Table of Chinese monarchs

Below is a table of Chinese monarchs.

From the Shang dynasty to the Qin, rulers usually held the title King (王 wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 huángdì). This title of Emperor continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Contents
1 Xia dynasty
2 Shang dynasty
3 Zhou dynasty
4 Qin dynasty
5 Han dynasty
6 Three Kingdoms Period
7 Jin Dynasty
8 Sixteen Kingdoms Period

8.1 Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

9 Northern and Southern Dynasties
10 Sui Dynasty
11 Tang Dynasty
12 Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

12.1 Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

13 Liao Dynasty
14 Song Dynasty
15 Western Xia
16 Jin Dynasty
17 Yuan Dynasty
18 Ming dynasty

18.1 Southern Ming Dynasty

19 Qing dynasty

19.1 Taiping Rebellion
19.2 Hongxian

Xia dynasty

Ca. 2070 BC - 1600 BC1

Reign name2 Notes Name by which most commonly known
Yǔ禹 Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 Yu
Qǐ啟 Son of Yu: beginning of hereditary succession Qi
Tài Kāng太康 　 Tai Kang
Zhòng Kāng仲康 　 Zhong Kang
Xiāng相 　 Xiang
Shào Kāng少康 　 Shao Kang
Zhù杼 　 Zhu
Huái槐 　 Huai
Máng芒 　 Mang
Xie泄 　 Xie
Bù Jiàng不降 　 Bu Jiang
Jiōng扃 　 Jiong
Jǐn廑 　 Jin
Kǒng Jiǎ孔甲 　 Kong Jia
Gāo皋 　 Gao
Fā發 　 Fa
Jié桀 Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸 Jie
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹).

Shang dynasty

Ca. 1600 BC - 1046 BC1

Personal name Reign name2 Temple name3 Reign years1 Name by which most commonly known
　 Tang
湯 		　 1600 BC - 1300 BC Tang
　 Wai Bing
外丙 		　 Wai Bing
　 Zhong Ren
仲壬 		　 Zhong Ren
　 Tai Jia
太甲 		　 Tai Jia
　 Wo Ding
沃丁 		　 Wo Ding
　 Tai Geng
太庚 		　 Tai Geng
　 Xiao Jia
小甲 		　 Xiao Jia
　 Yong Ji
雍己 		　 Yong Ji
　 Tai Wu
太戊 		　 Tai Wu
　 Zhong Ding
仲丁 		　 Zhong Ding
　 Wai Ren
外壬 		　 Wai Ren
　 He Dan Jia
河亶甲 		　 He Dan Jia
　 Zu Yi
祖乙 		　 Zu Yi
　 Zu Xin
祖辛 		　 Zu Xin
　 Wo Jia
沃甲 		　 Wo Jia
　 Zu Ding
祖丁 		　 Zu Ding
　 Nan Geng
南庚 		　 Nan Geng
　 Yang Jia
陽甲 		　 Yang Jia
　 Pan Geng
盤庚 		　 1300 BC - 1251 BC Pan Geng4
　 Xiao Xin
小辛 		　 Xiao Xin
　 Xiao Yi
小乙 		　 Xiao Yi
　 Wu Ding
武丁 		　 1250 BC - 1192 BC Wu Ding
　 Zu Geng
祖庚 		　 1191 BC - 1148 BC Zu Geng
　 Zu Jia
祖甲 		　 Zu Jia
　 Lin Xin
廩辛 		　 Lin Xin
　 Geng Ding
庚丁 		Kang Ding
康丁 		Kang Ding
　 Wu Yi
武乙 		　 1147 BC - 1113 BC Wu Yi
　 Wen Ding5
文丁 		　 1112 BC - 1102 BC Wen Ding
　 Di Yi
帝乙 		　 1101 BC - 1076 BC Di Yi
Zi Zhou
子紂 		Di Xin
帝辛 		　 1075 BC - 1046 BC Di Xin
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯).
3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice.
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

Personal name Posthumous name Reign years1 Name by which most commonly known
Ji Fa
姬發 		Wuwang
武王 		1046 BC-1043 BC1 Zhou Wuwang
(King Wu of Zhou)
Ji Song
姬誦 		Chengwang
成王 		1042 BC-1021 BC1 Zhou Chengwang
(King Cheng of Zhou)
Ji Zhao
姬釗 		Kangwang
康王 		1020 BC-996 BC1 Zhou Kangwang
(King Kang of Zhou)
Ji Xia
姬瑕 		Zhaowang
昭王 		995 BC-977 BC1 Zhou Zhaowang
(King Zhao of Zhou)
Ji Man
姬滿 		Muwang
穆王 		976 BC-922 BC1 Zhou Muwang
(King Mu of Zhou)
Ji Yihu
姬繄扈 		Gongwang
共王 		922 BC-900 BC1 Zhou Gongwang
(King Gong of Zhou)
Ji Jian
姬囏 		Yiwang
懿王 		899 BC-892 BC1 Zhou Yiwang
(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Pifang
姬辟方 		Xiaowang
孝王 		891 BC-886 BC1 Zhou Xiaowang
(King Xiao of Zhou)
Ji Xie
姬燮 		Yiwang
夷王 		885 BC-878 BC1 Zhou Yiwang
(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Hu
姬胡 		Liwang
厲王 		877 BC-841 BC1 Zhou Liwang
(King Li of Zhou)
　 Gonghe (regency)
共和 		841 BC-828 BC Gonghe
Ji Jing
姬靜 		Xuanwang
宣王 		827 BC-782 BC Zhou Xuanwang
(King Xuan of Zhou)
Ji Gongsheng
姬宮湦 		Youwang
幽王 		781 BC-771 BC Zhou Youwang
(King You of Zhou)
Ji Yijiu
姬宜臼 		Pingwang
平王 		770 BC-720 BC Zhou Pingwang
(King Ping of Zhou)
Ji Lin
姬林 		Huanwang
桓王 		719 BC-697 BC Zhou Huanwang
(King Huan of Zhou)
Ji Tuo
姬佗 		Zhuangwang
莊王 		696 BC-682 BC Zhou Zhuangwang
(King Zhuang of Zhou)
Ji Huqi
姬胡齊 		Xiwang
釐王 		681 BC-677 BC Zhou Xiwang
(King Xi of Zhou)
Ji Lang
姬閬 		Huiwang
惠王 		676 BC-652 BC Zhou Huiwang
(King Hui of Zhou)
Ji Zheng
姬鄭 		Xiangwang
襄王 		651 BC-619 BC Zhou Xiangwang
(King Xiang of Zhou)
Ji Renchen
姬壬臣 		Qingwang
頃王 		618 BC-613 BC Zhou Qingwang
(King Qing of Zhou)
Ji Ban
姬班 		Kuangwang
匡王 		612 BC-607 BC Zhou Kuangwang
(King Kuang of Zhou)
Ji Yu
姬瑜 		Dingwang
定王 		606 BC-586 BC Zhou Dingwang
(King Ding of Zhou)
Ji Yi
姬夷 		Jianwang
簡王 		585 BC-572 BC Zhou Jianwang
(King Jian of Zhou)
Ji Xiexin
姬泄心 		Lingwang
靈王 		571 BC-545 BC Zhou Lingwang
(King Ling of Zhou)
Ji Gui
姬貴 		Jingwang
景王 		544 BC-521 BC Zhou Jingwang
(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Meng
姬猛 		Daowang
悼王 		520 BC Zhou Daowang
(King Dao of Zhou)
Ji Gai
姬丐 		Jingwang
敬王 		519 BC-476 BC Zhou Jingwang
(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Ren
姬仁 		Yuanwang
元王 		475 BC-469 BC Zhou Yuanwang
(King Yuan of Zhou)
Ji Jie
姬介 		Zhendingwang
貞定王 		468 BC-442 BC Zhou Zhendingwang
(King Zhending of Zhou)
Ji Quji
姬去疾 		Aiwang
哀王 		441 BC Zhou Aiwang
(King Ai of Zhou)
Ji Shu
姬叔 		Siwang
思王 		441 BC Zhou Siwang
(King Si of Zhou)
Ji Wei
姬嵬 		Kaowang
考王 		440 BC-426 BC Zhou Kaowang
(King Kao of Zhou)
Ji Wu
姬午 		Weiliewang
威烈王 		425 BC-402 BC Zhou Weiliewang
(King Weilie of Zhou)
Ji Jiao
姬驕 		Anwang
安王 		401 BC-376 BC Zhou Anwang
(King An of Zhou)
Ji Xi
姬喜 		Liewang
烈王 		375 BC-369 BC Zhou Liewang
(King Lie of Zhou)
Ji Bian
姬扁 		Xianwang
顯王 		368 BC-321 BC Zhou Xianwang
(King Xian of Zhou)
Ji Ding
姬定 		Shenjingwang
慎靚王 		320 BC-315 BC Zhou Shenjingwang
(King Shenjing of Zhou)
Ji Yan
姬延 		Nanwang
赧王 		314 BC-256 BC Zhou Nanwang
(King Nan of Zhou)
　 Huiwang
惠王 		255 BC-249 BC Zhou Huiwang2
(King Hui of Zhou)
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin dynasty

Sovereigns of Qin Dynasty 221 B.C.-207 B.C.
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when Qin anniliated Zhou Dynasty; however the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from Zhou Dynasty therefore so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
昭襄王 Zhāoxiāng Wáng 嬴則 Yíng Zé or 嬴稷 Yíng Jì 255 B.C.-250 B.C.
孝文王 Xiào Wénwáng 嬴柱 Yíng Zhù 250 B.C.
莊襄王 Zhuāngxiāng Wáng 嬴子楚 Yíng Zichǔ 249 B.C.-247 B.C.
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng 246 B.C.-210 B.C.
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huándì 嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài 209 B.C.-207 B.C.
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
Did not exist 嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng 207 B.C.

Han dynasty



Han Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Name Personal Name Period of Reign Era Name Range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name
Western Han Dynasty 206 BC – 9 AD
Gao Zu
高祖		 Liu Bang
劉邦		 206 BC – 195 BC Did not exist
Hui Di
惠帝		 Liu Ying
劉盈		 194 BC – 188 BC Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong)
少帝		 Liu Gong
劉恭		 188 BC – 184 BC Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong)
少帝		 Liu Hong
劉弘		 184 BC – 180 BC Did not exist
Wen Di
文帝		 Liu Heng
劉恆		 179 BC – 157 BC Hòuyuán (後元) 163 BC – 156 BC
Jing Di
景帝		 Liu Qi
劉啟		 156 BC – 141 BC Zhōngyuán (中元)
Hòuyuán (後元)		 149 BC – 143 BC
143 BC – 141 BC
Wu Di
武帝		 Liu Che
劉徹		 140 BC – 87 BC Jiànyuán (建元)

Yuánguāng(元光)
Yuánshuò (元朔)
Yuánshòu (元狩)
Yuándǐng (元鼎)
Yuánfēng (元封)
Tàichū (太初)
Tiānhàn (天漢)
Tàishǐ (太始)
Zhēnghé (征和)

Hòuyuán (後元)		 140 BC – 135 BC

134 BC – 129 BC
128 BC – 123 BC
122 BC – 117 BC
116 BC – 111 BC
110 BC – 105 BC
104 BC – 101 BC
100 BC – 97 BC
96 BC – 93 BC
92 BC – 89 BC

88 BC – 87 BC
Zhao Di
昭帝		 Liu Fuling
劉弗陵		 86 BC – 74 BC Shǐyuán (始元)

Yuánfèng (元鳳)

Yuánpíng (元平)		 86 BC – 80 BC

80 BC – 75 BC

74 BC
Chang Yi Wang
昌邑王		 Liu He
劉賀		 74 BC Yuánpíng (元平) 74 BC
Xuan Di
宣帝		 Liu Xun
劉詢		 73 BC – 49 BC Běnshǐ (本始)

Dìjié (地節)
Yuánkāng (元康)
Shénjué (神爵)
Wǔfèng (五鳳)
Gānlù (甘露)

Huánglóng (黃龍)		 73 BC – 70 BC

69 BC – 66 BC
65 BC – 61 BC
61 BC – 58 BC
57 BC – 54 BC
53 BC – 50 BC

49 BC
Yuan Di
元帝		 Liu Shi
劉奭		 48 BC – 33 BC Chūyuán (初元)

Yǒngguāng (永光)
Jiànzhāo (建昭)

Jìngníng (竟寧)		 48 BC – 44 BC

43 BC – 39 BC
38 BC – 34 BC

33 BC
Cheng Di
成帝		 Liu Ao
劉驁		 32 BC – 7 BC Jiànshǐ (建始)

Hépíng (河平)
Yángshuò (陽朔)
Hóngjiā (鴻嘉)
Yǒngshǐ (永始)
Yuányán (元延n2)

Suīhé (綏和)		 32 BC – 28 BC

28 BC – 25 BC
24 BC – 21 BC
20 BC – 17 BC
16 BC – 13 BC
12 BC – 9 BC

8 BC – 7 BC
Ai Di
哀帝		 Liu Xin
劉欣		 6 BC – 1 BC Jiànpíng (建平)
Yuánshòu (元壽)		 6 BC – 3 BC
2 BC – 1 BC
Ping Di
平帝		 Liu Kan
劉衎		 1 – 5 Yuánshǐ (元始) 1 – 5
Ru Zi Ying
孺子嬰		 Liu Ying
劉嬰		 6 – 8 Jùshè (居攝)
Chūshǐ (初始)		 6 – October 8
November 8 – December 8
Xin Dynasty by Wang Mang 9 – 23 Shǐjiànguó (始建國)

Tiānfēng (天鳳)

Dìhuáng (地皇)		 9 – 13

14 – 19

20 – 23
Geng Shi Di
更始帝		 Liu Xuan
劉玄		 23 – 25 Gēngshǐ (更始) 23 – 25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220
Guang Wu Di
光武帝		 Liu Xiu
劉秀		 25 – 57 Jiànwǔ (建武)
Jiànwǔzhongōyuán (建武中元)		 25 – 56
56 – 57
Ming Di
明帝		 Liu Zhuang
劉莊		 58 – 75 Yǒngpíng (永平) 58 – 75
Zhang Di
章帝		 Liu Da
劉炟		 76 – 88 Jiànchū (建初)

Yuánhé (元和)

Zhānghé (章和)		 76 – 84

84 – 87

87 – 88
He Di
和帝		 Liu Zhao
劉肇		 89 – 105 Yǒngyuán (永元)
Yuánxīng (元興)		 89 – 105
105
Shang Di
殤帝		 Liu Long
劉隆		 106 Yánpíng (延平) 9 months in 106
An Di
安帝		 Liu Hu
劉祜		 106 – 125 Yǒngchū (永初)

Yuánchū (元初)
Yǒngníng (永寧)
Jiànguāng (建光)

Yánguāng (延光)		 107 – 113

114 – 120
120 – 121
121 – 122

122 – 125
Shao Di or Bei Xiang Hou
少帝 or 北鄉侯		 Liu Yi
劉懿		 125 Yánguāng (延光) 125
Shun Di
順帝		 Liu Bao
劉保		 125 – 144 Yǒngjiàn (永建)

Yángjiā (陽嘉)
Yǒnghé (永和)
Hàn'ān (漢安)

Jiànkāng (建康)		 126 – 132

132 – 135
136 – 141
142 – 144

144
Chong Di
沖帝		 Liu Bing
劉炳		 144 – 145 Yōngxī (永熹) 145
Zhi Di
質帝		 Liu Zuan
劉纘		 145 – 146 Běnchū (本初) 146
Huan Di
桓帝		 Liu Zhi
劉志		 146 – 168 Jiànhé (建和)

Hépíng (和平)
Yuánjiā (元嘉)
Yǒngxīng (永興)
Yǒngshòu (永壽)
Yánxī (延熹)

Yǒngkāng (永康)		 147 – 149

150
151 – 153
153 – 154
155 – 158
158 – 167

167
Ling Di
靈帝]]		 Liu Hong
劉宏		 168 – 189 Jiànníng (建寧)

Xīpíng (熹平)
Guānghé (光和)

Zhōngpíng (中平)		 168 – 172

172 – 178
178 – 184

184 – 189
Shao Di or Hong Nong Wang
少帝 or 弘農王		 Liu Bian
劉辯		 189 Guīngxī (光熹)
Zhàoníng (昭寧)		 189
189
Xian Di
獻帝		 Liu Xie
劉協		 189 – 220 Yǒnghàn (永漢)

Chūpíng (初平)
Xīngpíng (興平)
Jiàn'ān (建安)

Yánkāng (延康)		 189

190 – 193
194 – 195
196 – 220

220

Three Kingdoms Period



Three Kingdoms Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) Cao Pi|曹丕 cao2 pi1 220-226 Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Cao Rui|曹叡 cao2 rui4 226-239

Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233
Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237
Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) Cao Fang|曹芳 cao2 fang1 239-254

Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) Cao Mao|曹髦 cao2 mao2 254-260

Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256

Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Cao Huan|曹奐 cao2 huan4 260-265

Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264
Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) 劉備 (liu2 bei4) 221-223 Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Shan|劉禪 (liu2 xhan2) 223-263

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237
Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257
Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263
Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) 孫權 sun1 quan2 222-252

Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229
Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231
Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238
Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251
Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252
Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252

Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) Sun Liang|孫亮 sun1 liang4 252-258

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253
Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256
Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Sun Xiu 孫休 sun1 xiu1 258-264 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) Sun Hao 孫皓 sun1 hao4 264-280

Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266
Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269
Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271
Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274
Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276
Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276
Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty



Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290

Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274
Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280
Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289
Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Sima Zhong|司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 290-306

Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291
Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301
Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306
Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) Sima Chi|司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4) Sima Ye|司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Sima Rui|司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 317-322

Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318
Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321
Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Sima Shao|司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 322-325

Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323
Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) Sima Yan|司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 325-342

Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325
Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) Sima Yue|司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 342-344 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) Sima Dan|司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 345-361

Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) Sima Pi|司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 361-365

Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363
Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) Sima Yi|司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 365-371 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Sima Yu|司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 371-372 Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) Sima Yao|司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 372-396

Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375
Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) Sima De Zong|司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 396-418

Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401
Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404
Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) Sima De Wen|司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 419-420 Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period



Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) Liu Yuan|劉淵 liu2 yuan1 304-310

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308
Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309

Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) Liu He|劉和 liu2 he2 7 days in 310 Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Liu Cong|劉聰 liu2 cong1 310-318

Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316
Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) Liu Can|劉粲 liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Liu Yao|劉曜 liu2 yao4 318-329 Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) Shi Le|石勒 shi2 le4 319-333

Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) Shi Hong|石弘 shi2 hong2 333-334

Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333
Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Shi Hu|石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349

Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349
Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) Shi Shi|石世 shi2 shi4 73 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) Shi Zun|石遵 shi2 zun1 183 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) Shi Jian|石鑒 shi2 jian4 103 days within 349-350 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) Shi Zhi|石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD(addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Li Te|李特 li3 te4 303 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) Li Liu|李流 li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Li Xiong|李雄 li3 xiong2 303-334

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305
Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311
Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) Li Ban|李班 li3 ban1 7 months in 334 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) Li Qi|李期 li3 qi1 334-338 Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Li Shou|李壽 li3 shou4 338-343 Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) Li Shi|李勢 li3 shi4 343-347

Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346
Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) Mu Rong Huang|慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 337-348 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) Mu Rong Jun|慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 348-360

Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353
Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357
Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) Mu Rong Wei|慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 360-370

Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) Mu Rong Chui|慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 384-396

Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385
Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) Mu Rong Bao|慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 396-398 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) Mu Rong Sheng|慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 398-401

Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398
Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) Mu Rong Xi|慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 401-407

Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406
Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) Mu Rong De|慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 398-405

Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Mu Rong Chao|慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 405-410 Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) Gao Yun|高雲 gao1 yun2 407-409 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) Feng Ba|馮跋 feng2 ba2 409-430 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) Feng Hong|馮弘 feng2 hong2 430-436 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Mao|張茂 zhang1 mao4 320-324 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) Zhang Jun|張駿 zhang1 jun4 324-346 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) Zhang Chong Hua|張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 346-353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) Zhang Yao Ling|張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) Zhang Zuo|張祚 zhang1 zuo4 353-355

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) Zhang Xuan Jing|張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 355-363

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) Zhang Tian Xi|張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 364-376 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) Luu Guang|呂光 uu3 guang1 386-399

Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389
Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396
Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) Luu Shao|呂紹 luu3 shao4 399 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) Luu Zuan|呂纂 luu3 zuan3 399-401 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) Luu Long|呂隆 luu3 long2 401-403 Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) Tufa Wu Gu|禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 397-399 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) Tufa Li Lu Gu|禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 399-402 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) Tufa Ru Tan|禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 402-414

Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404
Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-414 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist Did not exist Duan Ye|段業 duan4 ye4 397-401

Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399
Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) Ju Qu Meng Xun|沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433

Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412
Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428
Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430
Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) Ju Qu Mu Jian|沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 433-439 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu Wu Hui|沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 442-444

Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443
Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist Did not exist Ju Qu An Zhou|沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 444-460 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) Li Gao|李暠 li3 gao3 400-417

Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xin|李歆 li3 xin1 417-420 Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Li Xun|李恂 li3 xun2 420-421 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) Fu Jian|苻健 fu2 jian4 351-355 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) Fu Sheng|苻生 fu2 sheng1 355-357 Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) Fu Jian|苻堅 fu2 jian1 357-385

Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359
Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) Fu Pi|苻丕 fu2 pi1 385-386 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) Fu Deng|苻登 fu2 deng1 386-394 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Fu Chong|苻崇 fu2 chong2 several months in 394 Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) Yao Chang|姚萇 yao2 chang2 384-393

Bai Que(白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386
Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) Yao Xing|姚興 yao2 xing1 394-416

Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399
Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Yao Hong|姚泓 yao2 hong2 416-417 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) Qifu Guo Ren|乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 385-388 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) Qifu Gan Gui|乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 388-400,409-412

Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) Qifu Chi Pan|乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 388-400,409-412

Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419
Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) Qifu Mu Mo|乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 428-431 Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) Helian Bo Bo|赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 407-425

Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413
Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418
Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419
Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) Helian Chang|赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 425-428 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) Helian Ding|赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 428-431 Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu




Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) Ran Min|冉閔 ran3 min3 350-352 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) Mu Rong Hong|慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 384 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist Mu Rong Chong|慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 384-386

Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385
Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist Duan Sui|段隨 duan4 sui2 386 Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Tao|慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 386 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Yao|慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 386 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Zhong|慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 386 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist Mu Rong Yong|慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 386-394 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) Qiao Zong|譙縱 qiao2 zong4 405-413 Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist Liu Qu Bei|劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Gao Sheng Yuan|劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Hu|劉虎 liu2 hu3 early 4th century (309?) - 341 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Wu Heng|劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 341-356 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu E Lou Tou|劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 356-358 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Xi Wu Qi|劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 358-359 Did not exist
Did not exist Liu Wei Chen|劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 359-391 Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist Yuwen Mo Huai|宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 late 3rd century-293 Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Pu Hui|宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 293-late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Qiu Bu Quan|宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Mo Gui|宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Xi Du Guan|宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Qi De Gui|宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 early 3rd century - 333 Did not exist
Did not exist Yuwen Yi Dou Gui|宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 333-345 Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist Duan Wu Wu Chen|段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 303-310 or 311 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Ji Lu Quan|段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 310 or 311 - 318 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan She Fu Chen|段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 318 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Pi Di|段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Mo Pei|段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 318-325 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Ya|段牙 duan4 ya2 325 Did not exist
Did not exist Duan Liao|段遼 duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist Yang Teng|楊騰 yang2 teng2 late 2nd century- early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ju|楊駒 yang2 ju1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Qian Wan|楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 early 3rd century - mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Fei Long|楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Mao Sou|楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 late 3rd century - 317 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Nan Di|楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 317-334 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Yi|楊毅 yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Chu|楊初 yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Guo|楊國 yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Jun|楊俊 yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Shi|楊世 yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Cuan|楊篡 yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist
Hui Wen Wang|惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 Yang Sheng|楊盛 yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist
Xiao Zhao Wang|孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 Yang Xuan|楊玄 yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Bao Zong|楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 429 and 443 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Nan Dang|楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 429-441 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist Yang Bao Chi|楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 442-443 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Wen De|楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 443-454 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Yuan He|楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 455-466 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Seng Si|楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 466-473 Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist Yang Wen Du|楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 473-477 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Wen Hong|楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 477-482 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Hou Qi|楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 482-486 Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) Yang Ji Shi|楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 482-503 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Shao Xian|楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 503-506, 534-535 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Zhi Hui|楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 535-545 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Bi Xie|楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 545-553 Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist Yang Guang Xiang|楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 477-483? Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Jiong|楊炯 yang2 jiong3 483-495 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Chong Zu|楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 495-before 502 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Meng Sun|楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 before 502-511 Did not exist
Did not exist Yang Ding|楊定 yang2 ding4 511- ? Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
Shen Yuan Wang|神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 Tuoba Li Wei|拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 219-277 Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
Zhang Wang|章王 zhang1 wang2 Tuoba Xi Lu|拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 277-286 Did not exist
Ping Wang|平王 ping2 wang2 Tuoba Chuo|拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 286-293 Did not exist
Si Wang|思王 si1 wang2 Tuoba Fu|拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 293-294 Did not exist
Zhao Wang|昭王 zhao1 wang2 Tuoba Lu Guan|拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 294-307 Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Tuo|拓拔猗(㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2 295-305 Did not exist
Mu Wang|穆王 mu4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Lu|拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 295-316 Did not exist
Did not exist Tuoba Pu Gen|拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 316 Did not exist
Did not exist Tuoba (no first name)|拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? 316 Did not exist
Ping Wen Wang|平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 Tuoba Yu Luu|拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 316-321 Did not exist
Hui Wang|惠王 hui4 wang2 Tuoba He Ru|拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4 321-325 Did not exist
Yang Wang|煬王 yang2 wang2 Tuoba He Na|拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 325-329 and 335-337 Did not exist
Lie Wang|烈王 lie4 wang2 Tuoba Yi Huai|拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 329-335 and 337-338 Did not exist
Zhao Cheng Wang|昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 Tuoba Shi Yi Jian|拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 338-377 Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties



Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
Dao Wu Di|道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 Tuoba Gui|拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 386-409

Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396
Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398
Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404
Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
Ming Yuan Di|明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 Tuoba Si|拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 409-423

Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413
Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416
Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
Tai Wu Di|太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 Tuoba Tao|拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 424-452

Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428
Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431
Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434
Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440
Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451
Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
Nan An Wang|南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 Tuoba Yu|拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 452 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
Wen Cheng Di|文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 Tuoba Jun|拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 452-465

Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454
Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465
Xian Wen Di|獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 Tuoba Hong|拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 466-471

Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467
Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
Xiao Wen Di|孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 Yuan Hong|元宏 yuan2 hong2 471-499

Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476
Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499
Xuan Wu Di|宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 Yuan Ke|元恪 yuan2 ke4 500-515

Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503
Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512
Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Yuan Xu|元詡 yuan2 xu3 516-528

Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518
Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520
Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525
Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527
Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
Xiao Zhuang Di|孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 Yuan Zi You|元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 528-530

Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
Chang Guang Wang|長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 Yuan Ye|元曄 yuan2 ye4 530-531 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
Jue Min Di|節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 Yuan Gong|元恭 yuan2 gong1 531-532 Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
An Ding Wang|安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 Yuan Lang|元朗 yuan2 lang3 531-532 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 Yuan Xiu|元脩 yuan2 xiu1 532-535

Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532
Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 Yuan Shan Jian|元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 534-550

Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537
Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539
Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542
Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
Wen Xuan Di|文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 Gao Yang|高洋 gao1 yang2 550-559 Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 Gao Yin|高殷 gao1 yin1 560 Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
Xiao Zhao Di|孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 Gao Yan|高演 gao1 yan3 560-561 Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
Wu Cheng Di|武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 Gao Zhan|高湛 gao1 zhan4 561-565

Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562
Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Gao Wei|高緯 gao1 wei3 565-577

Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569
Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576
Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576

You Zhu|幼主 you4 zhu3 Gao Heng|高恆 gao1 heng2 577 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
Fan Yang Wang|范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 Gao Shao Yi|高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 577-579? Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Yuan Bao Ju|元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 535-551 Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 Yuan Qin|元欽 yuan2 qin1 552-554 Did not exist
Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 Yuan Kuo|元廓 yuan2 kuo4 554-556 Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
Xiao Min Di|孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 Yuwen Jue|宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 557 Did not exist
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Yuwen Yu|宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 557-560 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 Yuwen Yong|宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 561-578

Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565
Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572
Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578
Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Yuwen Yun|宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 579 Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
Jing Di|靜帝 jing4 di4 Yuwen Chan|宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 579-581

Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581
Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Liu Yu|劉裕 liu3 yu4 420-422 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
Shao Di|少帝 shao4 di4 Liu Yi Fu|劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 423-424 Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Liu Yi Long|劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 424-453 Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 Liu Jun|劉駿 liu3 jun4 454-464

Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456
Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
Qian Fei Di|前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4 Liu Zi Ye|劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 465

Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465
Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 Liu Yu|劉彧 liu3 yu4 465-472

Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471
Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
Hou Fei Di|後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 Liu Yu|劉昱 liu3 yu4 473-477 Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
Shun Di|順帝 shun4 di4 Liu Zhun|劉準 liu3 zhun3 477-479 Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
Gao Di|高帝 gao1 di4 Xiao Dao Cheng|蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 479-482 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Xiao Ze|蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 483-493 Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
Yu Lin Wang|鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 Xiao Zhao Ye|蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 494 Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) Xiao Zhao Wen|蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 494 Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
Ming Di|明帝 ming2 di4 Xiao Luan|蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 494-498

Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498
Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) Xiao Bao Juan|蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 499-501 Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
He Di|和帝 he2 di4 Xiao Bao Rong|蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 501-502 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty 502-557
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 Xiao Yan|蕭衍 xiao1 yan3 502-549

Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519
Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527
Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529
Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534
Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546
Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547
Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) Xiao Gang|蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 549-551 Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) Xiao Dong|蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 551-552 Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) Xiao Yi|蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 552-555 Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) Xiao Yuan Ming|蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 555 Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 Xiao Fang Zhi|蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 555-557

Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556
Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
Wu Di|武帝 wu3 di4 Chen Ba Xian|陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 557-559 Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
Wen Di|文帝 wen2 di4 Chen Qian|陳蒨 chen2 qian4 560-566

Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566
Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
Fei Di|廢帝 fei4 di4 Chen Bo Zong|陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 567-568 Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Chen Xu|陳頊 chen2 xu1 569-582 Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Chen Shu Bao|陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 583-589

Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586
Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589



Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Xiao Cha|蕭察 xiao1 cha2 555-562 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 Xiao Kui|蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 562-585 Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 Xiao Cong|蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 585-587 Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 562-585

Sui Dynasty



Sui Dynasty 581-618
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4 Yang Jian|楊堅 yang2 jian1 581-604

Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600
Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4 Yang Guang|楊廣 yang2 guang3 605-617 Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4 Yang You|楊侑 yang2 you4 617-618 Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty



Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Li Yuan|李淵 li3 yuan1 618-626 Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Li Shi Min|李世民 li3 shi4 min2 627-649 Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (高宗 gao1 zong1) Li Zhi |李治 li3 zhi4 650-683

Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655
Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661
Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663
Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665
Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668
Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670
Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674
Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676
Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679
Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680
Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681
Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682
Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683
Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Li Xian|李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2 684, 705-710

Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684
Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707
Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be>

Rui Zong (睿宗 rui4 zong1) Li Dan|李旦 li3 dan4 684, 710-712

Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684
Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711
Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712
Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 684-705

Guangzhai (光宅 guang1 zhai2) 684
Chuigong (垂拱 chui2 gong3) 685-688
Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang1) 689
Zaichu (載初 zai4 chu1) 690
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: use personal name
Wu Hou (武后 wu3 hou4) Wu Ze Tian|武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1 684-705

Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692
Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692
Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694
Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694
Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695
Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696
Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696
Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697
Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697
Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700
Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700
Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701
Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4) see note below the table Li Chong Mao|李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 710 Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) Li Long Ji|李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 712-756

Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713
Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741
Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) Li Heng|李亨 li3 heng1 756-762

Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758
Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760
Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) Li Yu|李豫 li3 yu4 762-779

Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763
Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764
Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766
Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) Li Gua|李适 li3 gua1 780-805

Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783
Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784
Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) Li Song|李誦 li3 song4 805 Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) Li Chun|李純 li3 chun2 806-820 Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) Li Heng|李恆 li3 heng2 821-824 Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) Li Zhan|李湛 li3 zhan4 824-826 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) Li Ang|李昂 li3 ang2 826-840

Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826
Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835
Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) Li Yan|李炎 li3 yan2 840-846 Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) Li Chen|李忱 li3 chen2 846-859 Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) Li Cui|李漼 li3 cui3 859-873

Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859
Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) Li Xuan|李儇 li3 xuan1 873-888

Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874
Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879
Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881
Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885
Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888
Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) Li Ye|李曄 li3 ye4 888-904

Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889
Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891
Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893
Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898
Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901
Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904
Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below Li Zhu|李柷 li3 zhu4 904-907 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms



Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1 907-912

Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911
Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4 Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4 913-923

Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-9115
Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923

Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
Zhuang Zong|莊宗 zhuang1 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Li Cun Xu|李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4 923-926 Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
Ming Zong|明宗 ming2 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Li Si Yuan|李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3 926-933

Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930
Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist Min Di|節閔帝 min3 di4 Li Cong Xu|李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4 933-934 Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-9115
Did not exist Mo Di |末帝 mo4 di4 Li Cong Ke|李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1 934-936 Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Shi Jing Tang|石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2 936-942 Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 Shi Chong Gui|石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4 942-947

Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944
Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 936-947
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Liu Zhi Yuan|劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3 947-948

Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947
Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist Yin Di|隱帝 yin3 di4 Liu Cheng You|劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4 948-950 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Guo Wei|郭威 guo1 wei1 951-954

Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954
Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Chai Rong|柴榮 chai2 rong2 954-959 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist Gong Di|恭帝 gong1 di4 Chai Zong Xun|柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4 959-960 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Wu Su Wang|武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2 Qian Liu|錢鏐 qian2 liu2 904-932

Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923
Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925
Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Wen Mu Wang|文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2 Qian Yuan Quan|錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4 932-941 Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1) Zhong Xian Wang|忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2 Qian Zuo|錢佐 qian2 zuo3 941-947 Did not exist
Did not exist Zhong Xun Wang|忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2 Qian Zong|錢倧 qian2 zong1 947 Did not exist
Did not exist Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 Qian Chu|錢俶 qian2 chu4 947-978 Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Zhong Yi Wang|忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 Wang Shen Zhi|王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1 909-925 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist Wang Yan Han|王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4 925-926 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) Wang Yan Jun|王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1 926-935

Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935

Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Wang Ji Peng|王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2 935-939 Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Wang Yan Xi|王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1 939-944 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin) Wang Yan Zheng|王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4 943-945 Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist Wu Xin Wang|武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2 Gao Ji Xing|高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1 909-928 Did not exist
Did not exist Wen Xian Wang|文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2 Gao Cong Hui|高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4 928-948 Did not exist
Did not exist Zhen Yi Wang|貞懿王 yi4 wang2 Gao Bao Rong|高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2 948-960 Did not exist
Did not exist Shi Zhong|侍中 shi4 zhong1 Gao Bao Xu|高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4 960-962 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist Gao Ji Chong|高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1 962-963 Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist Wu Mo Wang|武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2 Ma Yin|馬殷 ma3 yin1 897-930 Did not exist
Did not exist Heng Yang Wang|衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2 Ma Xi Sheng|馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1 930-932 Did not exist
Did not exist Wen Zhao Wang|文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2 Ma Xi Fan|馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4 932-947 Did not exist
Did not exist Fei Wang|廢王 fei4 wang2 Ma Xi Guang|馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3 947-950 Did not exist
Did not exist Gong Xiao Wang|恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2 Ma Xi E|馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4 950 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist Ma Xi Chong|馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2 950-951 Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
Tai Zu|太祖 tai4 zu3 Xiao Wu Di|孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4 Yang Xing Mi|楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4 904-905 Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
Lie Zong|烈宗 lie4 zong1 Jing Di|景帝 jing3 di4 Yang Wo|楊渥 yang2 wo4 905-908 Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Xuan Di|宣帝 xuan1 di4 Yang Long Yan|楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3 908-921

Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919

Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist Rui Di|睿帝 rui4 di4 Yang Pu|楊溥 yang2 pu3 921-937

Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927
Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929
Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935
Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
Xian Zhu|先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Li Bian|李(曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4 937-943 Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
Zhong Zhu|中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Li Jing|李璟 li3 jing3 943-961

Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958
Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958
Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Wu Wang|武王 wu3 wang2 Li Yu|李煜 li3 yu4 961-975 Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Tian Huang Da Di|天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 Liu Yan|劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉(龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3 917-925

Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925
Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928
Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941

Did not exist Shang Di|殤帝 shang1 di4 Liu Fen|劉玢 liu3 fen1 941-943 Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
Zhong Zong|中宗 zhong1 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Liu Cheng|劉晟 liu3 cheng2 943-958

Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943
Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958

Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist Liu Chang|劉鋹 liu3 chang3 958-971 Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
Shi Zu|世祖 shi4 zu3 Shen Wu Di|神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 Liu Min|劉旻 liu3 min2 951-954 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
Rui Zong|睿宗 rui4 zong1 Xiao He Di|孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 Liu Cheng Jun|劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 954-970

Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957
Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
Shao Zhu|少主 shao4 zhu3 Did not exist Liu Ji En|劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 970 Did not exist
Did not exist
Ying Wu Di|英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 Liu Ji Yuan|劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 970-982 Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Wang Jian|王建 wang2 jian4 907-918

Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907
Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915
Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916
Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917
Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist Wang Yan|王衍 wang2 yan3 918-925

Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
Gao Zu|高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Meng Zhi Xiang|孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 934 Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist Meng Chang|孟昶 meng4 chang3 938-965

Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938
Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms



local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms
Name of Posts Personal Names Period on post
Wuping and Hunan 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 950-963
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 Liu Yan|劉言 liu3 yan2 950-953
Wuping strategos (correct English translation?)|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 Wang Kui|王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2 953-956
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 Zhou Xing Feng|周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2 956-962
Hunan strategos (correct English translation?)|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 Zhou Bao Quan|周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2 962-963
Quanzhang 節度|jie2 du4 (similar to thema of the Byzantine Empire) 945-978
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 Liu Cong Xiao|留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4 945-962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 Liu Shao Zi|留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 962
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 Zhang Han Si|張漢思 zhang1 han4 si1 962-963
Quanzhang strategos (correct English translation?)|泉漳節度使 quan2 zhang1 jie2 du4 shi3 Chen Hong Jin|陳洪進 chen2 hong2 jin4 963-978

Liao Dynasty



Liao Dynasty 907-1125
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miàohào) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 shìhào) Born Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號 niánhào) and their according range of years
Convention: "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Abaoji (耶律阿保機 Yēlǜ Ābǎojī) 907-926 Shence (神冊 Shéncè) 916-922

Tianzan (天贊 Tiānzàn) 922-926
Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 926
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Deguang|耶律德光 Yēlǜ Déguāng 926-947 Tianxian (天顯 Tiānxiǎn) 927-938

Huitong (會同 Huìtóng) 938-947
Datong (大同 Dàtóng) 947
Shizong (世宗 Shìzōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Ruan|耶律阮 Yēlǜ Ruǎn 947-951 Tianlu (天祿 Tiānlù) 947-951
Muzong (穆宗 Mùzōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Jing|耶律璟 Yēlǜ Jǐng 951-969 Yingli (應曆 Yìnglì) 951-969
Jingzong (景宗 Jǐngzōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Xian|耶律賢 Yēlǜ Xián 969-982 Baoning (保寧 Bǎoníng) 969-979

Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 979-982
Shengzong (聖宗 Shèngzōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Longxu|耶律隆緒 Yēlǜ Lóngxù 982-1031 Qianheng (乾亨 Qiánhēng) 982

Tonghe (統和 Tǒnghé) 983-1012
Kaitai (開泰 Kāitài) 1012-1021
Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 1021-1031
Xingzong (興宗 Xīngzōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Zongzhen|耶律宗真 Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn 1031-1055 Jingfu (景福 Jǐngfú) 1031-1032

Chongxi (重熙 Chóngxī) 1032-1055
Daozong (道宗 Dàozōng) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Yelü Hongji|耶律洪基 Yēlǜ Hóngjī 1055-1101 Qingning (清寧 Qīngníng) 1055-1064

Xianyong (咸雍 Xiányōng) 1065-1074
Taikang (太康 Tàikāng) or Dakang (大康 Dàkāng) 1075-1084
Da'an (大安 Dà'ān) 1085-1094
Shouchang (壽昌 Shòuchāng) or Shoulong (壽隆 Shòulóng) 1095-1101
Did not exist Tianzuodi (天祚帝 Tiānzuòdì) Yelü Yanxi|耶律延禧 Yēlǜ Yánxǐ 1101-1125 Qiantong (乾統 Qiántǒng) 1101-1110

Tianqing (天慶 Tiānqìng) 1111-1120
Baoda (保大 Bǎodà) 1121-1125

Song Dynasty



Song dynasty 960-1279
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Born Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: "Song" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng)
Bei (Northern) Song dynasty, 960- 1127
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn) 960-976 Jianlong (建隆 Jiànlóng) 960-963

Qiande (乾德 Qiándé) 963-968
Kaibao (開寶 Kāibǎo) 968-976
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) 976-997 Taipingxingguo (太平興國 Tàipíngxīngguó) 976-984

Yongxi (雍熙 Yōngxī) 984-987
Duangong (端拱 Duāngǒng) 988-989
Chunhua (淳化 Chúnhuà) 990-994
Zhidao (至道 Zhìdào) 995-997
Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng) 997-1022 Xianping (咸平 Xiánpíng) 998-1003

Jingde (景德 Jǐngdé) 1004-1007
Dazhongxiangfu (大中祥符 Dàzhōngxiángfú) 1008-1016
Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxǐ) 1017-1021
Qianxing (乾興 Qiánxīng) 1022
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn) 1022-1063 Tiansheng (天聖 Tiānshèng) 1023-1032

Mingdao (明道 Míngdào) 1032-1033
Jingyou (景祐 Jǐngyòu) 1034-1038
Baoyuan (寶元 Bǎoyuán) 1038-1040
Kangding (康定 Kāngdìng) 1040-1041
Qingli (慶曆 Qìnglì) 1041-1048
Huangyou (皇祐 Huángyòu) 1049-1054
Zhihe (至和 Zhìhé) 1054-1056
Jiayou (嘉祐 Jiāyòu) 1056-1063
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù) 1063-1067 Zhiping (治平 Zhìpíng) 1064-1067
Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū) 1067-1085 Xining (熙寧 Xīníng) 1068-1077

Yuanfeng (元豐 Yuánfēng) 1078-1085
Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ) 1085-1100 Yuanyou (元祐 Yuányòu) 1086-1094

Shaosheng (紹聖 Shàoshèng) 1094-1098
Yuanfu (元符 Yuánfú) 1098-1100
Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí) 1100-1125 Jianzhongjingguo (建中靖國 Jiànzhōngjìngguó) 1101

Chongning (崇寧 Chóngníng) 1102-1106
Daguan (大觀 Dàguān) 1107-1110
Zhenghe (政和 Zhènghé) 1111-1118
Chonghe (重和 Chónghé) 1118-1119
Xuanhe (宣和 Xuānhé) 1119-1125
Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán) 1126-1127 Jingkang (靖康 Jìngkāng) 1125-1127
Nan (Southern) Song dynasty, 1127- 1279
Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu) 1127-1162 Jingyan (靖炎 Jìngyán) 1127-1130

Shaoxing (紹興 Shàoxīng) 1131-1162

Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn) 1162-1189 Longxing (隆興 Lóngxīng) 1163-1164

Qiandao (乾道 Qiándào) 1165-1173
Chunxi (淳熙 Chúnxī) 1174-1189

Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn) 1189-1194 Shaoxi (紹熙 Shàoxī) 1190-1194
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zháo Kuó) 1194-1224 Qingyuan (慶元 Qìngyuán) 1195-1200

Jiatai (嘉泰 Jiātài) 1201-1204
Kaixi (開禧 Kāixǐ) 1205-1207
Jiading (嘉定 Jiādìng) 1208-1224

Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún) 1224-1264 Baoqing (寶慶 Bǎoqìng) 1225-1227

Shaoding (紹定 Shàodìng) 1228-1233
Duanping (端平 Duānpíng) 1234-1236
Jiaxi (嘉熙 Jiāxī) 1237-1240
Chunyou (淳祐 Chúnyòu) 1241-1252
Baoyou (寶祐 Bǎoyòu) 1253-1258
Kaiqing (開慶 Kāiqìng) 1259
Jingding (景定 Jǐngdìng) 1260-1264

Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí) 1264-1274 Xianchun (咸淳 Xiánchún) 1265-1274
did not exist Gong Di (恭帝 Gōngdì) Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn) 1274-1276 Deyou (德祐 Déyòu) 1275-1276
Duan Zong (端宗 Duān Zōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Zhao Shi (趙是 Zhào Shì) 1276-1278 Jingyan (景炎 Jǐngyán) 1276-1278
did not exist Di (帝 Dì) or Wei Wang (衛王 Wèiwáng) Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng) 1278-1279 Xiangxing (祥興 Xiángxīng) 1278-1279

Western Xia



Western Xia 1032-1227
Temple names Posthumous names Chinese family name and first names Reigns Era names and their according durations
Chinese convention: "Western Xia" + temple name or "family name + first names"
Jǐngzōng
(景宗)		 Wǔlièdì
(武烈帝)		 Lǐ Yuánhào
(李元昊)		 1032-1048 Xiǎndào (顯道) 1032-1034

Kāiyùn (開運) 1034
Guǎngpíng (廣平) 1035-1036
Dàqìng (大慶) 1036-1038
Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò (天授禮法延祚) 1038-1048
Yìzōng
(毅宗)		 Zhāoyīngdì
(昭英帝)		 Lǐ Liàngzuò
(李諒祚)		 1048-1067 Yánsìníngguó (延嗣寧國) 1048-1049

Tiānyòuchuíshèng (天祐垂聖) 1050-1052
Fúshèngchéngdào (福聖承道) 1053-1056
Duǒdū (奲都) 1036-1038
Gǒnghuà (拱化) 1063-1067
Huìzōng
(惠宗)		 Kāngjìngdì
(康靖帝)		 Lǐ Bǐngcháng
(李秉常)		 1067-1086 Qiándào (乾道) 1067-1069

Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng (天賜禮盛國慶) 1070-1074
Dà'ān (大安) 1075-1085
Tiān'ānlǐdìng (天安禮定) 1085-1086
Chóngzōng
(崇宗)		 Shèngwéndì
(聖文帝)		 Lǐ Qiánshùn
(李乾順)		 1086-1139 Tiānyízhìpíng (天儀治平) 1086-1089

Tiānyòumín'ān (天祐民安) 1090-1097
Yǒng'ān (永安) 1098-1100
Zhēnguān (貞觀) 1101-1113
Yōngníng (雍寧) 1114-1118
Yuándé (元德) 1119-1127
Zhèngdé (正德) 1127-1134
Dàdé (大德) 1135-1139
Rénzōng
(仁宗)		 Shèngzhēndì
(聖禎帝)		 Lǐ Rénxiào
(李仁孝)		 1139-1193 Dàqìng (大慶) 1139-1143

Rénqìng (人慶) 1144-1148
Tiānshèng (天盛) 1149-1170
Qiányòu (乾祐) 1170-1193
Huánzōng
(桓宗)		 Zhāojiǎnjì
(昭簡帝)		 Lǐ Chúnyòu
(李純佑)		 1193-1206 Tiānqìng (天慶) 1193-1206
Xiāngzōng
(襄宗)		 Jǐngwǔdì
(景武帝)		 Lǐ Ānquán
(李安全)		 1206-1211 Qìngtiān (慶天) 1206-1209

Huángjiàn (皇建) 1210-1211
Shénzōng
(神宗)		 Yīngwéndì
(英文帝)		 Lǐ Zūnxū
(李遵頊)		 1211-1223 Guāngdìng (光定) 1211-1223
Xiànzōng
(獻宗)		 Did not exist Lǐ Déwàng
(李德旺)		 1223-1226 Qiándìng (乾定) 1223-1226
Mòzhǔ
(末主)		 Did not exist Lǐ Xiàn
(李晛)		 1226-1227 Bǎoyì (寶義) 1226-1227

Jin Dynasty




Jin Dynasty 1115-1234
Temple Name
Miao Hao
廟號
miàohào		 Posthumous Name
Shi Hao
諡號
shìhào		 Birth Name
 
姓名
xìngmíng		 Years of
Reign		 Era Name
Nian Hao
年號
niánhào
and Years
Convention: "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name
Tàizǔ
太祖 		(1) Wányán Āgǔdǎ
完顏阿骨打 		1115-1123 Shōuguó
收國
1115-1116
 

Tiānfǔ
天輔
1117-1123

Tàizōng
太宗 		(1) Wányán Wúqǐmǎi
完顏吳乞買
or
Wányán (Shèng or Chéng)
完顏晟		 1123-1134 Tiānhuì
天會
1123-1134
Xīzōng
熙宗 		(1) Wányán Hélá
完顏合剌
or
Wányán Dǎn
完顏亶		 1135-1149 Tiānhuì
天會
1135-1138
 

Tiānjuàn
天眷
1138-1141
 
Huángtǒng
皇統
1141-1149

(2) Hǎilíngwáng
海陵王
Wányán Liàng
完顏亮 		1149-1161 Tiāndé
天德
1149-1153
 

Zhènyuán
貞元
1153-1156
 
Zhènglóng
正隆
1156-1161

Shìzōng
世宗		 (1) Wányán Yōng
完顏雍		 1161-1189 Dàdìng
大定
1161-1189
Zhāngzōng
章宗		 (1) Wányán Jǐng
完顏璟		 1190-1208 Míngchāng
明昌
1190-1196
 

Chéng'ān
承安
1196-1200
 
Tàihé
泰和1200-1208

(2) Wèishàowáng
衛紹王
or
Wèiwáng
衛王		 Wányán Yǒngjì
完顏永濟		 1209-1213 Dà'ān
大安
1209-1212
 

Chóngqìng
崇慶
1212-1213
 
Zhìníng
至寧
1213

Xuānzōng
宣宗		 (1) Wányán Xún
完顏珣		 1213-1223 Zhēnyòu
貞祐
1213-1217
 

Xīngdìng
興定
1217-1222
 
Yuánguāng
元光
1222-1223

Āizōng
哀宗		 (1) Wányán Shǒuxù
完顏守緒		 1224-1234 Zhèngdà
正大
1224-1232
 

Kāixīng
開興
1232
 
Tiānxīng
天興
1232-1234

(2)
Mòdì
末帝		 Wányán Chénglín
完顏承麟		 1234 (2)

(1) Quite long and thus not used when referring to this sovereign.
(2) Did not exist

Yuan Dynasty



Temple names Posthumous names Khan Names Given names Period of Reigns Era names and their according range of years
Convention: use first name (e.g. Temujin) or Khan names for khans before Kublai Khan. Use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after. A mix of the three for Kublai Khan.
Note:
1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers.
2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Genghis Khan Borjigin Temujin (孛兒只斤鐵木真 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmùzhēn) 1206-1227 did not exist
Ruizong (睿宗 Ruìzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign ? Borjigin Tolui (孛兒只斤拖雷 Bèi'érzhījīnTuōléi) 1228 did not exist
Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Ögedei Khan Borjigin Ögedei (孛兒只斤窩闊台 Bèi'érzhījīn Wōkuòtái) 1229-1241 did not exist
did not exist did not exist   Töregene Khâtûn (乃馬真 Nǎimǎzhēn) regent 1241-1246 did not exist
Dingzong (定宗 Dìngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Güyük Khan Borjigin Güyük (孛兒只斤貴由 Bèi'érzhījīn Guìyuó) 1246-1248 did not exist
did not exist did not exist ? Oghul Ghaymish (海米失 Hǎimǐshī) regent 1248-1251 did not exist
Xianzong (憲宗 Xiànzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Möngke Khan Borjigin Möngke (孛兒只斤蒙哥 Bèi'érzhījīn Ménggē) 1251-1259 did not exist
Shizu (世祖 Shìzǔ) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Kublai Khan Borjigin Kublai (孛兒只斤忽必烈 Bèi'érzhījīn Hūbìliè) 1260-1294 Zhongtong (中統 Zhōngtǒng) 1260-1264

Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1264-1294
Chengzong (成宗 Chéngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Temür Öljeytü Khân Borjigin Temür (孛兒只斤鐵木耳 Bèi'érzhījīn Tiěmù'ěr) 1294-1307 Yuanzhen (元貞 Yuánzhēn) 1295-1297

Dade (大德 Dàdé) 1297-1307

Wuzong (武宗 Wǔzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Qayshan Gülük Borjigin Qayshan (孛兒只斤海山 Bèi'érzhījīn Hǎishān) 1308-1311 Zhida (至大 Zhìdà) 1308-1311
Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Ayurparibhadra Borjigin Ayurparibhadra (孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùlíbálìbādá) 1311-1320 Huangqing (皇慶 Huángqìng) 1312-1313

Yanyou (延祐 Yányòu) 1314-1320
Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Suddhipala Gege'en Borjigin Suddhipala (孛兒只斤碩德八剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Shuòdébālá) 1321-1323 Zhizhi (至治 Zhìzhì) 1321-1323
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name, i.e. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tài Dìng Dì.
Jinzong (晉宗 Jìnzōng) Taiding Di (泰定帝 Tàidìng Dì) Yesün-Temür Borjigin Yesün-Temür (孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Yěsūntiěmùér) 1323-1328 Taiding (泰定 Tàidìng) 1321-1328
Zhihe (致和 Zhìhé) 1328
did not exist Tianshun Di (天順帝 Tiānshùn Dì) Arigaba Borjigin Arigaba (孛兒只斤阿速吉八 Bèi'érzhījīn Āsùjíbā) 1328 Tianshun (天順 Tiānshùn) 1328
Wenzong (文宗 Wénzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Jijaghatu Toq-Temür Borjigin Toq-Temür (孛兒只斤圖鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tútiěmùér) 1328-1329 and 1329-1332 Tianli (天曆 Tiānlì) 1328-1330
Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1330-1332
Mingzong (明宗 Míngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Qoshila Qutuqtu Borjigin Qoshila (孛兒只斤和世剌 Bèi'érzhījīn Héshìlà) 1329 did not exist
Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign Irinchibal Borjigin Irinchibal (孛兒只斤懿璘質班 Bèi'érzhījīn Yìlínzhìbān) 1332 Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1332
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) Toghan-Temür Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) 1333-1370

Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333
Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340
Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370



Yuan Dynasty (after expelled from China by Ming in 1368) 1368 - mid 15th century
Temple Names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) Posthumous Names (Shi Hao 諡號) Khan Names Born Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years
Convention: use khan names or born names.
Note: 1) all first names of the sovereigns were those more familiar to western readers. 2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.
Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.
Huizong (惠宗 Huìzōng) (same person as the last Yuan emperor in China) Shundi (順帝 Shùndì) Toghan-Temür Borjigin Toghan-Temür (孛兒只斤妥懽鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuǒhuān Tiěmùér) 1333-1370

Zhishun (至順 Zhìshùn) 1333
Yuantong (元統 Yuántǒng) 1333-1335
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1335-1340
Zhizheng (至正 Zhìzhèng) 1341-1368
Zhiyuan (至元 Zhìyuán) 1368-1370
Zhaozong (昭宗 Zhāozōng) did not exist Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara of the Borjigin clan(孛兒只斤愛育識里達臘 Bèi'érzhījīn Àiyùshílǐdálà) 1370-1378 Xuanguang (宣光 Xuānguāng) 1371-1378
did not exist did not exist Usakhal Khan Tögüs Temür of the Borjigin clan (孛兒只斤脫古思鐵木兒 Bèi'érzhījīn Tuōgǔsī Tiěmùér) 1378-1387 Tianguang (天光 Tiānguāng) 1378-1387
Note: ....5 more khans before the Bei-Er-Zhi-Jin family stepped down from the khan throne....

Ming dynasty

To see the Ming dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Personal Name Posthumous name1
(short form)		 Temple name1 Reign name Reign years Name by which
most commonly known
Zhū Yuánzhāng
朱元璋		 Gāodì
高帝		 Tàizǔ
太祖		 Hóngwǔ
洪武		 1368-1398 The Hongwu Emperor
Zhū Yǔnwén
朱允炆		 Huìdì
惠帝		 None given2 Jiànwén
建文		 1398-1402 The Jianwen Emperor
Zhū Dì
朱棣		 Wēndì
文帝		 Chéngzǔ, 成祖 or
Tàizōng, 太宗		 Yǒnglè
永樂		 1402-1424 The Yongle Emperor
Zhū Gāochì
朱高熾		 Zhāodì
昭帝		 Rénzōng
仁宗		 Hóngxī
洪熙		 1424-1425 The Hongxi Emperor
Zhū Zhānjī
朱瞻基		 Zhāngdì
章帝		 Xuānzōng
宣宗		 Xuāndé
宣德		 1425-1435 The Xuande Emperor
Zhū Qízhèn
朱祁鎮		 Ruìdì
睿帝		 Yīngzōng
英宗		 Zhèngtǒng, 正統
1436-1449;
Tiānshùn, 天順
1457-1464		 1435-1449;
1457-14643		 The Zhengtong Emperor
Zhū Qíyù
朱祁鈺		 Jǐngdì
景帝		 Dàizōng
代宗		 Jǐngtài
景泰		 1449-1457 The Jingtai Emperor
Zhū Jiànshēn
朱見深		 Chúndì
純帝		 Xiànzōng
憲宗		 Chénghuà
成化		 1464-1487 The Chenghua Emperor
Zhū Yòutáng
朱祐樘		 Jìngdì
敬帝		 Xiàozōng
孝宗		 Hóngzhì
弘治		 1487-1505 The Hongzhi Emperor
Zhū Hòuzhào
朱厚照		 Yìdì
毅帝		 Wǔzōng
武宗		 Zhèngdé
正德		 1505-1521 The Zhengde Emperor
Zhū Hòucōng
朱厚熜		 Sùdì
肅帝		 Shìzōng
世宗		 Jiājìng
嘉靖		 1521-1566 The Jiajing Emperor
Zhū Zǎihòu
朱載垕		 Zhuāngdì
莊帝		 Mùzōng
穆宗		 Lóngqìng
隆慶		 1566-1572 The Longqing Emperor
Zhū Yìjūn
朱翊鈞		 Xiǎndì
顯帝		 Shénzōng
神宗		 Wànlì
萬曆		 1572-1620 The Wanli Emperor
Zhū Chángluò
朱常洛		 Zhēndì
貞帝		 Guāngzōng
光宗		 Tàichāng
泰昌		 1620 The Taichang Emperor
Zhū Yóujiào
朱由校		 Zhédì
悊帝		 Xīzōng
熹宗		 Tiānqǐ
天啟		 1620-1627 The Tianqi Emperor
Zhū Yóujiǎn
朱由檢		 Zhuānglièmǐn
莊烈愍		 Sīzōng
思宗		 Chóngzhēn
崇禎		 1627-1644 The Chongzhen Emperor
1 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.
2 The Yongle emperor usurped the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him.
3 After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the Mongols and was captured. His brother, the Jingtai emperor, assumed the throne and, a hostage no longer of any value, the Mongols released the Zhengtong emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However, the Zhengtong emperor was able to reclaim his position upon the death of his brother, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

Southern Ming Dynasty

Personal Name Temple name Reign name Reign years Name by which
most commonly known
Zhū Yóusōng
朱由崧		 Ānzōng
安宗		 Hóngguāng
弘光		 1644-1645 Prince of Fu
福王 Fú Wáng
Zhū Yùjiàn
朱聿鍵		 Shàozōng
紹宗		 Lóngwǔ
隆武		 1645-1646 Prince of Tang
唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Chángfāng
朱常淓		 None given None given,
but sometimes referred to as the
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Luh)
潞王臨國 Lù Wáng Lín Guó		 1645 Prince of Lu (Luh*)
潞王 Lù Wáng
Zhū Yǐhǎi
朱以海		 None given None given,
but sometimes referred to as the
Regency of the Prince of Lu (Lou)
魯王臨國 Lǔ Wáng Lín Guó		 1645-1653 Prince of Lu (Lou*)
魯王 Lǔ Wáng
Zhū Yùyuè
朱聿[金粵]		 None given Shàowǔ
紹武		 1646 Prince of Tang
唐王 Táng Wáng
Zhū Yóuláng
朱由榔		 None given Yǒnglì
永曆		 1646-1662 Prince of Gui
桂王 Guì Wáng
  • The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

Qing dynasty

To see the Qing dynasty emperors on a separate page, check here.

Given name1 Posthumous name2
(short form)		 Temple name2 Reign name
Chinese, Manchu		 Reign years Name by which
most commonly known
Nurhaci
努爾哈赤
pinyin: Nǔ'ěrhāchì		 Gāodì
高帝		 Tàizǔ
太祖		 Tiānmìng
天命
Abkai fulingga		 1616-16263 Nurhaci
Hong Taiji4
皇太極
pinyin: Huángtàijí		 Wéndì
文帝		 Tàizōng
太宗		 Tiāncōng
天聰
Abkai sure
1627-1636;
Chóngdé
崇德
Wesihun erdemungge
1636-1643		 1626-1643 Hong Taiji
Fúlín
福臨		 Zhāngdì
章帝		 Shìzǔ
世祖		 Shùnzhì
順治
Ijishūn dasan		 1643-16615 Shunzhi Emperor
Xuányè
玄燁		 Réndì
仁帝		 Shèngzǔ
聖祖		 Kāngxī
康熙
Elhe taifin		 1661-1722 Kangxi Emperor
Yìnzhēn
胤禛		 Xiàndì
憲帝		 Shìzōng
世宗		 Yōngzhèng
雍正
Hūwaliyasun tob		 1722-1735 Yongzheng Emperor
Hónglì
弘曆		 Chúndì
純帝		 Gāozōng
高宗		 Qiánlóng
乾隆
Abkai wehiyehe		 1735-1796
(died 1799)6		 Qianlong Emperor
Yóngyǎn
顒琰		 Ruìdì
睿帝		 Rénzōng
仁宗		 Jiāqìng
嘉慶
Saicungga fengšen		 1796-1820 Jiaqing Emperor
Mínníng
旻寧		 Chéngdì
成帝		 Xuānzōng
宣宗		 Dàoguāng
道光
Doro eldengge		 1820-1850 Daoguang Emperor
Yìzhǔ
奕詝		 Xiǎndì
顯帝		 Wénzōng
文宗		 Xiánfēng
咸豐
Gubci elgiyengge		 1850-1861 Xianfeng Emperor
Zǎichún
載淳		 Yìdì
毅帝		 Mùzōng
穆宗		 Tóngzhì
同治
Yooningga dasan		 1861-18757 Tongzhi Emperor
Zǎitián
載湉		 Jǐngdì
景帝		 Dézōng
德宗		 Guāngxù
光緒
Badarangga doro		 1875-19087 Guangxu Emperor
Pǔyí
溥儀
also known as Henry		 Xùndì 8
遜帝		 None given 9 Xuāntǒng
宣統
Gehungge yoso		 1908-192410
(died 1967)		 Puyi
1 The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.
2 As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.
3 Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.
4 Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).
5 The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.
6 The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.
7 The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.
8 Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Pu-yi.
9 In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Pu-yi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.
10 The Qing dynasty was overthrown in 1911, and the last emperor, Pu-yi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. However, that same day the Republic of China granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Pu-yi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Pu-yi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic of China. Pu-yi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Pu-yi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Pu-yi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932-1934), then the puppet emperor of the same under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934-1945).

Taiping Rebellion

Personal name Reign name
年號
(nian hao)		 Reign years Name by which
most commonly known
Hong Xiuquan
洪秀全		 Yuannian
元年		 August, 1851 - May, 1864 Hong Xiuquan
Hong Tianguifu
洪天貴福		 None given May, 1864 - August, 1864 Hong Tianguifu


Hongxian

Personal name Reign name
年號
(nian hao)		 Reign years Name by which
most commonly known
Yuan Shikai
袁世凱		 Hongxian
洪憲		 1916 Yuan Shikai
ja:中国帝王一覧

zh:中国君主列表

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