John F. Kennedy International Airport
|
|
Template:Airport frame Template:Airport title Template:Airport infobox Template:Runway title Template:Runway Template:Runway Template:Runway Template:Runway Template:Airport end frame
John F. Kennedy International Airport (formerly Idlewild Airport and New York International Airport) is the main international airport in New York City, and is one of the largest airports in the world. It is located in the borough of Queens, straddling Jamaica and Howard Beach on the coast of Jamaica Bay. It is operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, which also administers LaGuardia Airport, Newark Liberty International Airport, and Teterboro Airport.
JFK is best known as the city's international hub, but flights to other airports in the United States (especially on the West Coast) also use JFK. The airport's prominence in domestic travel has increased since JetBlue Airways made JFK its headquarters in 2000; the airport is also a focus city for American Airlines and Delta Air Lines, and a base for United Airlines. In previous years, the airport has been a hub for Pan Am, TWA, Eastern Airlines, National Airlines, Tower Air, and Flying Tiger Line.
| Contents |
History
The airport is arguably as much a famous symbol of New York City as Madison Square Garden, Yankee Stadium, the Statue of Liberty, and the Empire State Building. It was first known as Idlewild airport, as crews began to build it partly on Idlewild Golf Course. Construction of the airport began in 1942, and at that time, they thought they would need only 1,000 acres (4 km²) to build it: however, as aviation grew, so did Idlewild, and since then, 4,000 acres (16 km²) have been added.
July 1, 1948 was the date the airport saw its first commercial flight. It was dedicated as New York International Airport on July 31 of that same year, although the name "Idlewild" remained in common use and the airport's IATA code was IDL.
On December 24, 1963, the airport was renamed John F. Kennedy International Airport to honor the memory of the late President John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated on November 22 of that year. The airport then received the new IATA airport code of JFK.
The Beatles were welcomed into the United States in 1964 at this airport, creating a historic moment in time both for music and the airport.
The Concorde SST, operated by Air France and British Airways, provided scheduled trans-Atlantic supersonic service to JFK from 1975 until 2003, when Concorde was retired by both carriers, ending civilian supersonic travel. JFK had the most SST operations annually of any airport in the world.
After the September 11th attacks in 2001, JFK was one of the first airports to be temporarily closed.
Disasters
JFK has been the site of several notable air disasters.
- December 18, 1954 - a Linee Aeree Italiane Douglas DC-6 crashed on its fourth approach attempt to land at Idlewild, after circling for 2.5 hours. 26 of the 32 passengers on board were killed.
- December 16, 1960 - a United Airlines Douglas DC-8 collided with a TWA Super Constellation on approach to the airport; the United jet crashed in a Brooklyn neighborhood, the TWA plane on Staten Island, killing 127 people on board and five on the ground.
- March 1, 1962 - an American Airlines Boeing 707 crashed on takeoff from Idlewild after its rudder separated from the tail. All 95 passengers and crew were killed.
- November 30, 1962 - an Eastern Airlines Douglas DC-7 crashed into the ground during a missed approach.
- February 8, 1965 - an Eastern Airlines Douglas DC-7 crashed off Jones Beach after takeoff when the pilots found themselves on an apparent collison course with an inbound PanAm Boeing 707 and made evasive maneuvers.
- June 24, 1975 - Eastern Airlines Flight 66, a Boeing 727 on final approach from New Orleans, crashed into the runway lights short of runway 22L, killing 112 passengers and crew. The cause of the crash was wind shear during a heavy thunderstorm.
- January 25, 1990 - Avianca Flight 52, a Boeing 707-321B, crashed at Cove Neck, Long Island, after a missed approach at JFK and subsequently running out of fuel.
- November 12, 2001 - The most recent disaster at JFK was American Airlines Flight 587, an Airbus A300 that crashed while en route to Santo Domingo in the Dominican Republic. During takeoff, the aircraft lost most of its vertical fin due to wake turbulence (and the pilot's subsequent overcontrol of the rudder) and crashed into the Belle Harbor neighborhood of Queens. The crash killed all 260 persons on the plane and five people on the ground.
Other disasters involving JFK include:
- Sabena Flight 548 (1961), outbound from JFK, crashed while trying to land in Brussels, Belgium
- Pan Am Flight 1736 (1977), originated from JFK, collided with another 747 at Tenerife
- Korean Air Flight 007 (1983), originated from JFK, shot down off the coast of Sakhalin
- Pan Am Flight 103 (1988), bound for JFK, with continued service to Detroit, exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland
- TWA Flight 800 (1996), outbound from JFK, crashed off the coast of Long Island
- Swissair Flight 111 (1998), outbound from JFK, crashed off the coast of Nova Scotia
- EgyptAir Flight 990 (1999), outbound from JFK, crashed off the coast of Nantucket
- Air France Flight 4590 (2000), a Concorde bound for JFK, crashed in Gonesse, France
Several aircraft based at JFK were also targets of the failed Project Bojinka terrorist plot in 1995.
Structure and function
JFK_airport_map.png
Four runways in two parallel pairs surround the central terminal area. Runway 13R-31L is the second longest commercial runway in North America, at a length of 14,572 ft (4,441 m).
The 1948 Temporary Terminal was the sole terminal until 1957. The 1957 International Arrivals Building was itself replaced by the $1.4B Terminal 4 in 2001. Eight other "Unit Terminals" were constructed from 1958 to 1971: each was designed by one of the airport's main airlines. Replacements for some of the original terminals have been completed or are under development. There are also numerous large facilities north and west of the central terminals for air cargo handling and loading.
Terminal 3, Pan Am's JFK Worldport, was opened in 1962. It featured a large, elliptical roof suspended by 32 sets of radial posts and cables. The roof extended far beyond the base of the terminal and covered the passenger loading area. It introducted special bridges that connected to the terminal and that could be moved to provide an easy walkway for passengers from the terminal to a docked aircraft.
Terminal 5, the TWA Flight Center, also opened in 1962. It was designed by the famous furniture designer Eero Saarinen. It came to feature two flight wings, which contained the gates.
Both Terminal 5 and Terminal 3 were modified in the 1970s to accommodate 747s.
In 1998, the airport began construction of a rapid transit system called AirTrain JFK, designed to link JFK's passenger terminals to New York City's general mass transit system at Howard Beach and Jamaica. After over a year of delay, caused by the death of an employee during testing, the system opened on December 17, 2003. AirTrain provides connections to the New York City Subway and Long Island Rail Road.
For more information about transportation to JFK, see transportation to New York City area airports.
Terminal 1
The site was originally occupied by Eastern Airlines 1958 terminal. The original terminal was demolished and replaced by a new terminal, financed by a consortium of four international airlines (Air France, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, and Lufthansa), which was completed in 1998 and has eleven gates.
- Aeroméxico (Mexico City)
- Air China (Beijing)
- Air France (Paris/Charles de Gaulle)
- AirPlus Comet (Madrid)
- Alitalia (Milan/Malpensa and Rome/Fiumicino)
- Austrian Airlines (Vienna)
- Japan Airlines (Sao Paulo and Tokyo/Narita)
- Korean Air (Seoul/Incheon)
- Lufthansa (Frankfurt and Munich)
- Olympic Airlines (Athens)
- Royal Air Maroc (Casablanca)
- Turkish Airlines (Istanbul)
Terminal 2
Terminal 2 was completed in 1962 for Northwest Airlines, Northeast Airlines, and Braniff Airways. It later evolved as an extension of the Pan Am terminal (see below) for domestic flights. Delta Air Lines acquired the terminal in Pan Am's wake and now uses it primarily for its low-fare subsidiary, Song. T2 has eleven gates.
- Continental Airlines (Houston/International)
- Continental Express (Cleveland)
- Saudi Arabian Airlines (Departures) (Riyadh (via Jeddah))
- Song (Aruba, Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Nassau, Orlando, San Francisco, San Juan, Tampa, and West Palm Beach)
Terminal 3
Terminal 3, which opened in 1960, was constructed for Pan American World Airways and was originally known as the Pan Am Terminal. In 1971 it was expanded as the Pan Am Worldport. It is particularly famous for its "flying saucer" roof and rooftop parking facilities: upon its expansion in 1972, it was also briefly the world's largest airline terminal. Delta Air Lines purchased the terminal lease from failing Pan Am in 1991, and announced plans to demolish the terminal entirely in 2000, but later opted to refurbish the terminal instead. T3 has seventeen gates.
- Aeroflot (Moscow/Sheremetyevo)
- China Airlines (Taipei (via Anchorage))
- CSA Czech Airlines (Prague)
- Delta Air Lines (Amsterdam, Athens, Atlanta, Barcelona, Berlin, Boston, Brussels, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky (Covington, KY), Denver, Frankfurt, Istanbul, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Madrid, Mexico City, Milan, Moscow, Nice, Paris/Charles de Gaulle, Rome, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Francisco, Santiago DR, Santo Domingo, Seattle/Tacoma, Toronto, and Venice)
- Delta Connection (ASA/Chatauqua/Comair) (Atlanta, Baltimore/Washington, Charleston, Charlotte Douglas, Chicago Midway, Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky (Covington, KY), Columbus, Dallas/Fort Worth, Detroit, Greensboro, Houston/Hobby, Indianapolis, Jacksonville, Nashville, Norfolk/Southern Virginia, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis, Savannah, and Washington/Reagan)
- Malév Hungarian Airlines (Budapest)
- Miami Air (Charter)
- Royal Jordanian (Amman)
- Saudi Arabian (Arrivals) (Riyadh (via Jeddah))
- South African Airways (Johannesburg)
- Sun Country Airlines (Minneapolis/St. Paul)
Terminal 4
Terminal 4 opened in 2001 to replace the former International Arrivals Terminal. (The International Arrivals Terminal was an international style building that was built in the 1950s, and was one of the airport's earliest terminals.) It is the only 24-hour terminal at the airport, and features a modular design that will allow it to be expanded further if necessary. The terminal is run by a private consortium comprising Lehman Brothers, real estate developer LCOR Inc. and Dutch-based airport operator Schiphol USA. It currently has sixteen gates.
|
|
Terminal 5 (closed)
Terminal 5 was formerly the TWA terminal. It was designed by Eero Saarinen and completed in 1962. It is the airport's most famous landmark.
Following American Airlines' buyout of TWA in 2001, Terminal 5 went out of service. Its unique architectural features prevented the installation of modern security and ticketing facilities. The Port Authority has proposed converting the main portion of the building into a restaurant and conference center, but some architectural critics have opposed this move.
The peripheral air-side parts of Terminal 5 are expected to be demolished to make space for a mostly new terminal. It might be expanded for JetBlue's use - incorporating the classic Saarinen structure in its front center area.
Terminal 6
Terminal 6 was originally built for National Airlines in 1969: TWA procured the building lease after National was sold to Pan Am. Following TWA's demise, T6 was partly renovated for the use of JetBlue Airways, requiring $7.5 million of capital investment for new terminal facilities and roadway upgrades. JetBlue's main operations hub is now housed in Terminal 6. It has fourteen gates.
- JetBlue Airways (Domestic) (Aguadilla, Buffalo, Burbank, Burlington, Denver, Fort Lauderdale/Hollywood, Fort Myers, Las Vegas, Long Beach, New Orleans, Oakland, Ontario, Orlando, Phoenix, Ponce, Portland (OR), Rochester, Sacramento, Salt Lake City, San Diego, San Jose, San Juan, Seattle/Tacoma, Syracuse, Tampa, and West Palm Beach)
- JetBlue Airways (International Departures) (Nassau, and Santiago (DR))
Terminal 7
Terminal 7 was originally known as the British Airways Terminal. It was completed in 1970 and extensively expanded and refurbished in 1991 and again in 2003. It has twelve gates.
- Air Canada (Vancouver)
- America West Airlines (Phoenix, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, and San Francisco)
- All Nippon Airways (Tokyo/Narita)
- British Airways (London/Heathrow and Manchester)
- Cathay Pacific Airways (Hong Kong (nonstop and via Vancouver))
- Iberia Airlines (Madrid)
- Icelandair (Keflavik)
- Qantas (Sydney (via Los Angeles))
- United Airlines(London/Heathrow, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Tokyo/Narita)
Terminal 8
Terminal 8 was completed in 1960 and originally known as the American Airlines Terminal. It is easily recognizable by the ornate mural over the front of the building. It has fifteen gates.
- American Airlines (International & Caribbean) (Aruba, Barbados, Bermuda, Brussels, Buenos Aires, Cancun, Caracas, Kingston, London/Heathrow, Montego Bay, Paris/Charles de Gaulle, Port au Prince, Providenciales, Puerto Plata, Punta Cana, Rome/Fiumicino, St. Maarten, San Jose (Costa Rica), Santiago (DR), St. Thomas, Tokyo/Narita, and Zurich)
- Finnair (Helsinki/Vantaa)
Terminal 9
Terminal 9, completed in 1959, has ten gates.
- American Airlines (Domestic and Puerto Rico) (Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, Orange County (Santa Ana), Phoenix, San Diego, San Francisco, San Jose (CA), San Juan, and Seattle/Tacoma)
- American Eagle (Boston, Halifax, Montreal, Raleigh/Durham, St. Louis, and Washington Reagan)
Both Terminal 8 and Terminal 9 will be replaced by a $1.4 billion, 2.2 million square foot (200,000 m²) "mega-terminal," which will accommodate American Airlines' international and domestic passengers in one facility, in 2007. The first phase is being built around the existing terminal structure [1] (http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.648792,-73.791883&spn=0.010021,0.012746&t=k&hl=en). Upon its opening, the existing terminals will be demolished to make way for the rest of the new terminal, which will eventually consist of two piers and a satellite [2] (http://www.armandcorp.com/american-airlines.asp).
Other facilities
JFK has dedicated cargo terminals for Continental Airlines, Emirates SkyCargo, EVA Air, Japan Airlines, Korean Air, Nippon Cargo Airlines, Northwest Airlines, and United Airlines. Most cargo and maintenance facilities at JFK are located north and west of the main terminal area.
JetBlue Airways built a central maintenance and operations base at JFK, which was completed in May of 2005.
JFK Airport in film
- Goodfellas (1990)
- Final Destination (2000)
- Catch Me If You Can (2002)
- The Terminal (2004)
- Taxi (2004)
External link
- John F. Kennedy International Airport information on the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey website (http://www.panynj.gov/aviation/jfkframe.HTM)
- Satellite image on Google maps (http://maps.google.com/maps?ll=40.644221,-73.783321&spn=0.019054,0.029182&t=k&hl=en)
- ATC Tower Ground (http://audio.liveatc.net:8012/jfk_gnd_twr.m3u)
- ATC Approach Departure (http://audio.liveatc.net:8012/jfk_app_dep.m3u)
- JFK Airport Monitor (http://www4.passur.com/jfk.html)de:John F. Kennedy International Airport
es:Aeropuerto Internacional John F. Kennedy fr:aéroport international John-F.-Kennedy ja:ジョン・F・ケネディ国際空港 sv:John F. Kennedy International Airport