Emperor Wen of Han
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| Han Wendi (漢文帝) | |
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| Family name: | Liu (劉 liú) |
| Given name: | Heng (恆 héng) |
| Dates of reign: | 180 BC–157 BC |
| Era name: (dates) | Houyuan (後元 py. hòu yúan) 163 BC–156 BC |
| Posthumous name: <center>(full) | Xiaowen (孝文, xiào wén) "filial and civil" |
| Posthumous name: <center>(short) | Wen (文, wén) "civil" |
Emperor Wen of Han (202 BC–157 BC) was an emperor of the Han Dynasty in China. His given name is Heng.
Liu Heng was a son of Emperor Gao of Han and Consort Bo, later empress dowager. When Emperor Gao of Han suppressed the rebellion of Dai, he created Liu Heng Prince of Dai.
After eliminating the powerful Lü clan, Prince of Dai was deliberately chosen as the emperor, since his mother, Consort Bo, had no powerful relatives. His reign brought a much needed political stability that laid the groundwork for prosperity under Emperor Wu. According to historians, Emperor Wen trusted and consulted with Confucian-educated ministers on state affairs; under the influence of his Taoist wife, Empress Dou, the emperor also sought to avoid wasteful expenditures.
Legends noted that the tax rates were at a ratio of "1 out of 30" and "1 out of 60", corresponding to 3.33% and 1.67%, respectively. Warehouses were so full of grain, that some of it was left to decay.
In a move of lasting importance in 165 BC, Emperor Wen introduced recruitment to the civil service through examinations. Previously, potential officials never sat for any sort of academic examinations. Their names were sent by local officials to the central government based on reputations and abilities, which were sometimes judged subjectively.
| Father | Emperor Gao of Han China |
| Mother | Consort Bo |
| Wife | Empress Dou (d. 135 BC) |
| Children | 5 sons, including Emperor Jing of Han |
| Preceded by: Liu Hong | Emperor of the Han Dynasty 180 BC–157 BC | Succeeded by: Emperor Jing of Han zh:汉文帝 |