Shang Dynasty
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Shang Dynasty (Chinese: 商朝) or Yin Dynasty (殷代) (1600 BC - 1046 BC) followed the legendary Xia Dynasty and preceded the Zhou Dynasty (1122 BC - 256 BC) in China. Information about the Shang Dynasty comes from bronze artifacts and oracle bones, were turtle shells or cattle scapula on which were written the first recorded Chinese characters, found in the Huang He valley. These bones typically had three sections: a question for the oracle (charge), the oracle's answer (prognostication), and whether the oracle later proved to be correct (Verification). The bones are often from cattle, oxen or monkeys, but never from cats or dogs.
The Yin 殷 (latter half of Shang) left written historic records containing information on the politics, economy, culture, religion, geography, astronomy, calendar, art and medicine of the period, and as such provides critical insight toward the early stages of the Chinese civilization. The site of the Yin capital, later historically called the Ruins of Yin 殷墟, is near modern day Anyang 安陽. Archaeological work there uncovered 11 major Yin royal tombs and the foundations of palace and ritual sites, all of them containing weapons of war. Tens of thousands of bronze, jade, stone, bone and ceramic artifacts have been obtained; the workmanship on the bronzes attests to a high level of civilization. In terms of inscribed oracle bones alone, more than 20,000 were discovered. Many Chinese characters found in the inscriptions at the Ruins of Yin are still in use today.
The Shang dynasty is believed to have been founded by a rebel leader who overthrew the last (still legendary) Xia ruler. Its civilization was based on agriculture, augmented by hunting and animal husbandry. The Records of the Grand Historian states that the Shang Dynasty moved its capital six times. The final and most important move to Yin in 1350 BC led to the golden age of the dynasty. The term Yin Dynasty has been synonymous with the Shang dynasty in history, although lately it has been used specifically in reference to the latter half of the Shang.
A line of hereditary Shang kings ruled over much of northern China, and Shang troops fought frequent wars with neighboring settlements and nomadic herdsmen from the inner Asian steppes. The capitals, particularly in Yin, were centers of glittering court life. Court rituals to propitiate spirits and to honor sacred ancestors were highly developed. In addition to his secular position, the king was the head of the ancestor- and spirit-worship cult. Evidence from the royal tombs indicates that royal personages were buried with articles of value, presumably for use in the afterlife. Perhaps for the same reason, hundreds of commoners, who may have been slaves, were buried alive with the royal corpse.
Shang Zhou, the last Yin king, committed suicide after his army was defeated by the Zhou people. Legends say that his army betrayed him by joining the Zhou rebels in a decisive battle. A classical novel Fengshen Yanyi is about the war between that of Yin and Zhou, in which each was supported by one group of gods.
After the Yin's collapse, the surviving Yin ruling family collectively changed their surname from their royal 子 (pinyin: zi; Wade-Giles: tzu) to the name of their fallen dynasty, Yin 殷. The family remained aristocratic and often provided needed administrative services to the succeeding Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou King Cheng 周成王 through the Regent, his uncle the Duke of Zhou Dan 周公旦, enfeoffed the Shang King Zhou's brother the Viscount of Wei, WeiZi 微子 in the old Shang capital at Shang 商 with the territory becoming the state of Song 宋. The State of Song and the royal Shang descendants maintained rites to the dead Shang kings and lasted until 286BC. (Source: Records of the Grand Historian).
Both Korean and Chinese legends state that a disgruntled Yin prince named 箕子 Jizi (Kija), who refused to cede power to the Zhou, left China with his garrison and founded Gija Joseon near modern day Pyongyang to what would become one of the early Korean states (Go-, Gija-, and Wiman-Joseon). Though Jizi is mentioned only a few times in Shiji, it is thought that the story of his going to Joseon is but a myth.
Sovereigns of the Shang Dynasty
| Posthumous names | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Convention: posthumous name or King + posthumous name | Order | Reign | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Notes |
| 01 | 29 | 湯 | Tāng | overthrew tyrant 桀 of 夏 / a Sage king |
| 02 | 02 | 外丙 | Wài Bǐng | |
| 03 | 04 | 仲壬 | Zhòng Rén | |
| 04 | 33 | 太甲 | Tài Jiǎ | |
| 05 | 29 | 沃丁 | Wò Dǐng | |
| 06 | 25 | 太庚 | Tài Gēng | |
| 07 | 36 | 小甲 | Xiǎo Jiǎ | |
| 08 | 12 | 雍己 | Yōng Jǐ | |
| 09 | 75 | 太戊 | Tài Wù | |
| 10 | 11 | 仲丁 | Zhòng Dīng | |
| 11 | 15 | 外壬 | Wài Rén | |
| 12 | 09 | 河亶甲 | Hé Dǎn Jiǎ | |
| 13 | 19 | 祖乙 | Zǔ Yǐ | |
| 14 | 16 | 祖辛 | Zǔ Xīn | |
| 15 | 20 | 沃甲 | Wò Jiǎ | |
| 16 | 32 | 祖丁 | Zǔ Dīng | |
| 17 | 29 | 南庚 | Nán Gēng | |
| 18 | 07 | 陽甲 | Yáng Jiǎ | |
| 19 | 28 | 盤庚 | Pán Gēng | Shang finally settled down at Yin (殷 yin1). The period starting from Pan Geng is also called the Yin Dynasty, beginning the golden age of the Shang dynasty. Oracle bone inscriptions are thought to date at least to Pan Geng's era. |
| 20 | 21 | 小辛 | Xiǎo Xīn | |
| 21 | 21 | 小乙 | Xiǎo Yǐ | |
| 22 | 59 | 武丁 | Wǔ Dīng | |
| 23 | 07 | 祖庚 | Zǔ Gēng | |
| 24 | 33 | 祖甲 | Zǔ Jiǎ | |
| 25 | 06 | 廩辛 | Lǐn Xīn | |
| 26 | 06 | 庚丁 | Gēng Dīng | or Kang Ding (康丁 Kāng Dīng) |
| 27 | 04 | 武乙 | Wǔ Yǐ | |
| 28 | 03 | 太丁 | Tài Dīng | or Wen Ding (文丁 Wén Dīng) |
| 29 | 37 | 帝乙 | Dì Yǐ | |
| 30 | 33 | 帝辛 | Dì Xīn | or 紂 (Zhòu) or Zhou Xin (紂辛 Zhòu Xīn) or Zhou Wang (紂王Zhòu Wáng). King Zhou could also be referred to as adding Shang (商 Shāng) in front of any of his names. |
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