1581
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| Years: 1578 1579 1580 - 1581 - 1582 1583 1584 | |
| Decades: 1550s 1560s 1570s - 1580s - 1590s 1600s 1610s | |
| Centuries: 15th century - 16th century - 17th century | |
Events
- January 16 - English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism
- April 4 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
- July 26 - The Northern Netherlands proclaim their independence from Spain in the Oath of Abjuration. They abjure loyalty to Philip II of Spain as their sovereign and become a Republic.
- Robert Browne and his Brownist companions were obliged to leave England and went to Middelburg, in the Netherlands. See Congregational church
- Russia begins the conquest of Siberia
- Finland becomes a grand duchy.
Births
- January 4 - James Ussher, Anglo-Irish priest and scholar (died 1656)
- March 16 - Pieter Corneliszoon Hooft, Dutch historian (died 1647)
- October 9 - Claude Gaspard Bachet de Méziriac, French mathematician (died 1638)
- October 21 - Domenico Zampieri, Italian painter (died 1641)
- Juan Ruiz de Alarcón, Mexican dramatist (died 1639)
- Gasparo Aselli, Italian physician (died 1626)
- Sisto Badalocchio, Italian painter and engraver (died 1647)
- Jeremias Drexel, Jesuit writer of devotional literature
- Edmund Gunter, English mathematician (died 1621)
- Jean du Vergier de Hauranne, French monk who introduced Jansenism into France (died 1643)
- Charles Malapert, Belgian Jesuit writer (died 1630)
- Lukasz Opalinski, Polish nobleman (died 1654)
- Thomas Overbury, English poet and essayist (died 1613)
- Johannes Rudbeckius, bishop at Västerås (died 1646)
- Choghtu Khong Tayiji, ruler of the Khalkha Mongols (died 1637)
Deaths
- June 2 - James Douglas, 4th Earl of Morton (born 1525)
- July 11 - Peder Skram, Danish senator and naval officer (born 1500)
- August 21 - Sakuma Nobumori, Japanese retainer and samurai (born 1527)
- September 1 - Guru Ram Das, fourth Sikh Guru (born 1534)
- September 30 - Hubert Languet, French diplomat and reformer (born 1518)
- November 7 - Richard Davies, Welsh bishop and scholar (born 1505)
- December 1 - Edmund Campion, English Jesuit and Roman Catholic martyr (born 1540)
- December 1 - Ralph Sherwin, English Roman Catholic martyr and saint (born 1550)
- Christopher Bathory, prince of Transylvania (born 1530)
- Bernal Díaz del Castillo, Spanish conquistador
- Richard Cox, dean of Westminster and bishop of Ely (born 1500)
- Jan Kostka, Polish noble
- Motonobu Okabe, Japanese warrior
- Guillaume Postel, French linguist (born 1510)
- Nicholas Sander, English Catholic propagandist (born 1530)af:1581
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