ...e Christian claim of exclusivity, that only its understanding of "Jewish" teaching is valid, led to an...
10: ...s [[Jesus]] (the [[Incarnation]]), and became the deliverer of both Israel and of all mankind. Christi...
29: ...t to follow what would later be called the [[Noahide Laws]] subset of the [[Law of Moses]]. The [[Dida...
32: ...[[Syria]] is the site of the earliest discovered identifiable Christian house church.
Quran (41479 bytes)
6: ... believe they were revealed) but in a different order, roughly by size, also believed by Muslims to be...
8: == The Qur'an as divided for reading and recitation ==
10: ...into four quarters. A different structure is provided by the [[ruku'at]], semantical units resembling ...
14: ...at time. (The ''[[Mu'allaqat]]'', or ''Suspended Odes'', are believed by some to be examples of pre-Is...
16: ...ography soon became important sciences, and the model for the literary language remains to this day th...
Hinduism (49198 bytes)
6: ...th approximately 940 [[million]] followers worldwide, 96 percent of whom live in the [[Indian subconti...
15: ...not claim sole understanding of the one [[transcendental]] Truth.
17: ... the Hindu, this idea has been an active force in defining the 'Eternal Dharma.'[http://www.ramakrishn...
19: ...n [[Moksha]], the end of the cycle of rebirth and death.
23: ...nu]] (the Preserver of worlds) and [[Shiva]] (the Destroyer of worlds).
Judaism (54799 bytes)
2: ...recorded [[monotheistic]] faiths and one of the oldest religious [[traditions]] still practiced today....
8: ...that "Jewishness disrupts the very categories of identity, because it is not national, not [[Genealogy...
11: ...n.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Commandments#Exodus_20.2FDeuteronomy_5]
13: ... [[Ten Commandments#Jewish understanding|Jewish understanding]] of this is that:
14: ...tion of Judaism. To turn from these beliefs is to deny God and the essence of Judaism.
Rome (33048 bytes)
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
12: |align="center" width="140px"|City [[Seal (device)|seal]]
15: |align="center" colspan=2 style="border-bottom:3px solid gray;"|City [[motto]]: '...
17: |Founded|| [[21 April]][[753 BC]] mythical, [[1st mil...
Sikhism (31029 bytes)
2: ...i]], [[monism]], [[Vedic]] metaphysics, [[guru]] ideal, and [[bhajan]]s) as well as [[Sufi|Sufi Islam]...
4: The founder of Sikhism, [[Guru Nanak]], was born in [[1469]]...
6: ...ony in AD [[1699]] ; and thus gave a distinctive identity to the Sikhs. The five baptised Sikhs were n...
8: ...es in the world that has been compiled by the founders of a faith during their own life time. The Sikh...
10: Guru Nanak's doctrinal position is clear, despite the appearance that it is a blend of insight...
History of dance (9081 bytes)
3: ...g dance is the [[Natya Shastra]] on which the ''modern'' interpritation classical Indian dance (e.g. ...
5: ...ds of dancing is by [[Homer]], whose "[[Iliad]]"; describes [[chorea (dance)|chorea]] (''khoreia'').
7: ...he most eminent Greek sculptors studied the attitude of the dancers for their art of imitating the pas...
10: ...been kings and queens. A brief outline might include folk, social, ballroom, religious, and experiment...
13: ...imitation of the movement of the heavens.’ (Designing for the Dancer, Elron Press, London, 1981)
Leaf (20580 bytes)
4: ...le. Note areas where chlorophyll (green) has been destroyed now appear yellow.]]
8: ...species to species is presented in detail below under Leaf types, arrangements, and forms.
10: A leaf is considered to be a plant organ, typically consisting of t...
11: # An '''epidermis''' that covers the upper and lower surfaces
15: === Epidermis ===
Equator (3944 bytes)
3: ...sphere]]. The [[latitude]] of the equator is 0 by definition. The length of [[Earth]]'s equator is abo...
8: ...and September equinox, the Earth's northern latitudes are inclined towards the Sun up to a point known...
9: ...|250px| Kenya Africa, the equator marked on the sides of road]]
10: ...et throughout the year, although seasons can vary depending on a variety of factors including elevatio...
12: ...er ''i'', no third letter is added to its climate designation.
Harp (23216 bytes)
8: ...ail.png|right|frame|A traditional folk harp and modern concert harp. ''Public domain image from Webste...
12: ... all over the world. It may have developed independently in some places.
14: ...wo halfnotes. With this final enhancement, the modern concert harp was born.
18: ==Playing style of the European-derived harp==
20: ...s of force creates [[dynamics (music)|dynamics]]. Depending on finger position, different tones can be...
Glacier (6999 bytes)
5: ...e water. The [[Hubbard Glacier]] is the longest tidewater glacier in [[Alaska]] and has a calving face...
7: ...]s that form from glacially transported rocks and debris; [[glaciated valley|U-shaped valley]]s and [[...
11: ...am and while the glacier may be a barren waste of dense ice, fertile land is often nearby.
15: ...r Grindelwald Glacier and the Schreckhorn, at Grindelwald, Switzerland]]
17: ...n and the upward deposition forces of the zone of deposition cancel. Erosive lateral forces are not ca...
Geyser (14881 bytes)
4: ...tivity may change or cease due to ongoing mineral deposition within the geyser plumbing, exchange of f...
9: ...nected to one or more narrow tubes that lead to underground reservoirs of water.
14: ...f the column and thus the pressure on the water underneath. With this release of pressure, the superh...
22: ...and eruptions will erode the channels and rapidly destroy any nascent geysers.
24: ...e inside of the plumbing systems. Over time these deposits cement the rock together tightly, strengthe...
Hot spring (7271 bytes)
3: ...e]] (which is usually around 55~57°F or 13~14°C in the eastern [[United States]]).
7: ...the geothermal [[gradient]]. If water percolates deeply enough into the crust, it will be heated as i...
9: ...have been seriously burned and even killed by accidentally or intentionally entering these springs.
11: ... of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], who built ...
15: ... springs have, they are often popular [[tourist]] destinations, and locations for [[rehabilitation]] [...
Yellowstone National Park (23738 bytes)
1: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right...
6: <tr><td>''Designation''</td>
25: ..., and [[Wyoming]]. Yellowstone is the first and oldest [[national park]] in the world and covers 3,470...
27: ...f these changes could have resulted in the worldwide population of humans falling to as little as 10,0...
29: ...en in the [[Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone]] - a deep gash in the Yellowstone Plateau that was formed...
Chimpanzee (10645 bytes)
17: ...Pan paniscus''), is found in the forests of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]. The boundary bet...
30: ...", however, did not occur until 1738. The name is derived from an [[Angolan]] [[Bantu language]] term ...
32: ... Europe, mainly acquired by various zoological gardens as entertainment for visitors.
34: ...to [[domestication|domesticate]] chimpanzees in order to have them work at various menial tasks (i.e. ...
36: ...ous ''Mentality of Apes'' in 1925 (which is coincidentally when Yerkes ''began'' his analyses), eventu...
Yo-yo (9646 bytes)
5: ...o-yo to the player's hand in this fashion is considered a ''trick''.
11: ...to kill prey from trees. The development of the modern yo-yo began in the Philippines at around this t...
14: ...e|ancient]] [[Greece]]. As shown at right, a vase depicting play'''A''', as well as a speci...
16: ...a welcome source of relief from stress, likely epidemic during that period of [[France|French]] histor...
20: ===The yo-yo in modern times===
Sliding puzzle (2847 bytes)
1: ...'sliding tile puzzle''' challenges a player to slide usually flat pieces along certain routes (usually...
8: ...lay for free on-line from many web pages. It is a descendant of the [[jigsaw puzzle]] in that its poin...
10: ...game]]s, just as mazes are, and like them is considered by many fans of such games as a time-filler.
15: ...y Press]], ISBN 0-19-853204-0)) is said to be the definitive volume on this type of puzzle.
16: ... [[Elwyn Ralph Berlekamp]] et al., [[1982]], [[Academic Press]])
Running (3124 bytes)
3: ... animal to [[locomotion|move]] on [[foot]]. It is defined in [[sport]]ing terms as a [[gait]] in which...
7: ... processes in the body. Some dropped jogging in order to take up "low-impact" exercises such as [[stai...
11: ...ic contests, running races are simply contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a ...
13: ... the ancient Greek [[Olympics]], as well as the modern Olympic games.
17: ...high" - a strong feeling of accomplishment and pride. Some sources point to the origin of a runner's ...
Tennis (24557 bytes)
1: ...wn as ''royal tennis'' or ''court tennis''), an older form of the game that is played indoors on a ver...
12: ...nal clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is str...
14: ...als used for the court surface. Each surface provides a difference in the speed and bounce of the ball...
18: ...fashioned concrete courts to coated asphalt to wooden gymnasium surfaces to artificial grass similar t...
20: ...s courts add an additional variable, with bounces depending on how healthy the grass is and how recent...
Causes of the Great Depression (21364 bytes)
1: ... the Great Depression, many formulated in the decades since its occurance.
3: ...nd heterodox theories, which argue that the Great Depression was caused by cyclical factors which reac...
5: ...sponses, thus even theories which are no longer widely accepted are documented and studied, if for no ...
12: One class of theories about the Great Depression is that a series of financial shocks disr...
16: ... final shock in a worldwide [[Economic depression|depression]], which put hundreds of millions out of ...
New Deal (82408 bytes)
2: ...ment of class conflict. The opponents of the New Deal, complaining of the cost and the shift of power...
5: The New Deal had three components: direct relief, economic r...
7: ...curity and unemployment insurance programs were added. Separate programs were set up for relief in ru...
9: ...forts to increase foreign trade. Much of the New Deal's efforts to help corporate America were channe...
11: ...erwise would have been. What pulled us out of the depression was the natural resilience of the economy...
Tennessee Valley Authority (7965 bytes)
1: ...ry:United States federal agencies]][[Category:New Deal]][[Category:Power companies]]
3: ...gion around the [[Tennessee River]] Valley. President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] signed the Tennessee ...
7: During the [[1920s]] and the [[Great Depression]] years the public of the USA became dise...
15: ...flood control]], strategic materials for national defense, electric power, relief of unemployment and ...
21: ...ad been farmed too hard for too long, eroding and depleting the soil.
Guitar (36953 bytes)
2: ...tic guitar features [[steel]] strings and more guide dots on the [[fretboard]].]]
10: ...d in a wide variety of musical styles. They are made and repaired by [[luthiers]].
12: Guitars are widely known as the primary instrument in [[rock music...
16: ... were invented in Central Asia, Iran. Earliest evidence of instruments very similar to the Westernized...
17: ...tp://www.iranian.com/Music/2002/November/Guitar/index.html See related article]).
Cochlea (4075 bytes)
1: ...ge:Ear.jpg|thumb|A left [[human]] ear. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: ..., the '''cochlea''' is a coiled, tapered tube inside the mammalian [[inner ear]], responsible for tran...
6: ...the [[fenestra ovalis]] (oval window) on the outside of the cochlea, which vibrates the perilymph in s...
11: ... as the basilar membrane moves upwards causes a sideways motion of these "hairs". In IHCs this opens m...
14: ...se sensitivity. Instead, mammals have evolved a wide variety of external ear structures or [[Pinna]] w...
Fahrenheit (3867 bytes)
4: ... minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit is equal to minus 40 degrees Celsius.
9: ... water would freeze at 32 degrees and boil at 212 degrees.
11: ...vals would separate the two, allowing him to mark degree lines on his instruments by simply bisecting ...
13: ...and 212 ?F. Some time after his death, it was decided to recalibrate the scale with 32 ?F and 212 ?F a...
15: ...ntries, as the air temperature in temperate latitudes tends to range from around 0 ?F to 100 ?F.
Celsius (3635 bytes)
1: {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="right...
8: |Celsius ||Fahrenheit ||°F = °C × 1.8 + 32
10: |[[Fahrenheit]] ||Celsius ||°C = (°F – 32) / 1.8
12: |Celsius ||Kelvin ||K = °C + 273.15
14: |[[Kelvin]] ||Celsius ||°C = K – 273.15
Kelvin (3722 bytes)
1: {| border="1" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="5" align="right...
8: |kelvins ||degrees Fahrenheit ||?F = K × 1.8 − 459....
10: |[[Fahrenheit|degrees Fahrenheit]] ||kelvins ||K = (?F + 459.67) /...
12: |kelvins ||degrees Celsius ||?C = K - 273.15
14: |[[Celsius|degrees Celsius]] ||kelvins ||K = ?C + 273.15
Republican Party (United States) (31573 bytes)
7: senateleader= [[Bill Frist]]|
8: houseleader= [[Tom DeLay]]|
10: ideology = [[Conservatism]] |
11: international = [[International Democrat Union]] |
18: ...ntatives]], as well as in governorships. In the modern political era, the GOP is the more [[conservati...
Teotihuacan (6370 bytes)
1: ...city dominated, which at its greatest extent included much of [[Mesoamerica]].
9: There is archaeological evidence that Teotihuacán had been a multi-ethnic plac...
15: ...Mesoamerica|obsidian]] and there was extensive trade with other regions of Mesoamerica.
17: ...ity's broad central avenue, called "Avenue of the Dead" (a translation from its Nahuatl name ''Miccaoh...
20: ...ssibly in prehispanic times. The Moon pyramid was dedicated to Tlaloc´s consort [[Chalchihuitlicue]] ...
Jumping spider (3866 bytes)
1: ...of jumping from place to place, secured by a [[spider silk|silk]] tether.
4: ...]). Tropical forests harbor the most species, but deserts, temperate forests, scrub lands, and even th...
5: ...world of [[mountain climbing]]. When a jumping spider is moving from place to place, and especially ju...
7: Several species of jumping spiders appear to mimic ants, beetles, or pseudoscorpio...
9: ...rom fingertip to nose. Unlike almost all other spiders, they can quite easily climb on glass. They als...
Inca road system (6879 bytes)
2: ...ered approximately 22,530 km (14,000 mi) and provided access to over three million km? of territory.
6: ...le on their journeys. [[Inca rope bridges]] provided effective access across valleys with intricate s...
8: ... the Inca Empire. Unaccustomed to the high altitude, weakened by the cold, and frequently ambushed by...
12: ... altitudes of more than 5,000 meters. ''El Camino de la Costa'', the coastal trail, at a length of 4,0...
18: ...or Acute Mountain sickness, also known as [[altitude sickness]]. Due to recent erosion, gradually wear...
Aztec (38742 bytes)
3: ... islets in [[Lake Texcoco]] – the site of modern-day [[Mexico City]].
7: ...ith the historical Aztec civilization, not with modern-day Nahuatl speakers.
9: .... Their use of the word ''Azteca'' was like the modern use of ''Latino'', or ''Mediterranean'': a broa...
11: ... that after leaving Aztlan, [[Huitzilopochtli]] ordered his people not to use the word Azteca, instead...
14: ...xica" is increasingly applied. The Museo Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, for example, refers to t...
Genetic code (15677 bytes)
2: ... organisms use minor variations of the standard code.
6: ... ([[peptide|polypeptide]]), which will then be folded into a [[protein]].
8: ...') is substituted by [[uracil]] ('''U''') and the deoxyribose is substituted by [[ribose]].
10: ...ids long. ([[DNA]] is also a sequence of nucleotide bases, but there [[thymine]] takes the place of u...
12: The standard genetic code is shown in the following tables. [[#Table 1: Cod...
Mid-Atlantic Ridge (3017 bytes)
2: ...he '''Mid-Atlantic Ridge''' is a mostly [[water|underwater]] [[mountain range]] of the [[Atlantic Ocea...
13: ... Heat from the magma causes the crust on either side of the rifts to expand, forming the ridges. The r...
Atomic mass (3063 bytes)
2: ...|thumb|150px|left|Chemistry Clipart .Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: ... integer: in most cases the first digit after the decimal point is 0 or 9. This integer is called the ...
5: ...viate from their mass numbers is as follows: the deviation starts positive at [[hydrogen]]-1, becomes...
11: A similar definition applies to [[molecule]]s; it is then call...
Faience (4113 bytes)
1: ...nglish]] for fine tin-glazed [[earthenware]] on a delicate pale buff body.
8: ...n3_v154/ai_21146424]). Egyptian faience was not made of [[clay]] but rather of a [[ceramic]] composed ...
11: ...[16th century|sixteenth century]], but it quickly developed its own recognisably Dutch d�cor.
15: ...tml], which today possesses an interesting museum devoted to faience, and followed by [[Rouen]] and [[...
17: The term "faience" has been extended to include finely-glazed ceramic beads found in the [[Indus ...
Monarch butterfly (5180 bytes)
19: ...s place in the spring. Female Monarch butterflies deposit eggs for the next generation during these mi...
23: ...s, and many such animals avoid consuming it. This defense is shared by the similarly distasteful (and ...
25: ...his point, hormonal changes occur, leading to the development of a butterfly. Fourth, the mature butte...
31: ...rotected species and to restore its habitat are underway.
37: ...h] of the [[Univeristy of Kansas]] [[Entomology]] Department
Navigation (15650 bytes)
9: In Eastern Polynesia, navigators, in order to locate directions at various times of day and...
18: ...times of famine or difficulty, only they could trade for aid or evacuate people. The guild secrets mi...
27: === Modern methods ===
31: * [[pilotage]] - using visible natural and man made features such as [[sea mark]]s and [[beacon]]s
32: * [[dead reckoning]] - using [[compass]] and [[log]] to ...
Literature (25676 bytes)
1: ...dubious, but it does not interfere with the above definition.
5: ...tion of the United States]], all fall within this definition of a kind of literature.
9: ...re conservative interpreters of the concept would demand that the text have a physical form, usually o...
11: ...ience fiction) may also become excluded from consideration as "literature".
15: ...gy|psychological]] insight in the delineation and development of character.
Anteater (6362 bytes)
1: ...t and termite mounds and for defense, while their dense and long fur protects them from attacks from t...
4: ...ampy savannas, along the banks of rivers, and the depths of the humid forests, but is nowhere abundant...
6: ...rial insects. To avoid the jaws, sting, and other defences of the invertebrates, anteaters have adopte...
8: ...'s stomach, similarly to a bird's gizzard, has hardened folds and uses strong contractions to grind th...
9: ....jpg|thumb|350px|right|Anteater Illustration provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
Jury trial (20452 bytes)
3: ...other words, a panel of citizens collectively decide what facts occurred relating to a lawsuit. [[Jury...
9: ... without a bias. These juries differed from the modern sort by being self-informing; instead of gettin...
11: ...ned to arbitrate in these disputes. Unlike the modern jury, these men were charged with uncovering th...
13: ...nal accused by this jury was given a [[trial by ordeal]].
15: ...al collapsed. The juries under the assizes began deciding guilt as well as providing accusations. Th...
Scythia (22520 bytes)
3: ...time around 700 BC, settling in [[Ascania]] and modern [[Azerbaijan]] as far as to the southeast of [[...
5: ...hian tribes mentioned in mainly Greek sources resided in the steppe between the [[Dnieper]] and [[Don]...
7: ...ancient Indo-European word for ''archer'' in turn derives from the [[Proto-Indo-European]] root *'''sk...
13: ... of the "Pazyryk culture" - including the "Ice Maiden" of the [[5th century BC]]. (see below)
21: ...s to account for the origin of the Scythians, nor details of how they migrated to the Caucasus or [[Uk...
Persian Empire (26229 bytes)
1: ... name, Iran. Some Persian scholars protested this decision because changing the name separated the cou...
4: ...n the south of Iran, called ''[[Fars]]'' in the modern [[Persian language]] and ''Pars'' in [[Middle P...
11: ...9 BC. Eventually the Medes came to rule an independent Median Empire, and the Persians were subject to...
13: ...nt region of [[Anshan (Persia)|Anshan]]. Teispes' descendants branched off into two lines, one line ru...
15: ...r, the king promised not to terrorize Babylon nor destroy its institutions and culture. Cyrus was kill...
Galen (5904 bytes)
8: Galen was born in [[Pergamum]] (modern-day [[Bergama]], [[Turkey]]) to an architect's ...
10: ...ence of trauma and wound treatment. He later regarded wounds as "windows into the body".
12: ...s an experienced physician and his practice had widespread clientele. One of them was consul Flavius B...
14: ... destroyed some of his records. His exact date of death has traditionally been placed around the year ...
18: ...e four humours|four bodily humours]], which were identified with the four [[classical element]]s. He c...
Petroglyph (5591 bytes)
1: ...|Petroglyphs on the Big Island, Hawaii.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
2: ...|Petroglyphs on the Big Island, Hawaii.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ...phs from Scandinavia (H䬪esta, V䳴manland in Sweden). Composite. Nordic Bronze Age. The glyphs are p...
6: A '''Petroglyph''' is an [[image]] recorded on [[stone]], usually by [[Prehistory|prehistori...
7: ...]] as ''p鴲oglyphe''). These images may have had deep cultural and religious significance for the soc...
Death Valley National Park (38245 bytes)
1: ... Bush]], [[Bighorn Sheep]], [[Coyote]], and the [[Death Valley Pupfish]] - a survivor of much wetter t...
3: ...ational Park, as well as being substantially expanded.
5: ...1700 million years old. Ancient warm-shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the ...
6: ...|A slice through the highest and lowest points in Death Valley National Park.]]
8: ...age:Wpdms shdrlfi020l death valley.jpg|frame|left|Death Valley and environs]]
Peloponnesian War (15884 bytes)
1: ...uce]] in the middle, and ended with Athens' surrender in [[404 BC]].
5: ...nly known as the [[Sparta|Spartans]]), who, as leaders of the [[Peloponnesian League]], had long been ...
7: ...likely a greater catalyst for the war than Thucydides and other ancient authors realized, more so than...
11: ...s, the two powers were relatively unable to fight decisive battles.
13: ... slaves, known as [[helots]], needed to be kept under control, and could not be left unsupervised for ...
Greco-Persian Wars (5983 bytes)
3: ...sia Minor]] (546 BC) left the [[Ionia]]n Greeks under Persian rule, while the other Greeks were free, ...
5: ...ties sacked, although they were permitted to have democratic governments afterwards.
7: ... in the end the Athenians and [[Plataea]]ns alone defeated the Persians in the [[battle of Marathon]].
9: ...ek ships to flank and destroy them. Following the defeat, Xerxes and his fleet retired to Asia, where ...
11: ...eet commanded by the Spartan king [[Leotychides]] destroyed the remaining Persian fleet in the [[battl...
Berlin Wall (23423 bytes)
3: ...er 9]], [[1989]] and subsequently almost entirely demolished.
7: ..., and [[France]] each had a portion of the city under their control. The Soviet sector was by far the ...
9: ... Allies. The Soviets lifted the ineffective blockade the next year.
11: ...lin's precarious position was a key factor in the decision to make [[Bonn]] the capital of West German...
13: ...atics Department of the [[University of Leipzig]] defected). Further, many West Berliners travelled in...
Celtic languages (6032 bytes)
2: ... spoken by the ancient [[Celts]] and their modern descendants, the [[Gaels]], the [[Welsh people|Welsh...
5: ...latian]]. These languages were once spoken in a wide arc from France to Turkey and from the Netherland...
7: *[[Goidelic]], including [[Irish language|Irish]], [[Scott...
16: ...h Brythonic in a '''P-Celtic''' node, leaving Goidelic as '''Q-Celtic'''. The differences between P a...
18: ...ic" ancestor. Rather, Celtiberian is usually considered the first branch to split from Proto-Celtic, a...
Byzantine architecture (9737 bytes)
4: == General considerations ==
6: ...]] palace in Ravenna (now [[S Apollinare Nuovo]]) depicts an early Byzantine palace.
10: ...ere used more freely, [[mosaic]]s replaced carved decoration, and complex [[dome]]s were erected.
12: == Detailed description ==
14: ...metimes surrounded by a very thick wall, in which deep recesses, to the interior, were formed, as at t...
Alchemy (42222 bytes)
2: ...Alchemy can be regarded as the precursor of the modern science of chemistry prior to the formulation o...
4: ...|thumb|150px|left|Chemistry Clipart .Clipart provided by
8: ...] of gold and silver". The Arabic therefore could derive from a purely Greek word, not Coptic, and hav...
11: ...ormal)|magic]]. From today's perspective, their endeavours and beliefs have limited validity, but if w...
13: ... both an inner meaning referring to the spiritual development of the practitioner as well as a materia...

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