Digital photography

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Casio Exilim

Digital photography, as opposed to film photography, uses an electronic sensor to record the image as a piece of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. Digital cameras now (2005) outsell film cameras, and include features not found in film cameras such as the ability to shoot video and record audio. Some other devices, such as mobile phones, now include digital photography features.

Contents

1 Sensors

2 Multifunctionality and connectivity

3 Comparison with film cameras

3.1 Advantages of digital: Consumer Cameras
3.2 Advantages of digital: Professional Cameras
3.3 Advantages of film
3.4 Equivalent features
3.5 A comparison of frame aspect ratios

4 Performance metrics

4.1 Pixel counts

5 Applications and considerations

6 Market impact

7 File types and data storage formats

8 Digital camera backs

9 Sensor size and angle of view

10 See also

11 External links

Sensors

There are two main types of sensors:

charge-coupled device (CCD)
CMOS semiconductor

There are also two main types of sensor mechanisms:

Area array
Linear array (very rare, only limited to the highest-end)

An area array sensor reads the entire image plane at once, whereas a linear array sensor works more like a flatbed scanner. Since this technology predates area arrays, it was available earlier, in professionally-priced cameras. With the advent of area array sensors, consumer digital cameras became available for considerably lower prices. (The Ritz Dakota Digital is an extreme example.)

Multifunctionality and connectivity

Except for some linear array type at the highest-end and simple web cams at the lowest-end, a digital memory device (usually flash memory; floppy disks and CD-RWs are less common) is usually used for storing images, which may then be transferred to a computer later.

Digital cameras can usually take pictures and additionally sound and video. Some can be used like webcams, some can use the PictBridge standard to connect to a printer without using a computer, and some can display pictures directly on a television set. Similarly, many camcorders can take still photographs, and store them on videotape or on flash memory cards.

Most digital cameras can connect directly to a computer in order to store pictures or to be used as a webcam. Digital cameras generally include a USB or Firewire port, and a memory card slot.

Digital cameras can record movies but may be limited by storage capacity. A 1GB memory card will store approximately 1 hour's worth of video in an MP4 format. Newer digital cameras, such as the Canon PowerShot S1 IS, Canon PowerShot SD200/300 and the Pentax Optio MX/MX4 will capture continuous footage at a rate of 30 frames per second at a display resolution of 640x480 pixels (similar to a television screen). Some digital cameras can connect directly to a computer and store video on the computer's hard disk or DVD recorder.

Comparison with film cameras

Advantages of digital: Consumer Cameras

The advantages of digital photography over traditional film include:

Instant review of pictures, with no wait for the film to be developed: if there's a problem with a picture, you find out immediately and can correct the problem and take another picture.
You only pay for the printing of successful pictures.
Minimal ongoing costs for those wishing to capture hundreds of photographs for digital uses, such as computer storage and e-mailing, but not printing.
Permanent storage on digital media is considerably cheaper than film.
Images may be copied from one media to another without any degradation.
There's no need to scan the picture before using it in a computer.
Ability to print your own pictures using a computer and consumer-grade printer.
Ability to print your own pictures using printers that can communicate directly with the camera, or its memory card, for computer-less printing.
Digital cameras can be much smaller than film cameras of equivalent quality.
Infrared photography is easier to perform with a digital camera since the CCD is sensitive to infrared light. A film camera requires special infrared film, while a digital camera can take infrared shots by simply using an infrared filter or light source.
Ability to embed meta data within the image, such as the time and date of the photograph, model of the camera, shutter speed, flash use, film speed etc, to aid in the reviewing and sorting of photographs.
Ability to capture and store hundreds of photographs on the same media device within the digital camera, where a film camera would require regular changing of film (after say, every 24 or 27 shots).
Many digital cameras now include an AV-out function (and cable) to allow the reviewing of photographs to an audience using a television.
Digital image files can be backed up to CD-ROM or DVD-ROM offering greater security in the event of a mishap.

Advantages of digital: Professional Cameras

The ability to shoot RAW captures: in simple terms, this is the ability to have a file that contains every bit of data the chip is capable of recording.
The ability to adjust lighting and composition on the fly; a much quicker and more accurate 'polaroid'.
The ability to remove bad images on the fly.
Easier airport security check-throughs.
Faster workflow: editing of images, creation of work prints or FPO (For Position Only) images, and final images are much quicker.
No dust on image from scanning process (caveat: dust on the sensor requires retouching)
Easier and Faster registration of your copyright.
High end digital cameras (12 megapixels and up) equal or surpass film in quality
Much greater control over the final picture. Photo manipulation and color management are leagues ahead of what is possible in a darkroom using conventional film.
Digital images from professional cameras can be 'enlarged' many times greater than the equivalent film image.
Digital image files can be backed up to CD-ROM or DVD-ROM offering greater security in the event of a mishap.

Recent digital cameras from leading manufacturers such as Nikon and Canon have promoted the adoption of digital Single-lens reflex cameras (SLRs) by photojournalists. Images captured at 2+ megapixels are deemed to be of sufficient quality for small images in newspaper or magazine reproduction. 6 to 12 megapixel images, found in modern digital SLRs, when combined with high-end lenses can match or even exceed the detail of film prints taken with 35 mm film based SLRs, and the latest 16 megapixel models can produce astoundingly detailed images better than a 35mm film images and the majority of medium format cameras. [1] (http://www.luminous-landscape.com/reviews/shootout.shtml)

Some medium format digital backs can capture a 22+ megapixel image. These ultra high resolution cameras may not be usually available to the ordinary consumer, or even so-called prosumers, but they are useful to artists, scientists and commercial uses.

Advantages of film

Batteries last longer in film cameras. However, some of the higher-end digital cameras use rechargeable batteries and show extraordinary battery life, and film cameras are heavily limited by exposures per film, rather than battery life.
Manual film cameras require no batteries and, being mechanically simple, are able to operate in extreme environments.
Blank media that works in most film cameras (i.e., 35 mm film) is highly standardized and available for purchase in more places and for reasonably affordable cost, while blank media for a digital camera can be expensive (although not on a per-photo basis), and confusing to purchase due to many different types being available.
Film cameras do not require computer literacy (e.g., for learning how to unload pictures from the camera or how to print them) and many people (particularly older people) are more familiar and comfortable with how to produce prints from them.
Digital camera prints are often produced on home printers using low-quality ink and paper that will cause them to deteriorate severely over time, while most film prints are produced professionally with reasonably permanent results.
Inexpensive or older consumer-quality digital cameras sometimes have time lags between pressing the shutter button and actual photo exposure - long enough to cause the photographer to "miss the moment" they were trying to capture. (However, much of this time lag is caused by the camera automatically setting focus and exposure. To mitigate this, many consumer digital cameras have two-stage shutter buttons, where pressing the shutter button halfway sets focus and exposure without taking the picture, and fully pressing from that point takes the picture almost instantaneously.)
Some types of more expensive film, especially positive chrome film, offer better colour resolution than many consumer digital cameras.
When taking shots of extremely long exposure (eg. 60 seconds) in very low light conditions (eg. night shots) photographs taken on a digital camera are normally more noisy than those taken on film.
Film performs better for black and white photography with contrast enhancing monochrome filters (eg. green filter for portraits or red filter for sea and sky shots). Black and white digital photographs taken in this manner, or by modifiying the amplitude of each colour channel, can be very noisy in some cameras.
Digital single-lens reflex (SLR) cameras (preferred by more advanced photographers) are currently more expensive than film SLR cameras, although pricing for advanced Digital SLRs has dropped significantly.
It is unclear how any specific digital media will perform over long periods of time as a storage system. Careful archiving of film techniques will allow very good image archival over time as methods and media change. In general, however, digital demonstrates a clear advantage over film, as a digital images can be copied an infinite number of times while maintaining perfect quality.
Film photographs offer much greater resolution than digital photographs. Estimates of the resolution of 35mm film (the film most commonly used in low-end film cameras) are generally around 19 megapixels. At the time of writing (2005), consumer digital cameras typically have resolutions in the 0.3-7.4 range while even the most expensive professional digital cameras can resolve around 12-16 megapixels. Film, however, is not just limited to 35mm. Medium format films (120 film is 56mm x 56mm) offer 3.6 times the film area (and so resolution) of standard 35mm film (around 69 megapixels), while Large format films (up to 8 inches by 10) offer 60 times the film area, so around 1135 megapixels. Accordingly, many portrait photographers prefer film, as do photographers working for extremely large prints (for example, photographs produced for billboards) and medical photographers.
Film tends to be more flexible in dark situations where films with higher ISO Ratings can be selected. In such situations, digital cameras tend to suffer a lot from noise.

Equivalent features

Image noise / grain: Film grain is equivalent to image noise. At high ISO levels (film speed) the grain/noise becomes more apparent in the final image. Although film ISO levels can be lower than digital ISO levels (25 and 50 respectively), digital settings can be changed quickly according to requirements, whilst film must be physically replaced. Additionally, image noise reduction techniques can be used to remove noise from digital images, whilst film grain is fixed. From an artistic point of view, film grain and image noise may be desirable when creating a specific mood for an image. Modern digital cameras have comparable noise/grain at the same ISO as film cameras. Some digital cameras though, do exhibit a pattern in the digital noise which is not found on film.

Speed of use: Current digital and film cameras can be switched on and take images instantly. Saving images to disk takes no longer than winding on the film (see Frames per second).

Frames per second: The maximum number of frames per second (frame/s) achievable on digital and film cameras is 8 frame/s (Nikon D2H digital SLR, Nikon F5 35 mm film SLR). The Canon EOS-1D Mark II can achieve 8.5 frame/s which makes it the fastest SLR camera in the world. The F5 is limited to 36 continuous frames (the length of the film) whilst the D2H is able to take 40 images before its buffer must be cleared and the remaining space on the storage media can be used.

Image longevity: Although digital image data does not degrade (whilst film stock can fade), the media on which the digital images are stored can decay or become corrupt, leading to a loss of image integrity. Both formats should be stored under archival conditions for maximum longevity. Perfect copies of digital images can be made on fresh media whereas copying negatives or transparencies incurs additional noise and loss of detail.

Colour reproduction: Colour reproduction (gamut) is dependent on the type of film / sensor used and the quality of the capture media, lens group and processing. Different films and sensors are sensitive to differing subsets of colour whilst the photographer needs to have an understanding of the light conditions and the media used to ensure accurate colour reproduction. Many digital cameras offer RAW format (sensor data) which makes it possible to choose color space on development stage regardless of camera settings.

A comparison of frame aspect ratios

A typical digital camera's aspect ratio is 1.33 (4:3), the same as today's NTSC or PAL/SECAM TVs or earliest movies. However, a 35 mm picture's aspect ratio is 1.5 (3:2). Several new digital cameras will take photos in either ratio and nearly all digital SLRs take pictures in a 3:2 ratio as they usually use lenses designed for 35mm film (Olympus digital SLRs are a notable exception). Photo labs also offer the option of printing photos on 4:3 ratio paper, as well as the existing 3:2.

Essentially it depends on how much you want to spend, if you have enough money then digital is an option, and so is a good film camera. Another factor is the photographer; a camera is a tool for the photographer to use. Any picture can be taken by both types of camera, but the quality of the picture depends largely on the photographer.

Performance metrics

The quality of a digital image is the sum of various factors many of which are similar to film cameras. Pixel count (typically listed in megapixels) is only one of the major factors, though it is the most heavily marketed. Pixel count metrics were created by the marketing organizations of digital camera manufacturers because consumers can use it to easily compare camera capabilities. It is not, however, the major factor in evaluating a digital camera. The processing system inside the camera that turns the raw data into a color-balanced and pleasing photograph is the most critical, which is why some 4+ megapixel cameras perform better than higher-end cameras in a few cases.

Lens quality: resolution, distortion, dispersion (see Lens (optics))
Capture medium: CMOS, CCD, Negative film, Reversal Film etc.
Capture format: pixel count, digital file type (RAW, TIFF, JPEG), film format (135 film, 120 film, 5x4, 10x8).
Processing: digital and / or chemical processing of 'negative' and 'print'.

Pixel counts

The number of pixels n for a given maximum resolution (w horizontal pixels by h vertical pixels) can be found using the formula: n = wh. This yields e. g. 1.92 megapixels (= 1,920,000 pixels) for an image of 1600 x 1200. The majority of digital cameras have a 4:3 aspect ratio, i.e. w/h = 4/3.

The megapixel or pixel count quoted by the manufacturers is misleading because it is not truly representative of the number of full colour pixels. For cameras using a Bayer sensor it is the number of single coloured photosites (light sensitive areas) on the sensor. For the Foveon X3 sensor the number currently (Feb 2004 - Sigma SD-10) presented by Sigma is the number of photosites times three (multiplied because each photosite records three colours), however the images that result will have a number of pixels equivalent to the number of photosites - not the tripled number quoted. It is not possible to directly compare the megapixel ratings of these two sensors but in many people's opinions a 6 MP Bayer filter sensor is roughly equivalent to a 10.2 MP Foveon X3 (3.4 MP*3). Some hold the opinion that the Foveon is worse than this and the ratio is more like one Bayer to two Foveon. It is largely a matter of personal opinion so prints from the two sensors should be inspected by interested parties.

Applications and considerations

With the acceptable image quality and the other advantages of digital photography (particularly the time pressures, of vital importance to daily newspapers) an increasing number of professional news photographers use these devices.

Digital photography has also been adopted by many amateur snapshot photographers, who take advantage of the convenience of the form when sending images by email or placing them on the World Wide Web. Digital cameras have also been integrated into many cell phones.

Some commercial photographers, and some amateurs interested in artistic photography, tend to avoid digital photography at this stage, as they believe that the image quality available from a digital camera of a given price is still inferior to that available from a film camera, and the quality of images taken on medium format film is near-impossible to match at any price with a digital camera. Some have expressed a concern that changing computer technology may make digital photographs inaccessible in the future while printed images have a very long lifespan. A related concern in a specialised application is the use of digital photographs in court proceedings, with the perceived difficulty of demonstrating an image's authenticity.

Other commercial photographers, and many amateurs, have enthusiastically embraced digital photography, as they believe that its flexibility and lower long-term costs outweigh its initial price disadvantages. Almost all of the cost of digital photography is capital cost, meaning that the cost is for the equipment needed to store and copy the images, and once purchased requires virtually no further expense outlay. Film photography requires continuous expenditure of (much higher amounts of) funds for supplies and developing. Commercial photographers are also moving to digital technology because of the tremendous editing capabilities now offered on computers. The photographer is able to color-balance and manipulate the image in ways that traditional darkroom science cannot offer. With fully color-balanced systems from the camera to the monitor to the printer, the photographer can now print what they actually see on the screen.

Digital photography was used in astronomy long before its use by the general public and had almost completely displaced photographic plates by the early 1980s. Not only are CCDs more sensitive to light than plates, but have much more uniform and predictable response, and the information can be downloaded onto a computer for data analysis. The CCDs used in astronomy are similar to those used by the general public, but are generally monochrome and cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures so as to reduce the noise which is caused by heat. Many astronomical instruments have arrays of many CCDs, sometimes totalling almost a billion pixels. Nowadays amateur astronomers also commonly use digital cameras, including the use of webcams for speckle imaging or "video astronomy".

Market impact

In late 2002, 2 megapixel cameras were available in the United States for less than $100, with some 1 megapixel cameras for under $60. At the same time, many discount stores with photo labs introduced a "digital front end," allowing consumers to obtain true chemical prints (as opposed to ink-jet prints) in an hour. These prices competed with prints from negatives.

In July 2003, digital cameras entered the single-use market with the release of the Ritz Dakota Digital, a 1.2 megapixel (1280 x 960) CMOS-based digital camera costing only $11 (USD). Following the familiar single-use concept long in use with film cameras, the Dakota Digital was intended to be used by a consumer one time only. When the pre-programmed 25 picture limit is reached, the camera is returned to the store, and the consumer receives back prints and a CD-ROM with their photos. The camera is then refurbished and resold. Since the introduction of the Dakota Digital, a number of similar single-use digital cameras have appeared. Most of the various single-use digital cameras are nearly identical to the original Dakota Digital regarding specifications and functionality, although a few include superior specifications and more advanced functions (such as higher image resolutions and LCD screens). Most, if not all, of these single-use digital cameras cost less than $20 (USD), not including processing fees.

The price of 35mm compact cameras have dropped with manufacturers further outsourcing to countries such as China. Kodak announced in January 2004 that they would no longer sell Kodak-branded film cameras in the developed world [2] (http://www.theregister.co.uk/2004/01/20/kodak_to_drop_35mm_cameras/). Nikon has pulled out of the 35mm compact camera market but not the 35mm SLR market, which has been less affected since high quality digital SLR cameras are still considerably more expensive than their 35mm counterparts. Pentax have reduced production of film cameras but not halted it. [3] (http://www.photographyblog.com/index.php/weblog/comments/pentax_to_reduce_film_compact_and_slr_production/). The technology is improving so rapidly that a particular Kodak film camera went out of production before it was awarded a "camera of the year" award. Also, use of 35mm cameras is greater in developing countries. [4] (http://cio.co.nz/cio.nsf/0/7FAAE94969D13C78CC256F18007D9C8F?OpenDocument) However, since 2002, digital cameras have been outselling film cameras.

File types and data storage formats

Exchangeable image file format (Exif) is a set of file formats specified for use in digital cameras. This specifies the use of TIFF for the highest quality format and JPEG as a space-saving but lower quality format. Many low-end cameras can deliver only JPEG files. Another format that may be encountered is CCD-RAW, which is not standardised.

A large variety of data storage device formats are used in consumer digital cameras:

Most manufacturers of digital cameras do not provide drivers and software to allow their cameras to work with GNU/Linux or other free software. Still, many cameras use the standard USB storage protocol, and are thus easily usable. Other cameras are supported by the gPhoto project.

Digital camera backs

main article Digital camera back

Most digital cameras are built to operate as a self-contained unit. This is especially so at the lower-end, for these cameras usually include zoom lens and flashes that cannot be changed. However, at the highest-end, some digital cameras are nothing but a sophisticated light-sensing unit. Experienced photographers attach these digital "camera backs" to their professional medium format SLR cameras, such as a Hasselblad.

Area array
- CCD
- CMOS
Linear array
- CCD (monochrome)
- 3-strip CCD with color filters

Linear array cameras are also called scan backs.

Single-shot
Multi-shot (three-shot, usually)

These camera backs are originally used only in a studio to take pictures of still objects. Most earlier digital camera backs were using linear array sensors which could take seconds or even minutes for a complete high-resolution scan. The linear array sensor acts like its counterpart in a flatbed image scanner by moving vertically to digitize the image.

Many of these cameras could only capture grayscale images. To take a color picture, it requires three separate scans done with a rotating colored filter. These are called multi-shot backs. Some other camera backs are using CCD arrays similar to typical cameras. These are called single-shot backs.

Since it is much easier to manufacture a high-quality linear CCD array that has only thousands of pixels than a CCD matrix that has millions of them, very high resolution linear CCD camera backs were available much earlier than their CCD matrix counterparts. For example, you could buy an, albeit expensive, camera back with over 7,000 pixel horizontal resolution in the mid-1990s. However, as of 2004, it is still difficult to buy a comparable CCD matrix camera of the same resolution.

Many modern digital camera backs are using very large CCD matrices. This eliminated the need of scanning. For example, Fujifilm produces a 20 million pixel digital camera back with a 52 x 37 mm (2.04 x 1.45 inch) CCD in 2003. This CCD array is a little smaller than a frame of 120 film and much larger than a 35 mm frame (36 x 24 mm). In comparison, a consumer digital camera usually uses a much smaller 1/2.5 inch or 7.176 x 5.329 mm (~ 1/1.8 inch) CCD sensor. Further, the 1/2.5 or 1/1.8 inch diagonal measurement is the size of the entire CCD chip- the actual photo-sensitive area is much smaller.

A digital camera back is a good idea to smooth the transition from film to digital. A photographer can reuse his existing SLR camera and lens without much trouble. To some medium format camera users, the convenience of a bellows has no substitute.

Sensor size and angle of view

Cameras with digital sensors that are smaller than the typical 35mm film size will have a smaller field or angle of view when used with a lens of the same focal length. This is because angle of view is a function of both focal length and the sensor or film size used.

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If a sensor smaller than the camera's original film format is used, such as the use of APS-C-sized digital sensors in 35mm format digital SLRs, then the image's field of view is cropped by the sensor giving the impression that the focal length of the lens has changed.

If the digital sensor has approximately the same resolution (effective pixels per unit area) as the 35mm film surface (24 x 36 mm), then the result is similar to taking the image from the film camera and cutting it down (cropping) to the size of the sensor. For an APS-C size sensor, this would be a reduction to approximately the center 50% of the image. The cheaper, non-SLR models of digital cameras typically use much smaller sensor sizes and the reduction would be greater.

If the digital sensor has a higher or lower density of pixels per unit area than the film equivalent, then the amount of information captured will differ correspondingly. While resolution can be estimated in pixels per unit area, the comparison is complex since most types of digital sensor record only a single colour at each pixel location, and different types of film will have different effective resolutions. There are various trade-offs involved, since larger sensors are more expensive to manufacture and require larger lenses, while sensors with higher numbers of pixels per unit area are likely to suffer higher noise levels.

For these reasons, it is possible to obtain cheap digital cameras with sensor sizes much smaller than 35mm film, but with high pixel counts, that can still produce high-resolution images. Such cameras are usually supplied with lenses that would be classed as extremely wide angle on a 35mm camera, and which can also be smaller size and less expensive, since there is a smaller sensor to illuminate. For example, a camera with a 1/1.8" sensor has a 5.0x field of view crop, and so a hypothetical 5-50mm zoom lens will produce images that look similar (again the differences mentioned above are important) to those produced by a 35mm film camera with a 25-250mm lens, while being much more compact than such a lens for a 35mm camera since the imaging circle is much smaller.

This can be useful if extra telephoto reach is desired, as a certain lens on an APS sensor will produce an equivalent image to a significantly longer lens on a 35mm film camera shot at the same distance from the subject, the equivalent length of which depends on the camera's field of view crop. This is sometimes referred to as the focal length multiplier, but the focal length is a physical attribute of the lens and not the camera system itself. The downside to this is that wide angle photography is made somewhat more difficult, as the smaller sensor effectively and undesirably reduces the captured field of view. Some methods of compensating for this or otherwise producing much wider digital photographs involve using a fisheye lens and "defishing" the image in post processing to simulate a rectilinear wide angle lens.

As of 2005, only a few high-end DSLR camera models from Canon and Kodak have sensor sizes that match a 35mm film frame. This is the ideal size for maximising the use of lenses designed for a 35mm camera, since it can reproduce the effect smaller sizes by cropping the image (assuming equal pixel density). Common values for field of view crop in DSLRs include 1.3x for some Canon sensors, 1.5x for Sony APS-C sensors used by Nikon, Pentax and Konica Minolta, 1.6 (APS-C) for most Canon sensors and Fujifilm sensors, ~1.7x for Sigma's Foveon sensors and 2x for Kodak 4/3" sensors currently used by Olympus.

External links

DCVIEWS - All digital cameras with specifications and links to reviews on the web (http://www.dcviews.com/cameras.htm)
BBC News Online - R.I.P. 35mm Camera (http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3399529.stm)
BBC News (01/13/2004): Kodak embraces digital revolution (http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3394183.stm)
Buying a Digital Camera - a Quick Overview (http://www.quickoverview.com/overviews/buying-digital-cameras-howto.html)
Digital Camera Image Sensors (http://homepages.ihug.com.au/~parsog/photo/sensors1.html)
Digital Camera Resource Page (http://www.dcresource.com/reviews/cameraList.php). Reviews and prices of digital cameras.
Digital Field Photography (http://www.digitalfieldguide.com/). Gallery, techniques, and resources particularly related to digital field photography.
Digital Photography Review (http://www.dpreview.com/). Comprehensive reviews of digital cameras and discussion forums.
NoEnd Press Digital Camera Project (http://www.noendpress.com/pvachier/cameras/index.php). Comprehensive list of reviews of digital SLR cameras and links to sample photos for different models.
Digital Photography Weblog (http://digitalphotography.weblogsinc.com/). A Weblog that covers digital cameras, photography, software and sharing of digital images.
Four-Thirds: The new standard for next generation digital SLR camera systems (http://www.four-thirds.com/index_01.htm). A commercial site that promotes 4/3" CCDs.
Imaging Resource (http://www.imaging-resource.com/DIGCAM01.HTM). Reviews of digital cameras.
Let's Go Digital (http://www.letsgodigital.org/en/storage/compactflash.html) - articles about flash storage.
Luminous Landscape (http://www.luminous-landscape.com/). Digital photography articles written by professional photographers.
Digital Camera Help and Tips (http://malektips.com/digital_cameras_help_and_tips.html). Purchasing, lighting, composition, and accessories.
Media Resizer software (http://www.mediaresizer.com/). Product for resizing thousands of digital images of any format.
megapixel.net (http://www.megapixel.net/) - digital camera reviews and articles.
National Geographic Adventure Mag.: Q & A with Photographer Jim Brandenburg (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/0306/q_n_a.html) - National Geographic photographer on digital Vs. film photography
Photoblog 2.0 (http://www.photoblog2.com/). Digital photography, and commentary about digital photography, by photographer and technologist Harold Davis.
PhotographyCorner.com Photography Forums (http://www.photographycorner.com). Articles, forums and tutorials for digital photography.
Steve's DigiCams (http://www.steves-digicams.com/hardware_reviews.html). Detailed reviews of digital cameras.
Digital camera support for UN*X (http://www.teaser.fr/~hfiguiere/linux/digicam.html)
Black and White Digital Photography (http://www.animalu.com/pics/photos.htm)
Top10 Digital Cameras Reviews (http://www.top10-digital-cameras-reviews.com/index.html). Digital camera reviews and information.
WebAperture (http://www.webaperture.com) - An on-line and free collection of photos from around the world with critiques.

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