Puerto Rico
|
|
The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (Spanish: Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico) is a self-governing unincorporated organized territory of the United States located east of the Dominican Republic in the northeastern Caribbean. Puerto Rico, the smallest of the Greater Antilles, includes the main island of Puerto Rico and a number of smaller islands and keys, including Mona, Vieques, and Culebra. Of the latter three, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona is uninhabitated through large parts of the year except for employees of the Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources. People can visit the island for hiking and camping by getting the required permits.
Although the area is still, politically speaking, part of the United States, many Puerto Ricans (including many among those who want Puerto Rico to be a part of the United States) and people from other nations refer to the area as a pais, a Spanish word for country. This is highlighted by the fact, for example, that Puerto Rico is an independent nation in the sports world, even having their own Olympic teams.
| Missing image Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.png Flag of Puerto Rico |
 |
| Flag of Puerto Rico | Coat of Arms |
Motto: Joannes Est Nomen Eius (Latin: John is his name) |
Official languages | Spanish, English |
| Capital | San Juan |
| Governor | Aníbal Acevedo Vilá (PPD) |
| Area - Total |
(Not ranked) 1.6% |
| Population - Total (2002) |
(Not ranked) 3,957,988 |
| Independence | None |
| Currency | U.S. Dollar (USD) |
| Time zone | UTC -4/ (No DST) |
| Anthem | La Borinqueña |
| Internet TLD | .pr |
| Calling code | +1 787 and +1 939 |
| Contents |
History
Main article: History of Puerto Rico
When Europeans first arrived, the island of Puerto Rico was inhabited by a group of Arawak Indians known as Taínos. The Taínos called the island "Borikén". The first European contact was made by Christopher Columbus during his second voyage to the Antilles, on November 19, 1493. Originally named San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, the island ultimately took the name of Puerto Rico (Rich Port); while the name San Juan is now delegated to its capital and largest city. Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León became the island's first governor to take office, while Vicente Yáñez Pinzón was the first appointed governor, though he never arrived on the island.
The island was soon colonized and became briefly an important stronghold and port for the Spanish empire in the Caribbean. However, colonial emphasis during the late 17th-18th centuries, focused on the more prosperous mainland territories, leaving the island impoverished of settlers. Concerned about threats from its European enemies, over the centuries various forts and walls were built to protect the port of San Juan. Fortresses such as La Fortaleza, El Castillo San Felipe del Morro and Fort San Cristóbal were built. The French, Dutch and English made attempts to capture Puerto Rico, but failed to wrest long-term occupancy of the island.
In 1809, while Napoleon occupied the majority of the Spanish peninsula, a populist assembly based in Cadiz recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain with the right to send representatives to the Spanish Court. The representative Ramon Power y Giralt died soon after arriving in Spain; and constitutional reforms were reversed when autocratic monarchy was restored. Nineteenth century reforms augmented the population and economy, and expanded the local character of the island. After the rapid gains of independence by the South and Central American states in the first part of the century, Puerto Rico and Cuba became the sole New World remnants of the large Spanish empire.
Toward the end of the 19th century, poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as "El Grito de Lares". The Puerto Rican goal was to achieve personal freedom, the abolition of slavery, and full self-government. The uprising was easily and quickly crushed. Leaders of this independence movement included Ramón Emeterio Betances, considered the "father" of the Puerto Rican nation, and other political figures such as Segundo Ruiz Belvis. Later another political stronghold was the autonomist movement originated by Roman Baldorioty de Castro, and towards the end of the century, by Luis Muñoz Rivera. In 1897, Muñoz Rivera and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to a Charters of Autonomy for Cuba and Puerto Rico. The following year Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived autonomous government was organized. The charter maintained a governor appointed by Spain, who held the power to anull any legislative decision he disagreed with, and a partially elected parliamentary structure.
On July 25, 1898 at the outbreak of the Spanish-American War, Puerto Rico, being a colony of Spain was invaded by the United States of America with a landing at Guánica. Spain was forced to cede Puerto Rico to the United States under the Treaty of Paris (1898). The twentieth century began under the military regime of the United States with officials, including the governor, appointed by the President of the United States. In 1917, the Jones-Shafroth Act approved by the United States Congress granted Puerto Ricans U.S. citizenship. Natural disasters and the Great Depression impoverished the island. Some political leaders demanded change, some like Pedro Albizu Campos would lead a nationalist (The Puerto Rican Nationalist Party) movement in favor of independence. Others, including Muñoz Rivera and Jose Celso Barbosa favored a closer integration into the U.S. and full-fledged statehood.
Change in the nature of governance of the island came about during the latter years of the Roosevelt-Truman administrations, as a form of compromise spearheaded by Luis Muñoz Marín and others, and which culminated with the appointment by President Harry S. Truman in 1946 of the first Puerto Rican-born governor, Jesús T. Piñero. In 1948, the United States granted the right to democratically elect the governor of Puerto Rico. Luis Muñoz Marín would become the first elected governor of Puerto Rico.
Puerto Rico adopted its own constitution in 1952 which adopted a commonwealth relationship with the United States. During the 1950s Puerto Rico experienced a rapid industrialization, with such projects as Operation Bootstrap which aimed to industrialize Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based into manufacturing-based.
Present-day Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination and a leading pharmaceutical and manufacturing center. Still, Puerto Rico continues to struggle to define its political status. A number of plebiscites have been held over the last decades to decide whether Puerto Rico should request independence, enhanced commonwealth status, or statehood. Narrow victories by commonwealth supporters over statehood advocates have not yielded substantial changes in the relationship between the island and United States. However, commonwealth, which once had the support of well over 75% of the population, now has less than 50% support. This decrease has been met with an expanded support for statehood for the island, with both groups holding an equal share of support. The independence ideal is supported by less than 3% of the population.
Geography
Main article: Geography of Puerto Rico
The archipelago of Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including Vieques, Culebra, Mona, Desecheo and Caja de Muertos. The mainland measures some 170 km by 60 km (105 miles by 35 miles). It has a population of approximately 4 million. The capital city, San Juan, is located on the main island's north coast and has a population of approximately 430,000.
Geology
Puerto Rico is composed of Cretaceous to Eocene volcanic and plutonic rocks, which are overlain by younger Oligocene to recent carbonates and other sedimentary rocks. Most of the caverns and karst topography on the island occurs in the northern Oligocene to recent carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately 190 million years old (Jurassic) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. These rocks may represent part of the oceanic crust and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm. Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North America plates. This means that it is currently being deformed by the tectonic stresses caused by the interaction of these plates. These stresses may cause earthquakes and tsunamis. These seismic events, along with landslides, represent some of the most dangerous geologic hazards in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean.
Politics
Main article: Politics of Puerto Rico
The island government is based on the U.S. Republic system composed of 3 branches: the Executive branch headed by the Governor, the Legislative branch consisting of a bicameral Legislative Assembly (a Senate and a House of Representatives) and the Judicial branch. The legal system is based on a mix of the Civil Law and the Common Law Systems. The governor as well as legislators are elected by popular vote every four years. Members of the Judicial branch are appointed by the governor and approved by the senate. The island is divided into 78 municipalities, which elect a mayor and municipal assembly.
The current Constitution of Puerto Rico was approved through refendum in 1952, and ratified by the US Congress, which maintains ultimate sovereignty over Puerto Rico. Under the 1952 constitution, Puerto Rico is a territorial commonwealth of the United States and is permitted a high degree of autonomy. Still, Puerto Rico does not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress; neither does it have any delegates to the U.S. Electoral College, and therefore Puerto Rican citizens have no representation in the U.S. Presidential elections. A non-voting Resident Commissioner is elected by the residents of Puerto Rico to the U.S. Congress. Residents of the island do not pay federal income tax on income from island sources, however, island residents do pay social security taxes and other federal taxes. The island was also exempt from the national 55 mph speed limit that was mandated on the rest of the U.S. from 1974 to 1995.
Puerto Rico's three major political parties are most distinguished by their position on the political status of Puerto Rico. The Popular Democratic Party (PPD) seeks to maintain or improve the current Commonwealth status, the New Progressive Party (PNP) seeks to fully incorporate Puerto Rico as a U.S. state, and the Puerto Rican Independence Party (PIP) seeks national independence.
Three Puerto Rico status referenda have been held since the ratification of the 1952 constitution. Support for the commonwealth has eroded from over 60% in 1967 to less than 48%, while support for statehood has grown to about 48% as well. Supporters for independence constitute less than 3% of the vote in referenda.
Puerto Ricans living on the island are not counted among the Hispanics residing in the U.S.; in fact, they are not included in the U.S. population count at all, although all Puerto Ricans are US Citizens. Puerto Rico also is not included in the Current Population Surveys that the Census Bureau conducts to update its decennial census.
Economy
Main article: Economy of Puerto Rico
The economic conditions in Puerto Rico have improved dramatically since the Great Depression due to external investment in capital-intensive industry such as petrochemicals pharmaceuticals and technology. Once the beneficiary of special tax treatment from the US government, today local industries must compete with those in more economically depressed parts of the world where wages are not subject to US minimum wage legislation. In recent years, some U.S. and foreign owned factories have moved to lower wage countries in Latin America and Asia. Puerto Rico is subject to U.S. trade laws and restrictions.
Puerto Ricans had a per capita GDP estimate of US17,700. for 2004 [1] (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/rq.html), which demonstrates a growth over the US14,412. level measured in the 2002 Current Population Survey by the Puerto Rican Legel Defense and Education Fund [2] (http://www.prldef.org/). In that survey, Puerto Ricans bare a 48.2% poverty rate. By comparison, the poorest State of the Union, West Virginia, had a median level of US31,397, according to the U.S. Census Bureau’s Current Population Survey, 2002 to 2004 Annual Social and Economic Supplements.
Demographics
Main article: Demographics of Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico is said to comprise a White majority, an extinct Amerindian population, persons of mixed ancestry, Africans and a small Asian minority. Recent genetic research, however, contradicts that information.
Recent genetic research revealed a surprising picture about Puerto Rican heritage. It indicates that in relation to matrilineal ancestry as revealed by mtDNA, 61% of all Puerto Ricans possessed at least one female Amerindian ancestor, 27% showed to have at least one female African ancestor and 12% showed to have at least one female European ancestor. Conversely, patrilineal input as indicated by the Y chromosome, showed that 75% of all Puerto Ricans possessed at least one male European ancestor, 20% showed as having had at least one male African ancestor and less than 5% showed to have had a male Amerindian ancestor. Other smaller studies from the island have been done to further back up this evidence. [3] (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11459420)
A noticeable Asian minority also settled in Puerto Rico. Most of the Asians in Puerto Rico are Chinese Puerto Rican descendants of immigrant railroad workers. Other small groups of Chinese have also settled at various stages in history, including victims of World War II, those fleeing China under Mao Zedong, political immigrants after the handover of Hong Kong and Macau back to China, and some Chinese who had earlier settled in other parts of Latin America. Other Asians in Puerto Rico include Japanese and Koreans.
Emigration has been a major part of Puerto Rico's recent history as well. Starting in the 1950's, due to poverty and lack of opportunity, waves of Puerto Ricans moved to the United States, particularly New York City. This continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and the birth rate declined. Today, about half of ethnic Puerto Ricans live in the United States, and the other half in Puerto Rico itself. Emigration continues at the present time, and this, combined with Puerto Rico's greatly lowered birth rate, suggests that the island's population will age rapidly and start to decline sometime within the next couple of decades.
According to the 2000 US Census, 95% of the population consider themselves of Puerto Rican descent (regardless of race or skin color), making Puerto Rico one of the most culturally unified societies in the world. Since its colonization, Puerto Rico has become the permanent home of over 100,000 legal residents who immigrated from not only Spain, but from Latin America as well. Cubans, Dominicans, Colombians, Panamanians, Curacaoans, and Santomeños can also be accounted for as settlers. The variety of surnames which exist in Puerto Rico suggests widespread immigration to the island from many regions.
The official languages of the island are Spanish and English. Spanish has been spoken as their first language, but English is also used in higher education, business, and government.
The Roman Catholic religion is dominant and the religion followed by most Puerto Ricans, although the presence of Protestant, Mormon, and Jehovah's Witnesses sects have increased while under American sovereignty. Taíno religious practices have to a degree been rediscovered/reinvented by a few handfuls of advocates. Kongo belief, known as Mayombe or Palo, has been around since the days of the arrival of enslaved Africans. Although, Santeria (stronger and more organized in Cuba) is practiced by some, Mayombe, a fusion of African-Catholic beliefs, find some adherence among mainly individuals in the Northeast coast of the island.
Puerto Rico currently has its own Olympic team, as well as international representation in many other sporting events including the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympics, the Pan-American Games, the Central American Games, and the Caribbean World Series. Further, it has its own representatives in beauty peagents including Miss World and Miss Universe. Boxing, basketball, and baseball are popular.
Culture
Main article: Culture of Puerto Rico
- Taínos
- List of Taínos
- Art in Puerto Rico
- Literature of Puerto Rico
- List of universities and colleges in Puerto Rico
- List of movies set in Puerto Rico
- List of Puerto Rican phrases, words and slangs
- Music of Puerto Rico
- Cuisine of Puerto Rico
- Puerto Rican Pop Culture
- Sports in Puerto Rico
- Holidays in Puerto Rico
- Black history in Puerto Rico
- Irish immigration to Puerto Rico
- Chinese Puerto Rican
Municipalities
Main article: List of municipalities in Puerto Rico As a commonwealth associated with the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. Government, but there are 78 municipalities (as well as Isla Mona, a non-municipality that belongs to Puerto Rico) at the second order. Each municipality has a mayor and a municipal legislature elected for a 4 year term.
See also
National-atlas-puerto-rico-virgin-islands.png
- List of famous Puerto Ricans
- List of Taínos
- The 65th Infantry
- Puerto Ricans in NASA
- List of Puerto Rico-related topics
- Sports in Puerto Rico
- Black history in Puerto Rico
- Puerto Rico Media
- Communications in Puerto Rico
- Military history of Puerto Rico
- Transportation in Puerto Rico
- List of not fully sovereign nations
- Puerto Rican accents
- Puerto Rico statehood movement
- Puerto Rican Independence Movement
- Puerto Rico Trench
- Puerto Rico (game)
External links
Official sites
- Commonwealth of Puerto Rico (http://www.gobierno.pr/)
- Governor (http://www.fortaleza.gobierno.pr/)
- Resident Commissioner (US House) (http://www.house.gov/fortuno/)
- Puerto Rico House of Representatives (http://www.camaradepuertorico.org/)
- Puerto Rico Senate (http://www.senadopr.us/)
- Commonwealth Elections Commission (CEEPUR) (http://www.ceepur.org/)
- Census 2000: Puerto Rico (http://www.ceepur.net/censo2000/)
- Puerto Rico Tourism Company (http://www.gotopuertorico.com)
- Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (http://www.icp.gobierno.pr)
- Elections in Puerto Rico (http://ElectionsPuertoRico.org/)
- Museum of History, Anthropology and Art (http://rrpac.upr.clu.edu/~humanity/museo/)
Others
- Maps and stats on PopulationData.net (http://www.populationdata.net/porto_rico.html)
- Map of regions (http://www.world-gazetteer.com/s/s_pr.htm)
- United Nations country profile (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/cdbdemo/cdb_da_itypes_cr.asp?country_code=630)
- Puerto Rican Royal Spanish Language Academy (Real Academia Española) (http://www.acaple.org/comisiones.htm)
- Caribbean Community (CARICOM) (http://www.caricom.org)
- Amnesty International PR report (http://web.amnesty.org/library/eng-pri/index)
- GDP(per capita) Ranking (PUR #64) (http://www.nationmaster.com/graph-T/eco_gdp_cap&int=-1)
- Miss Puerto Rico Universe (http://www.jimmyspageantpage.com/puertorico.html)
- Photos of Puerto Rico - Terra Galleria (http://www.terragalleria.com/america/puerto-rico)
- Travel-Images.com - Puerto Rico (http://www.travel-images.com/puerto-rico.html) - Photos of Puerto Rico
- Wikeo (http://www.wikeo.com) - A wiki web about news in Puerto Rico
- Google maps (http://www.google.com/maps?ll=18.250000,-66.436813&spn=1.304626,2.026978&t=k&hl=en)
- El Nuevo Dia (http://www.endi.com) - Puerto Rico's largest daily newspaper
- Institute of Puerto Rican Culture (http://www.icp.gobierno.pr/index.htm)
- Olympic Committee of Puerto Rico (http://www.olimpur.com)
- University of Puerto Rico (http://www.upr.clu.edu)
References
- Central Intelligence Agency (USA). The World Factbook (http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook) (2003). United States of America.
- United Nations. General Assembly Resolutions 8th Session (http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm) (1953). United States of America.
Notes
[1] See http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/8/ares8.htm
| Municipalities of Puerto Rico | Missing image Flag_of_Puerto_Rico.png Flag of Puerto Rico |
|---|---|
| Adjuntas | Aguada | Aguadilla | Aguas Buenas | Aibonito | Añasco | Arecibo | Arroyo | Barceloneta | Barranquitas | Bayamón | Cabo Rojo | Caguas | Camuy | Canóvanas | Carolina | Cataño | Cayey | Ceiba | Ciales | Cidra | Coamo | Comerío | Corozal | Culebra | Dorado | Fajardo | Florida | Guánica | Guayama | Guayanilla | Guaynabo | Gurabo | Hatillo | Hormigueros | Humacao | Isabela | Jayuya | Juana Díaz | Juncos | Lajas | Lares | Las Marías | Las Piedras | Loíza | Luquillo | Manatí | Maricao | Maunabo | Mayagüez | Moca | Morovis | Nagüabo | Naranjito | Orocovis | Patillas | Peñuelas | Ponce | Quebradillas | Rincón | Río Grande | Sabana Grande | Salinas | San Germán | San Juan | San Lorenzo | San Sebastián | Santa Isabel | Toa Alta | Toa Baja | Trujillo Alto | Utuado | Vega Alta | Vega Baja | Vieques | Villalba | Yabucoa | Yauco |
| Countries in West Indies |
|---|
|
Antigua and Barbuda | Bahamas | Barbados | Cuba | Dominica | Dominican Republic | Grenada | Haiti | Jamaica | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Trinidad and Tobago |
|
Dependencies: Anguilla | Aruba | British Virgin Islands | Cayman Islands | Guadeloupe | Martinique | Montserrat | Navassa Island | Netherlands Antilles | Puerto Rico | Turks and Caicos Islands | U.S. Virgin Islands |
| | Missing image Caricom-Flag.png Flag of the Caribbean Community |
|---|---|
| Antigua and Barbuda | Bahamas¹ | Barbados | Belize | Dominica | Grenada | Guyana | Haiti | Jamaica | Montserrat | Saint Kitts and Nevis | Saint Lucia | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | Suriname | Trinidad and Tobago | |
| Associate members: Anguilla | Bermuda | Cayman Islands | British Virgin Islands | Turks and Caicos Islands | |
| Observer status: Aruba | Colombia | Dominican Republic | Mexico | Netherlands Antilles | Puerto Rico | Venezuela | |
| ¹ member of the community but not the Caribbean (CARICOM) Single Market and Economy. | edit (https://academickids.com:443/encyclopedia/index.php?title=Template:Caricom&action=edit)
|
| Political divisions of the United States | 
| ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
cs:Portoriko da:Puerto Rico de:Puerto Rico et:Puerto Rico es:Puerto Rico eo:Puerto-Riko fr:Porto Rico ga:Pórtó Rícó gl:Porto Rico - Puerto Rico ko:푸에르토리코 id:Puerto Riko it:Portorico lt:Puerto Rikas nl:Puerto Rico ja:プエルトリコ nb:Puerto Rico pl:Portoryko pt:Porto Rico ru:Пуэрто-Рико sk:Portoriko sl:Portoriko fi:Puerto Rico sv:Puerto Rico tr:Puerto Riko zh:波多黎各