1583
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| Years: 1580 1581 1582 - 1583 - 1584 1585 1586 | |
| Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s | |
| Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century | |
Events
- August 5 - Sir Humphrey Gilbert establishes first English colony in North America, at what is now St John's, Newfoundland.
- Toyotomi Hideyoshi commences construction of Osaka Castle in Japan.
- King James VI of Scotland signs a charter creating the Tounis College - what is now the University of Edinburgh. For some unknown reason, the charter was dated a year earlier, as 1582.
- First documented battle of India's independence against an European colonial ruler was fought by the Desais of Cuncolim in Goa against the Portuguese.
Births
- January 8 - Simon Episcopius, Dutch theologian (died 1643)
- February 23 - Jean-Baptiste Morin, French astrologer (died 1656)
- March 3 - Edward Herbert, 1st Baron Herbert of Cherbury, English soldier (died 1648)
- April 10 - Hugo Grotius, Dutch jurist (died 1645)
- June 16 - Axel Oxenstierna, Lord High Chancellor of Sweden (died 1654)
- Johann Heinrich Alting, German divine (died 1644)
- John Beaumont, English poet (died 1627)
- Bonaventura Elzevir, Dutch printer (died 1652)
- September - Girolamo Frescobaldi, Italian composer (died 1643)
- Jacob De la Gardie, Swedish statesman and soldier (died 1652)
- Orlando Gibbons, English composer and organist (died 1625)
- Alexander Henderson, Scottish theologian (died 1646)
- Dodo Knyphausen, German soldier (died 1636)
- Stanislaw Lubomirski, Polish nobleman (died 1649)
- Philip Massinger, English dramatist (died 1640)
- Nzinga, warrior queen of Ndongo and Matamba (died 1663)
- George Goring, 1st Earl of Norwich, English soldier (died 1663)
- John Pym, English politician (died 1643)
- Aurelian Townsend, English poet (died 1643)
- Albrecht von Wallenstein, Czech soldier and politician (died 1025)
Deaths
- January 12 - Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, Spanish general and governor of the Spanish Netherlands (born 1508)
- February 18 - Antonio Francesco Grazzini, Italian author (born 1503)
- June 6 - Nakagawa Kiyohide, Japanese military commander (born 1556)
- June 6 - Shibata Katsutoyo, Japanese military commander (born 1556)
- June 9 - Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland (born 1525)
- July 1 - Sakuma Morimasa, Japanese samurai and warlord (beheaded)
- July 6 - Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury (born 1519)
- November 11 - Gerald Fitzgerald, 15th Earl of Desmond, Irish nobleman and leader of the Desmond Rebellions of 1579
- December 31 - Thomas Erastus, Swiss theologian (born 1524)
- Fadrique Alvarez de Toledo, Duke of Alva, commander in the Spanish army during the Eighty Years' War (born 1537)
- Catherine Jagellonica of Poland, queen of John II of Sweden (born 1526)
- Lucas David, Prussian historian (born 1503)
- Ivan Fedorov, Russian printer
- Humphrey Gilbert, English explorer
- Shibata Katsuie, Japanese military commander
- Oda Nobutaka, Japanese samurai of the Oda clan
- Oichi, Japanese noblewoman
- Zacharius Ursinus, German theologian (born 1534)af:1583
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