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21. Marie Antoinette (40871 bytes)
    1: ...thumbnail|Marie-Antoinette, painted by Wagenschon shortly after her marriage in [[1770]]]]
    2: ...[[Louis XVI]] and mother of [[Louis XVII]]. She was guillotined at the height of the [[French Revolut...
    4: ...aby as "a small, but completely healthy Archduchess."
    6: ...eady had important official roles within the [[Hapsburg]] Empire.
    7: ...sidered one of the most brilliant political figures in Europe.]]
22. Madeleine Albright (7085 bytes)
    1: ..."1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style = "margin-left: 0.5em"
    4: ...und:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | [[Image:secalbright.jpg|Madeleine Albright]]
    7: | 64th Secretary of State
    12: | '''Predecessor:'''
    13: | [[Warren Christopher]]
23. Benazir Bhutto (7735 bytes)
    1: ...to; a formal portrait from when she was Prime Minister]]
    3: ...sband, [[Asif Ali Zardari]], has been implicated as well, and remained in jail until [[November]] [[2...
    5: ==Early Years==
    6: ...luded active participation in various social causes.
    8: ...le of a period when her father's administration was being challenged both at home and abroad.
24. Kim Campbell (10679 bytes)
    1: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right"
    2: |+ <font size="+1">'''The Rt. Hon. Kim Campbell'''</font>
    4: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" | [[Image:Kim_Campbell.jpg]]
    12: | '''Predecessor:'''
    15: | '''Successor:'''
25. Hattie Caraway (2502 bytes)
    1: ...o serve as a [[United States Senate|United States Senator]].
    3: ...pg|left|Hattie Caraway, first woman elected to US Senate]]
    5: ...nessee]] in [[Humphreys County, Tennessee|Humphreys County]].
    7: ...ildren and home and her husband practiced law and started a political career.
    9: ... elected to the [[United States Senate]] where he served until he died in office in [[1931]].
26. Sarah Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough (2468 bytes)
    1: <div style="float:right">[[image:Sarah_Churchill.jpg]]</div>
    2: ...e|William of Orange]] to the British throne and was rewarded with an earldom.
    4: ...n in conflict with the architect, [[John Vanbrugh|Sir John Vanbrugh]].
    6: ...the prince and his family, however, even after this plan had failed.
    7: {{start box}}
27. Helen Clark (4005 bytes)
    1: ... border=1 cellpadding=2 cellspacing=0 align=right style="margin-left:1em"
    2: |+ <font size=+1>'''Helen Clark'''</font>
    4: |colspan=2 bgcolor=#EFEFEF align=center|[[Image:hclark....
    6: ...=2 bgcolor=#DDDDDD align=center|'''Personal Details'''
    12: ...[1981]], to [[Peter Davis (New Zealand)|Peter Davis]]
28. Indira Gandhi (15405 bytes)
    1: ...ellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="border: 1px solid; margin-left: 1em"
    3: ! bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="2" | [[Image:indirag.jpg|Indira Gandhi]]
    8: ! Date of Demise:
    12: | [[Allahabad]], [[Uttar Pradesh|UP]]
    14: ! bgcolor="#efefef" colspan="2" | [[Prime Minister of India]]
29. Alexandra Kollontai (3203 bytes)
    1: ...pe death during the [[Great Purge]]s of the [[1930s]].
    5: ...ects of Bolshevism and opted to join the Mensheviks.
    7: ...inism]]. The Zhenodtel was eventually closed by [[Stalin]] in [[1930]].
    11: ...ch Kollontai was more or less totally politically sidelined.
    13: ... Soviet delegation to the [[League of Nations]]. She died in [[1952]].
30. Golda Meir (10143 bytes)
    1: ...ht|Golda Meir was the fourth [[Prime Minister of Israel]]]]
    2: ...to Israel after graduate school and was never a U.S. citizen).
    4: ==Born in the Russian empire==
    6: ... [[1906]]. They settled in [[Milwaukee]], [[Wisconsin]].
    8: ==Emigration to the United States, 1906==
31. Janet Reno (5747 bytes)
    1: {| id="toc" style="margin:0 0 0.5em 1em; float:right;"
    2: |+ style="font-size:larger; margin-left:1em"|'''Janet Reno'''
    4: |style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| [[Image:janetreno.jpg|180px|Janet Reno]]
    9: |style="padding-right:1em;"|'''Term of Office'''
    12: |'''Predecessor'''
32. Mary Robinson (21825 bytes)
    1: ...also the name of an English poet, see [[Mary Robinson (poet)]]''
    3: ... office to take up her post in the [[United Nations]].
    5: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><td>
    6: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
    7: ...caption><font size="+1">'''MARY ROBINSON<br><i>President of Ireland</i>'''</font></caption>
33. Eleanor Roosevelt (11183 bytes)
    1: ...White House portrait|thumb|right|175px|Eleanor Roosevelt]]
    3: ... an active supporter of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]].
    5: ... of her extensive travels to promote [[human rights]].
    9: ...outside marriage by FDR (See [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|FDR]] for more information.)
    11: ...s branch and Franklin is descended from the Jacobus branch.
34. Margaret Thatcher (46377 bytes)
    1: ...n: 0em 1em 0em 1em; clear: right" class="toccolours"
    2: |+ style="font-size:larger" | '''The Rt Hon. Margaret Thatcher'''
    3: |style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"|[[Image:thatcher.jpg]]
    7: &ndash; [[28 November]] [[1990]]
    9: |'''PM Predecessor:'''
35. The Valiant Five (3833 bytes)
    1: ...?" The case came to be known as the '''Persons Case'''.
    5: ...phy]] (the [[British Empire|British Empire's]] first woman judge);
    6: ...'s leader, activist and first woman [[Cabinet minister]] in Alberta);
    7: ...mous [[suffragist]] and member of the Alberta legislature);
    8: ...f two women first elected to the [[House of Commons of Canada]], and
36. Rani Lakshmi Bai (4917 bytes)
    1: ... and a symbol of resistance to [[British raj|British rule]] in India.
    5: ... horse riding, fencing and shooting, when she was still a child.
    7: ... November]] [[1853]], when Lakshmi Bai was 18 years old.
    10: ...ex the state of Jhansi under the [[Doctrine of Lapse]].
    12: ...i Jhansi nahi doongi'' (I will not give up my Jhansi).
37. Susan B. Anthony (3977 bytes)
    1: ...oject Gutenberg eText 15220.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Susan Brownell Anthony, aged 28]]
    2: ...oject Gutenberg eText 15220.jpg|thumbnail|200px|Susan Brownell Anthony]]
    3: ...rant women the right to vote in the [[United States]].
    5: ...w York|Rochester, New York]]. While in Rochester, she attended the [[Unitarian Church]].
    7: ...for New York state of the [[American Anti-Slavery Society]].
38. Annie Besant (4275 bytes)
    1: ...sant''' activist, socialist and latterly theosophist]]
    2: ...eosophy|Theosophist]], [[women's rights]] [[activist]], [[writer]] and [[orator]].
    4: ...Fabian socialism]] and [[workers' rights]]. She was a prolific writer and a powerful orator.
    5: ...lavatsky]] in [[1889]] and writing a review on this book.
    7: ...l Society, but also to India's freedom and progress.
39. Millicent Fawcett (1226 bytes)
    3: ... usually militantly violent) and an early [[feminist]].
    5: ...'s Suffrage Societies (the [[NUWSS]]), a position she held from [[1897]] until [[1919]].
    7: ...y is still preserved in the name of the [[Fawcett Society]].
    9: ...e [[Cambridge University]] mathematics examinations.
40. Lucretia Mott (3249 bytes)
    3: ... [[women's rights]] proponent, and an [[abolitionist]].
    5: ...very early 1800s. Lucretia Mott was one of the first Quaker women to do advocacy work for [[abolition...
    7: ... "conscientious objector" status to [[war resistors]].
    9: ...830s]] she helped establish two anti-slavery groups.
    11: ...icult to obtain divorce, and fathers were given custody of children.
41. Madalyn Murray O'Hair (6271 bytes)
    1: ...and campaigned for the [[separation of church and state]].
    4: ... 16 November]] [[1954]] she gave birth to another son (Jon Garth Murray) by a different father.
    6: ==An American atheist==
    7: ... magazine]] referred to Madalyn Murray as ''the most hated woman in America''.
    9: ...[[CEO]] before later handing the office on to her son Jon Garth.
42. Christabel Pankhurst (1631 bytes)
    1: ...st.jpg|thumbnail|250px|right|'''Christabel Pankhurst''']]
    3: ..., [[1958]]) was a [[suffragette]] born in [[Manchester]], [[England]].
    5: ...elf imprisoned on many occasions for her principles.
    7: ...States]] where she eventually became an [[evangelist]].
    9: She was made a Dame Commander of the British Empire in 1936.
43. Emmeline Pankhurst (1950 bytes)
    1: ...mage:Emmeline_Pankhurst.jpg|frame|Emmeline Pankhurst]]
    3: ...er, which is associated with the struggle for votes for women in the period immediately preceding [[W...
    5: ...tial contribution to the campaign in different ways.
    7: ... died ten years after seeing her most ardently pursued goal come to fruition: the right to vote for w...
44. Sylvia Pankhurst (3170 bytes)
    1: ...[Image:MID_0330001169_5mb.jpg|thumb|Sylvia Pankhurst]]
    3: ...ptember 27]], [[1960]]) was a campaigner in the [[suffragette]] movement.
    5: ...ankhurst|Christabel]], would also become an activist.
    7: ...e. But in contrast to them she retained her interest in the labour movement.
    9: ...ught]]'', which subsequently became the ''[[Workers Dreadnought]]''.
45. Rosa Parks (8331 bytes)
    1: ...sa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat to make room for white people.]]
    2: ...us]] seat to a white man who was getting on the bus.
    3: ==Civil rights and political activity==
    4: ...; most of her adult life she worked as a seamstress.
    6: ...k School]], an education center for workers' rights and [[racial equality]].
46. Margaret Sanger (12025 bytes)
    1: ...e:MargaretSanger-Underwood.LOC.jpg|thumb|Margaret Sanger.]]
    2: ...trol. She was also a fervent believer in [[eugenics]].
    5: ...ng year, followed in subsequent years by a second son and a daughter who died in childhood.
    7: ...semination of contraceptive information and devices.
    9: ...th for the [[United States Socialist Party|Socialist Party]] paper, ''The Call''.
47. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (4406 bytes)
    1: ...hCadyStanton.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her daughter Harriot.]]
    2: ... [[women's rights]] movement in the [[United States]].
    4: ...was voted upon and carried, demanding voting rights for women.
    6: ...olumes by various writers in 1922. Stanton was also active internationally, and in 1888 helped prepa...
    8: ...eft|thumb|Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her later years.]]
48. Gloria Steinem (3728 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Steinem.jpg|right|thumb|195px| Gloria Steinem.]]
    2: ...She is the founder and original publisher of ''[[Ms. magazine]]''.
    5: ...do, Gloria cared for her ill mother and helped to support them both.
    8: ...1956]] and left to study in [[India]] for two years.
    9: ...ion of her infamous undercover expose in working as a [[Playboy bunny]].
49. Sojourner Truth (2794 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Sojourner_Truth_01.jpg|thumb|Sojurner Truth]]
    3: ...ner". The year of her birth is uncertain, but is usually taken to be 1797.
    5: ...ierson]] in evangelical preaching on street-corners.
    7: [[image:Sojourner_Truth.jpg|thumb|left|Sojurner Truth]]
    8: ...ted commentary delivered in [[1851]] at the Women's Convention in [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Ohio]].
50. Anna Akhmatova (2156 bytes)
    1: ... significant Russian [[Acmeist poetry|Acmeist poets]].
    3: ...s of living and writing in the shadow of [[Stalinism]].
    5: ...d does not appear to have been happy; her parents separated in [[1905]].
    7: ... [[1910]]. Their son, born in [[1912]], was the historian [[Lev Gumilyov]].
    9: ...], with several poems written in the form of correspondence between the two.
51. Jane Austen (5805 bytes)
    1: ...in a portrait based on one drawn by her sister Cassandra]]
    2: ...).jpg|thumb|House of Jane Austen (today it is a museum)]]
    3: ...parently sheltered life did nothing to reduce the stature and drama of her fiction.
    5: ...re two months later and was buried in the [[Winchester_Cathedral|cathedral]].
    7: ...ied, upper-class English women in the early [[1800s]].
52. Margaret Atwood (6318 bytes)
    2: ...eme Gibson]]; her daughter, Jess Atwood Gibson, was born in [[1976]].
    4: ...Canadian nationalism]] in the [[1960s]] and [[1970s]].
    6: ...1960s]], along with [[Gwendolyn MacEwen]], [[Dennis Lee]] and [[Michael Ondaatje]].
    8: ...[[Booker Prize]]-winning novel ''[[The Blind Assassin]].''
    10: ... version of the competition, ''Le combat des livres'', in [[2004]].
53. Mary Cassatt (9047 bytes)
    1: ...ary Cassatt]]. ([[1893]]). Oil on canvas. [[Art Institute of Chicago]]. ]]
    2: ...dash; [[June 14]], [[1926]]) was an [[United States|American]] painter.
    4: ...e capitals of Europe, including [[London]], [[Paris]], and [[Berlin]].
    6: ...ers]] on her own and in [[1866]] she moved to Paris.
    8: ...o paint copies of paintings in Italy, after which she traveled about Europe.
54. Artemisia Gentileschi (23093 bytes)
    1: ... Beheading [[Holofernes]]'' (1612-21) Oil on canvas 199 x 162 cm Galleria degli [[Uffizi]], Florence]...
    3: ...heroic themes were considered beyond a mere woman's reach.
    7: ...avaggio]] during that period, her style was just as heavily influenced in turn.
    9: ... Susanna and the Elders, Sch?rn Collection, Pommersfelden]]
    10: ...h had [[Annibale Carracci]] among its major artists).
55. Georgia O'Keeffe (2572 bytes)
    2: ...n [[Sun Prairie, Wisconsin|Sun Prairie]], [[Wisconsin]].
    4: ...h often transformed the subject into a powerful abstract image.
    6: ...d teaching at [[Columbia College]] in [[Columbia, South Carolina]].
    8: ...s interpretations of landscapes in the American West.
    10: ... and his wife divorced. In [[1924]], O'Keeffe and Stieglitz married.
56. Christine de Pizan (6645 bytes)
    1: ...254.jpg|thumbnail|right|250px|Christine de Pizan, showing the interior of an apartment at the end of ...
    2: ...had been the norm for centuries rather than Pizan's invention.
    4: ...y various ducal and Royal households, in order to support her three children.
    5: ...f Orleans]] and attacked the ''[[Romance of the Rose]]'' written by [[Jean de Meung]].
    9: ...ave recourse to [[literature | letters]] as a means of livelihood.
57. Amelia Earhart (9225 bytes)
    2: ...emale pilots, and remembered for her mysterious disappearance during a flight over the [[Pacific Ocea...
    6: ... years of her life living with her mother's parents.
    8: ...eatured in local newspapers while she taught English.
    10: ...]]. Earhart referred to the marriage as a "partnership" with "dual control."
    12: ==Flights==
58. Nancy Harkness Love (1763 bytes)
    1: ...[United States|American]] [[aviator | pilot]] and squadron commander during [[World War II]].
    3: ...ion, she worked in various jobs in [[aviation]]. She married Robert Maclure Love in [[1936]].
    5: ...r Company]], testing various aircraft modifications including the new [[tricycle landing gear]].
    7: ...ith her as a squadron commander. In [[1943]] the squadron merged with the
    8: [[Women?s Flying Training Detachment]] to become the
59. Marina Tsvetaeva (21885 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Tsvetaeva.jpg|right]]
    3: ...892]] &ndash; [[August 31]], [[1941]]) was a [[Russia]]n [[poet]] and [[writer]].
    5: ...y|Acmeism]] and [[Russian Symbolist poetry|symbolism]].
    8: ... cause her to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.)
    10: ... to become a [[pianist]] and thought her poetry was poor.
60. Edna St. Vincent Millay (2636 bytes)
    1: ...al and Bohemian lifestyle and her many love affairs with both men and women.
    3: ...[[Vassar College]]. After her graduation in 1917, she moved to New York City.
    5: ...y]] in 1923, for ''The Harp-Weaver, and Other Poems''.
    7: ... years her junior, for whom a number of her sonnets were written.
    9: ...racy than [[Ezra Pound]] did for championing fascism."
61. Virginia Woolf (9482 bytes)
    3: ...ciety and a member of the [[Bloomsbury group|Bloomsbury Group]].
    7: ...ore]], among others) towards doctrinaire rationalism.
    9: ...ined some artists in this category, such as [[James Joyce]].
    11: ...er against the dark," and her literary achievements and creativity are influential even today.
    13: ...ic narrative encompassing almost entire English history.
62. Jackie Cochran (7825 bytes)
    1: ...August 7]], [[1980]]) was a pioneer [[United States|American]] [[aviatrix]].
    4: ...tigious salon in [[Saks Fifth Avenue]] department store.
    6: ... Press]] named her "''Woman of the Year in Business''."
    8: ... get [[Marilyn Monroe]] to endorse her line of lipstick.
    10: ...ing with the reality of her estranged and impoverished family.
63. Bessie Coleman (4340 bytes)
    1: ...d. Ms. Coleman was married briefly to Charles Wilson Pankey.
    3: <table align=right><tr><td>[[Image:BessieColeman.jpg]]</td></tr></table>
    4: ..., Oklahoma (now Langton University) until her funds ran out.
    6: ...can-American women because French women were pilots already.
    8: ...y to promote his newspaper, and to promote her cause.
64. Hanna Reitsch (3751 bytes)
    1: ...age:Hanna_Reistch.jpg|thumb|right|288px|Hanna Reitsch in the Fa 61]]
    2: ... a famous [[World War II]] [[Germany|German]] [[test pilot]], and a favourite of the upper echelon of...
    4: ...genic. Several of her gliding records stand to this day.
    6: ... every night inside the arena of the Berlin Motor Show.
    8: ... many accidents and was badly injured several times.
65. Sally Ride (1826 bytes)
    1: ...a Savitskaya]] ([[1982]]), both from the former [[Soviet Union]].
    3: [[Image:SallyRide.jpeg|right]]
    5: ...She has cumulatively spent more than 343 hours in space.
    7: ...sor of physics at the [[University of California, San Diego]].
    9: ... explosion]] and the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster]].
66. Mae Jemison (5527 bytes)
    1: ...2]], she was the first non-white woman to go into space.
    3: ...elab]] laboratory module. Jemison resigned from NASA in March 1993.
    5: ... in African and [[African-American Studies]] and is trained in [[dance]] and [[choreography]].
    7: ...r medical practice, working with CIGNA Health Plans of California.
    9: ...ecatur, Alabama]] and raised in [[Chicago, Illinois]].
67. Ada Lovelace (5406 bytes)
    2: ... [[1852]]) is mainly known for having written a description of
    3: ...Charles Babbage]]'s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the [[analytical engine]].
    6: ... left England for good a few days later. He never saw either again.
    8: ...]] society, she was a member of the [[Bluestockings]] in her youth.
    11: ...e'''. She is widely known in modern times simply as '''Ada Lovelace'''.
68. Rosalind Franklin (9829 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Rosalind Franklin.jpg|180px|thumb|right|Rosalind Franklin]]
    2: ... fine structures of [[coal]], [[DNA]] and [[viruses]].
    5: ...sh refugees from Europe who had escaped the ''Nazis''.
    8: ...of her doctoral degree in physical chemistry that she earned in 1945.
    9: ... had been equally involved in the work. It seemed she had little choice but to return to England.
69. Sophie Germain (4906 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Mattehistorie germain.jpg|frame|Sophie Germain]]
    3: ...il 1]], [[1776]] &ndash; [[June 27]], [[1831]]) was a [[France|French]] [[mathematician]].
    5: ...rom several courses at [[ɣole Polytechnique]], a school which did not admit women.
    7: ...eveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her...
    9: ...te to him admitting she was female, to which he responded:
70. Margaret Mead (11387 bytes)
    3: ...an]] [[cultural anthropology|cultural anthropologist]].
    5: ...lems of child rearing, personality, and culture. (Source: ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Fifth Editio...
    7: ...al public to read and learn from her works--remains firm.
    9: She died in [[New York]] on [[15 November]] [[1978]...
    11: == ''Coming of Age in Samoa'' ==
71. Lise Meitner (3907 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Lise_Meitner.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Lise Meitner]]
    2: ...who studied [[radioactivity]] and [[nuclear physics]].
    4: ...er knowledge of physics and his knowledge of chemistry.
    6: In [[1918]], they discovered the element [[protactinium]].
    8: ...rench scientist who discovered the effect two years later.
72. Maria Goeppert-Mayer (4176 bytes)
    1: ...the few women to receive a [[Nobel Prize in Physics]].
    3: ... The couple moved to the [[United States]], Mayer's home country.
    5: ...r with [[Eugene Paul Wigner]] and [[J. Hans D. Jensen ]].
    7: ... Earth itself is spinning around the Sun. Maria described the idea elegantly:
    9: ... some twirl clockwise, others twirl counterclockwise."
73. Elizabeth Garrett Anderson (3312 bytes)
    1: ...Image:Eganderson.jpg|frame|Elizabeth Garrett Anderson]]
    3: ...ish]] physician and [[feminism|feminist]], the first woman to gain a medical qualification in Britain...
    5: ...nter for the Licence of Apothecaries' Hall, which she obtained in [[1865]].
    7: ...ompatible with her principal work, and she soon resigned them.
    9: ...he East Anglian branch of the [[British Medical Association]].
74. Anna Maxwell (1551 bytes)
    2: ...y 2]], [[1929]], [[United States|US]] [[Army]] nurse nicknamed ''the American [[Florence Nightingale]...
    4: ...ial to the growth of professional nursing in the US.
    6: ...t [[Columbia Presbyterian Hospital|Presbyterian Hospital]] in [[Manhattan]], [[New York]] from 1892-1...
    8: ...k. She helped design the uniform for US army nurses. During World War I, France awarded her the [[Med...
    10: ...em recreation for the heat of New York City summers.
75. Florence Nightingale (15657 bytes)
    3: ...al Nurses Day]] is celebrated on her birth anniversary.
    7: ... expected role for a woman of her status, which was to become an obedient wife.
    9: ...ily in [[1845]], evoking intense anger and distress from her family, particularly her mother.
    11: ... the [[Poor Laws]], extending far beyond the provision of medical care.
    13: ... and by the commitment and practises of the sisters.
76. Jennie Kidd Trout (1706 bytes)
    1: ...Emily Stowe]] completed the official qualifications.
    3: ...after moved to [[Toronto]], where Edward ran a newspaper.
    5: ...en's Medical College]] in [[Pennsylvania]], where she earned her M.D. on [[March 11]], [[1875]].
    7: ...titute was quite successful, later opening branches in [[Brantford, Ontario|Brantford]] and [[Hamilto...
    9: ..., California|Los Angeles]], [[California]], where she died in 1921.
77. Mary Edwards Walker (4835 bytes)
    1: ... was arrested for impersonating a man several times.]]
    2: ...ecret agent|spy]], [[prisoner of war]], [[Surgery|surgeon]] and the only woman to receive the [[Medal...
    6: ...as [[corsets]], were not healthy and advocated looser fitting clothing.
    8: ...as female doctors were generally not trusted or respected at that time.
    10: ...[1863]], becoming the first ever female U.S. Army Surgeon.
78. Aretha Franklin (7875 bytes)
    2: ... industry publications/media outlets as [[Rolling Stone]] and [[VH1]].
    6: ...talents. Her greatest and most innovative work was yet to come.
    8: ..., they just sat me down at the piano and the hits started coming."
    10: ...our with her version of [[Burt Bacharach]]'s ''"I Say a Little Prayer"'' in 1968.
    12: ...three more Grammies in this category in the [[1980s]].
79. Mahalia Jackson (2345 bytes)
    1: ...s]], one of the earliest professional gospel groups.
    3: ...t she had watered down her sound for popular accessibility.
    5: ... appearances on ''[[The Flip Wilson Show]]''. Jackson died the following year.
    7: ...nto the [[Gospel Music Association]]'s [[Gospel Music Hall of Fame]] in [[1978]].
    10: ==External links==
80. Janis Joplin (8673 bytes)
    1: ...anis Joplin on the cover of her posthumously-released live album ''In Concert'']]
    2: ... several bands from [[1967]] to a posthumous release in [[1971]].
    4: ...began singing blues and [[folk music]] with friends.
    6: ...hout her career, and her trademark beverage was [[Southern Comfort]].
    8: ...being withheld until after their subsequent success.
81. Fanny Mendelssohn (2047 bytes)
    1: ...ncreasingly recognised as significant in themselves.
    3: ...rather than supportive, of her activities as composer.
    5: ...ily home in [[Berlin]] in the very popular concerts which were held there.
    7: ... at the piano came in 1838, when she played Felix's piano [[concerto]] No. 1.
    9: ...ars nowadays believe it was actually Fanny who first worked in the genre.
82. Joni Mitchell (9996 bytes)
    1: ...ni Mitchell, on the cover of her album ''Both Sides Now'']]
    3: ...of the most highly respected [[singer-songwriter]]s of the late [[20th century]].
    5: ... which was especially prominent in her later albums.
    7: ...by other artists, "Chelsea Morning" and "Both Sides Now".
    9: ...e and of the loss of privacy and freedom it entails.
83. Clara Schumann (3372 bytes)
    1: [[Image:clara_s.jpg|right|thumb|Clara Schumann]]
    3: ...[[Romantic music|Romantic era]] as well as a composer.
    7: ...oven as well as those of Robert Schumann and Brahms.
    9: ... post which she held until [[1892]], and in which she contributed greatly to the modern improvement i...
    11: ...and the authoritative editor of her husband's works for [[Breitkopf and H䲴el]].
84. Sheryl Crow (8611 bytes)
    1: ...thumb|''The Very Best of Sheryl Crow'' album released October 2003]]
    3: ...ican [[blues rock]] [[singer]], [[guitarist]] and song writer.
    7: ...o make eye contact with the singer except when on stage.
    9: ...r and improvise songs until they had finished works.
    11: ...f the Year for "All I Wanna Do"; and Best New Artist.
85. Tori Amos (27672 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Toriamos-dent.jpg|right|thumb|Tori Amos]]
    3: ... has frequently been compared to that of [[Kate Bush]], [[Bj?] and [[Joni Mitchell]].
    6: ===Early years===
    7: ... "Tori," after a friend of a friend told her that she looked more like a Tori than a Myra Ellen.
    10: ...s Makes Good" with "additional vocals by Ellen Amos".
86. Mary, the mother of Jesus (30135 bytes)
    1: {{christianity}}
    2: ...rea of [[Christian]] [[theology]] concerning her is '''[[Mariology]]'''.
    4: ==Historicity==
    6: ...[[Book of Acts]], although not by name in the [[Gospel of John]].
    8: ...ir interpretations of the Scriptures[[#Footnotes|&sup1;]].
87. Aimee Semple McPherson (13395 bytes)
    1: ...BR><small>''Aimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944)''</small></center></div>
    3: ...International Church of the Foursquare Gospel|Foursquare Church]].
    7: ...(The age difference had caused a scandal in their small town, prompting the couple to elope to [[Mich...
    9: ... of 13 in this context, writing letters to the newspaper defending [[evolution]], debating local cler...
    11: ...s.jpeg]]<small><br>Robert and Aimee Semple, 1910</small></div>
88. Mary Magdalene (15420 bytes)
    1: {{christianity}}
    2: ... Tiberias]]. The life of the historical Mary is a subject of ongoing debate.
    4: ==Mary Magdalene in the New Testament==
    6: ...er; but go to My brethren and say to them, "I am ascending to My Father and your Father, and to My Go...
    8: ...egarding Mary of Magdala, who now returned to Jerusalem.
89. Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
    1: ...ildegard.jpg|right|framed|A medieval illumination showing Hildegard von Bingen and the monk Volmar]]
    3: ..., [[Mystics|mystic]], author, and composer of [[music]].
    5: ==History==
    6: ...ved the group to a new [[monastery]] on the Rupertsberg at Bingen on the [[Rhine]].
    8: ... after falling physically ill from carrying the unspoken burden.
90. Mother Teresa (22682 bytes)
    1: ...teresa-03.jpg|thumb|Mother Teresa was born '''Agnes Gonxhe Bojaxhiu''']]
    2: ... at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Mother-teresa-03.jpg for rationale -->
    4: ...|poor]] of Calcutta (later renamed [[Kolkata]]) was widely reported.
    6: ...operly called '''Blessed Teresa''' by [[Catholic]]s.
    9: ...f [[Prizren]], even though most Albanians are [[Muslim]] and the majority of their native Macedonia a...
91. Ellen G. White (5403 bytes)
    3: ...[1900]] in [[Australia]] and some short visitations to [[Europe]].
    5: ...ed establishment of [[schools]] and medical centers.
    7: ...rks is the popular Christian book, ''Steps to Christ''.
    9: ... the Second [[Advent]], or second coming of [[Christ]].
    11: ...atan and one of the big apostasies of the last days.
92. Joan of Arc (27453 bytes)
    1: ...(Centre Historique des Archives Nationales, [[Paris]], AE II 2490).]]
    2: ...ates]]. Many people therefore regard Joan of Arc as a notable woman of valor, vigor, and faith.
    4: ...|Charles VII]]'s faction during the [[Hundred Years' War]].
    7: ...he throne to Henry V's heirs, disinheriting Charles, the [[Dauphin]] ([[crown prince]]), and making t...
    9: ===Visions and mission===
93. Julia Child (8199 bytes)
    1: ...ld.jpg|frame|right|Julia Child holds up a [[Monkfish]].]]
    2: ...e Art of French Cooking'' and the television series ''[[The French Chef]]'', which premiered in 1963.
    6: ...OSS) after being turned down by the [[United States Navy | Navy]] for being too tall.
    8: ...vilian Service as head of the Registry of the OSS Secretariat.
    10: ...r with the [[United States Information Agency | U.S. Information Agency]] in [[France]].
94. Marina Raskova (5055 bytes)
    1: [[Image:Swp marina raskova 350.jpg|thumb|Marina Raskova]]
    3: ...ents which would eventually fly over 30,000 sorties in [[World War II]].
    5: ... occurred in [[1937]] and [[1938]], while she was still teaching at the Air Academy.
    7: ...ver a straight line distance of 5,947 km (total distance of 6,450 km).
    9: ... first females ever to receive it and the only ones to be awarded it before World War II.
95. Krystyna Skarbek (11133 bytes)
    1: [[Image:SOEgranville.jpg|right]]
    3: ...anization's policy of recruiting increasing numbers of women.
    7: ...1970]]), and the couple soon moved to [[British East Africa]].
    9: ...]] [[rifle]] which was fated never to see wartime service.
    11: ...de good their escape from Hungary via the [[Balkans]] and [[Turkey]].
96. Harriet Tubman (5215 bytes)
    1: ...Image provded by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
    2: ...truggle for liberation from [[slavery]] and [[racism]].
    5: ...ffered intermittent bouts of [[narcolepsy]] the rest of her life.
    7: == Escape and abolitionist career ==
    9: ... of people trapped in slavery up to the free states, during the Civil War.
97. Tallulah Bankhead (6331 bytes)
    2: ...]], talk-show host, and bon vivant, born in [[Huntsville, Alabama]].
    4: ... Alabama [[1931]]-[[1946]]), and granddaughter of Senator [[John H. Bankhead]] ([[1842]]-[[1920]]) (D...
    6: ...ts, first appearing in a non-speaking role in The Squab Farm.
    8: ...d: "She was so pretty that we thought she must be stupid."
    10: ...]]'s -- and [[England]]'s -- best-known celebrities.
98. Catherine Deneuve (2766 bytes)
    1: ...erine deneuve.jpg|thumb|Catherine Deneuve at Cannes in 2000]]
    2: ...]]) is a [[France|French]] actress, born in [[Paris]], [[France]].
    4: ...nglish production ''[[Repulsion]]'' ([[Roman Polanski]], 1965).
    6: ...for an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] for the same performance.
    8: ...been married once, from 1965 to 1972, to the British photographer [[David Bailey]].
99. Katharine Hepburn (23170 bytes)
    1: [[Image:KH_40s-10.jpg|frame|right|Katharine Hepburn]]
    2: ...ilm Institute]] ranked Hepburn the greatest actress of all time.
    4: ==Hepburn's early years==
    5: ...ral family, who she credited with giving her a sense of adventure and independence.
    7: ...aby]]'', which is now held up as an exemplar of [[screwball comedy]].
100. Helen Hunt (3298 bytes)
     3: ...] [[actor|actress]]. She was born in [[Los Angeles, California]], the daughter of an acting coach.
     5: ...om]] ''[[Mad About You]]'', winning [[Emmy Award]]s for her performance in [[1996]], [[1997]], [[1998...
     7: ...r which she won an [[Academy Award for Best Actress]] in [[1998]].
     9: ... both an [[Emmy]] and an [[Academy Award]] in the same year.
     11: Hunt was married to [[actor]] [[Hank Azaria]] on [[July 18...
101. May Irwin (2858 bytes)
     1: ...United States]], was an actress, singer and major star of [[vaudeville]].
     3: [[Image:Irwin postcard.jpg|thumb|May Irwin]]
     4: ...[Tony Pastor]] Theatre, a popular New York City music hall.
     6: ...r husband of eight years, Frederick W. Keller, passed away unexpectedly.
     8: ...ss]], became the first screen kiss in cinematic history.
102. Sophia Loren (9622 bytes)
     1: [[Image:SophiaLoren55.jpg|thumb|250px|'''Sophia Loren''' in 1955.]]
     3: ... and, at the age of 70, continues to be a top sex symbol.
     5: ...up in poverty in wartime [[Pozzuoli]] near [[Naples]].
     7: ...several prizes and was discovered by her future husband, film producer [[Carlo Ponti]].
     9: ...pon meeting [[Vittorio De Sica]] and [[Marcello Mastroianni]] in [[1954]].
103. Marilyn Monroe (30186 bytes)
     2: ...erious [[death]] would make her a perennial [[sex symbol]] and later a [[pop icon]].
     4: ...y, Marilyn's beginnings were humble to say the least.
     6: ...nd more have gone for the theory that Mortensen was in fact her true father.
     8: ...hich they could not have done without Gladys's consent.
     10: ...mental hospital near [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]].
104. Lillian Russell (2418 bytes)
     1: ...tes of America|American]] [[actor|actress]] and [[singer]].
     3: [[Image:LillianRussell.jpg|thumb|Lillian Russell]]
     5: .... Pinafore]]''. This would serve as an inauspicious beginning to a dazzling career.
     7: ...d starred in some of his [[comic opera|comic operas]].
     9: ...t gifts of [[diamond|diamonds]] and [[gem|gemstones]].
105. Julie Andrews (8700 bytes)
     1: ..., with the Von Trapp children in ''The Sound of Music''.]]
     3: ...ary Poppins]]'' ([[1964]]) and ''[[The Sound of Music]]'' ([[1965]]).
     5: ... she starred in [[Rodgers & Hammerstein]]'s television adaptation of ''[[Cinderella]]''.
     7: ...t Goulet]]. As was her previous show, it was a smash hit.
     9: ... with [[Max von Sydow]], and [[Alfred Hitchcock]]'s ''[[Torn Curtain]]'' with [[Paul Newman]] (both i...
106. Laila Ali (3660 bytes)
     1: ...he [[boxing|boxer]] many consider to be the greatest fighter of all time, [[Muhammad Ali]].
     3: ...9]] by announcing she would try a hand at [[women's boxing]].
     5: ...oxing Hall Of Fame]] induction weekend's activities.
     7: ... world champion, [[Valerie Mahfood]] in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]].
     9: ...3]]rd. She beat Martin by a knockout in four rounds.
107. Fanny Blankers-Koen (14562 bytes)
     1: ... while 3rd place finisher [[Shirley Strickland]] is depicted on the far left.]]
     3: ...many. It earned her the nickname ''"The Flying Housewife"''.
     5: ..., the [[high jump]], sprint and [[hurdling]] events.
     7: ...[International Association of Athletics Federations]] (IAAF).
     11: ...ter chance to qualify for the Olympics in athletics.
108. Delia Gonzalez (2350 bytes)
     1: ...although several of her losses have been controversial.
     3: ...hen she was little, taken by her father, and soon she earned the nickname ''Chikita'', after her favo...
     5: ...on the wrong end of a close decision, this time losing the world title.
     7: ...as won four fights since, more notably the two wins over [[Yolanda Gonzalez]] (no relation).
     9: She is managing a promising young fighter in [[Rebecca Rodriguez]] and eag...
109. Steffi Graf (16410 bytes)
     1: [[Image:Steffi Graf.jpg|right|thumb|Steffi Graf honored at the [[WTA]].]]
     2: ...l four of the Grand Slam titles at least four times each.
     6: ...82]] she won the European Championships 12s and 18s.
     8: ... "hundreds" of kids like her in the [[United States]].
     10: ...ends on the tour in her early years, but led to a steady improvement in her play.
110. Mia Hamm (6476 bytes)
     1: ... a member of the [[United States women's national soccer team]].
     3: ...rence]] player of the year for the last three years of her college tenure.
     5: ...n goals with 103, assists with 72, and total points with 278.
     7: ... row, given to her by [[ESPN]], one of them for ''soccer player of the year'' and the other two for '...
     9: ...and her teammates were able to beat [[China women's national football team|China]] to win the gold me...
111. Sonja Henie (2914 bytes)
     1: ...gian]] [[figure skating|figure skater]] and actress.
     3: [[Image:SonjaHenie.jpg|thumb|Sonja Henie]]
     4: ... rink several times to ask her coach for directions.
     6: ...She also won six consecutive European championships.
     8: ...horeography]]. She was also an accomplished tennis player.
112. Jackie Joyner-Kersee (2098 bytes)
     1: [[image:jackie_joyner.jpg|frame|At World Championship 1987]]
     2: ... Kennedy]]. She lives in [[East St. Louis, Illinois]].
     4: ...levision movie about [[Babe Zaharias|"Babe" Didrikson]].
     6: ...984]]. [[Sports Illustrated]] voted her the greatest female athlete of the 20th century.
     8: ...bring himself to have life support removed from his wife, it fell to Jackie and Al to authorize remov...
113. Suzanne Lenglen (11495 bytes)
     1: ...ma donna]]'' of tennis, was the first female tennis player to become an international celebrity.]]
     3: ... ''La Divine'' (the divine one) by the French press.
     8: ...rchief at various places on the court, to which his daughter had to direct the ball.
     10: ...s competitions, and Lenglen's burgeoning career was put on hold.
     14: ...h;8, 4&ndash;6, 9&ndash;7 to take her first Grand Slam victory.
114. Rebecca Lobo (1887 bytes)
     1: ... the professional [[Women's National Basketball Association]] (WNBA) from [[1997]] to [[2003]].
     3: ...rd|Naismith]] and College Player of the Year awards.
     5: ...m'', which dealt with RuthAnn's battle with [[breast cancer]].
     7: ...the [[Connecticut Sun]], she retired after the season.
     9: ...s well, primarily for her alma mater, the [[University of Connecticut]].
115. Christy Martin (2947 bytes)
     1: ...ted by [[Don King]], is nicknamed ''The Coal Miners Daughter''.
     3: ...]], who held her to a six round draw in [[Las Vegas]].
     5: ...r of [[Sports Illustrated]] once shortly afterwards.
     7: ...[2002]], she beat [[Mia St. John]], also by a decision in ten.
     9: ...[Laila Ali]] on [[August 23]] of that year. She lost to Ali by knockout in round four.
116. Shirley Muldowney (1811 bytes)
     1: ...ring Shirley Muldowney and her trademark pink dragster]]
     2: ...on Garlits]], the "Big Daddy" of drag racing, has said about her:
     3: ...he racers, nobody...Just Shirley."[http://www.zoomster.com/big2.html]
     4: ...question".[http://www.metalshapers.org/nitrogeezers/Farndon%20Interview.htm]
     6: ...moniker]], stating: "There is no room for [[bimboism]] in drag racing."
117. Martina Navratilova (16246 bytes)
     1: ...ratilova.jpg|thumb|right|Navratilova at the 2000 US Open]]
     3: ...imbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] a record 9 times.
     5: ...t tennis coach. Martina then took the name of her stepfather (adding the feminine "ová").
     7: ===Tennis career===
     9: ...rofessional. She won her first professional singles title in [[Orlando, Florida]] in [[1974]].
118. Rebecca Rodriguez (483 bytes)
     1: ...n amateur boxing and world championships in professional [[boxing]].
     3: ...he way to the finals, but lost a decision at that stage.
     5: Her [[nickname]] is '''La [[Aztec]]a'''.
119. Laura Serrano (2835 bytes)
     1: ...ame a boxer by default, but soon she showed she was born with the talent to become a champion.
     3: ...raw (tie)]] in a fight many observers thought she should have won.
     5: ... at the [[Aladdin Hotel and Casino]] in [[Las Vegas]].
     7: ...[Title IX]]) for sports and work related activities.
     9: ...ery, but in [[1999]], she came back and won a decision in her comeback bout.
120. Babe Zaharias (4002 bytes)
     1: [[Image:BabeDidrikson.png|framed|right|Babe Didrikson in the 1932 Olympic javelin competition]]
     3: ... after she hit five [[home run]]s in a single [[baseball]] game.
     5: ... the Games, Shiley and Didrikson split their medals.
     7: ... as <BR>depicted on a 1981<BR> US [[postage stamp|stamp]].''</div>
     9: ...urth and fifth [[women's majors|major championships]].
121. Hillary Rodham Clinton (17176 bytes)
     2: ...United States|President]] [[Bill Clinton]]. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party]].
     6: ...er ran a drapery-making business and her mother was a [[homemaker]].
     8: ... writing her thesis on radical organizer Saul Alinsky.
     10: ...ould become the future White House Counsel for President Clinton.
     12: ...puty counsel for a brief time before he committed suicide in 1993].
122. Human skeleton (3903 bytes)
     1: ...[Image:Skeleton.jpg|right|thumbnail|250px|A human skeleton]]
     2: ...tructure of [[ligament]]s, [[tendon]]s, [[muscle]]s, and [[cartilage]].
     4: ...fuse together into a solid structure in later years.
     6: ...[hyoid]] bone, which does not touch any other bones in the body.
     8: ...y is the [[femur]] and the smallest is the [[stapes]] bone in the [[middle ear]].
123. Breast (4630 bytes)
     1: ...blood vessel]]s and [[nerve]]s in their [[nipple]]s.
     5: ...midline to the edge of the [[latissimus dorsi]] posteriorly.
     7: ... the [[areola]] and the [[nipple]]. The nipple is supplied by the T4 [[dermatome]].
     9: ...e rare cases, one breast may be greatly larger or smaller than the other, or fail to develop during [...
     11: ...rged breasts in men, a condition called [[gynecomastia]].
124. Ovary (3278 bytes)
     1: [[Image:Fem isa 2.gif|right|thumb|300px|Human female internal re...
     3: ...f a [[female]] organism that produces [[Ovum|egg]]s.
     5: == Mammalian ovaries ==
     7: ...bird]]s have only one functioning ovary; [[snake]]s have two, one in front of the other.
     9: ... a [[zygote]] and then an [[embryo]] as it develops.
125. Spleen (4479 bytes)
     1: ...c.), or for the removal of splenic tumours or cysts.
     3: ...ar lymphoid sheaths, rich in [[T cell|T-lymphocytes]].
     5: ...([[mononucleosis]]), and hereditary [[spherocytosis]].
     7: ...ns in the spleen during repeated sickle-cell crises.
     9: ...heart]] is not equipped to handle the higher-viscosity blood.
126. Rib (1848 bytes)
     2: ...rt]], and other internal [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]]s of the [[thoracic cavity]].
     4: ...times occur in all vertebrae from the neck to the sacrum.
     6: ...en in the [[herring]]. Not all fish have the full set.
     8: ...vical rib'', which can cause trouble for the nerves going to the arm.
     10: ... false, and originates from the ''[[Bible]]'s'' description of the creation of [[Adam and Eve|Eve]] (...
127. Vertebral column (7072 bytes)
     1: ...a column of [[vertebra]]e situated in the dorsal aspect of the [[abdomen]].
     3: ==Curves==
     5: ...at twelve or eighteen months, when the child begins to [[walk]].
     7: ...he convexity of the curve is directed to the left side.
     9: == Surfaces ==
128. Thyroid (5421 bytes)
     1: ...png|thumb|right|The thyroid gland and its relations]]
     3: ...s of the thyroid. Normally it is larger during menstruation and in pregnant women.
     5: ...nction of the thyroid is production of [[hormone]]s:
     8: ...nin]], which regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism
     10: ...ed by [[thyroid-stimulating hormone]] (TSH), released by the [[pituitary]].
129. Pituitary gland (3020 bytes)
     1: ... Art provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     3: ... by the '''pituitary''', or '''hypophyseal''' '''stalk''' connected with the [[median eminence]].
     4: ...and is protected by a bony structure called the [[sella turcica]].]]
     5: ...hormones, but only stores and releases the hormones [[oxytocin]] and [[antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH).
     7: ...of a special capillary system from the hypothalamus, down the median eminence, to the anterior lobe. ...
130. Hair (11457 bytes)
     2: ...me]]s''' (see for further discussion of plant hairs).
     4: ...anges with the seasons, becoming white during the snowy winter, for example.
     6: ...he new normality and has never entirely gone away since.
     8: ...non-human animal species is commonly referred to as ''[[fur]]''.
     11: ...]], style or adorn their hair for aesthetic reasons.
131. Peritoneum (3904 bytes)
     1: ...e called the [[pleura]] and the [[pericardium]] respectively.
     3: ==Structure and development==
     4: ...) of slippery fluid that allows the two layers to slide freely over each other.
     6: ...ied with [[blood]] and [[lymph]] vessels and nerves.
     8: ...vessels become covered by peritoneum, forming a mesentery.
132. Heraldry (23465 bytes)
     1: ...es they carried or [[paint]]ed on their [[shield]]s.
     3: ...e shield-bearer's point of view, not the observer's.
     5: ...the same coat of arms on many different shapes of shield.
     7: ...e bold, vivid colours rather than [[pastel]] shades.
     9: ...d this practice may be the origin of the popular usage.
133. Weaving (6924 bytes)
     1: ...r artistic designs, including [[tapestry|tapestries]].
     3: ...ir fabrics, regardless of the complexity of the design.
     5: ...t]]. Fabric decorated using a wax resist method is called [[batik]].
     7: ==Process==
     9: ...lest plain weave, through [[twill]]s and [[satin]]s to complex computer-generated interlacing.
134. Carpet (15753 bytes)
     1: ...icant numbers of [[Persian rug]]s introduced to Western Europe.
     3: ...t is loose-laid, most often for decorative purposes.
     7: == Carpet types ==
     8: ...Image:Swatches of carpet 1.jpg|thumb|250px|Swatches of machine-made carpet]]
     10: ...en carpets include Venetian, Dutch, [[damask]], list, [[haircloth]], and [[ingrain]] (aka double clot...
135. Matthew Henson (1087 bytes)
     1: ...peg|thumb|right|200px|Matthew Henson in Arctic furs]]
     2: ... in an America where [[racism|racist]] views were still common.
     4: ...ater in collaboration with [[Bradley Robinson]] his biography ''Dark Companion'' in [[1947]].
     6: ...nland]] expedition when they were in their eighties.
     8: ...red in [[Arlington National Cemetery]] near Peary's monument.
136. Culture (23440 bytes)
     1: ...ture provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
     4: ===Culture as civilization===
     5: ...ture provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroo Clipart]]]
     6: ...ts have actually tried to eliminate popular or mass culture from the definition of culture.
     8: ...ous music traditions of aboriginal peoples of [[Australia]].
137. United Nations (29685 bytes)
     1: ...ore information, see [[United Nations member states]].
     3: ... City]], [[USA]]; see [[United Nations headquarters]].
     5: ...speakers were referring to it as the United Nations, or UN.
     7: ...hat is collectively called the [[United Nations System]]:
     9: *[[UN General Assembly]]
138. Hunter-gatherer (4757 bytes)
     1: ...t_by_Skinner_Prout%2C_from_Australia-historic-illustration.jpg|thumb||400px|right|]]
     2: Typically, men hunt and women gather and hunt small game.
     3: ...ive them protection from predators and the elements.
     5: ...o catch elks, reindeer, etc. However, this usage is beginning to be replaced with gatherer.
     7: ...d years ago, all human beings were hunter-gatherers.
139. Didgeridoo (7516 bytes)
     1: ...rtant totemic entities such as the [[goanna]] and snake.]]
     3: ...umpet or "drone pipe". Musicologists classify it as an [[aerophone]].
     5: ...g of paintings on cave walls and shelters from this period.
     7: ...cial names for generic tourist-oriented instruments.
     9: ...e preferred pitch of traditional Aboriginal players.
140. Shofar (6586 bytes)
     2: ... used on [[Judaism]]'s high holy days of [[Rosh Hashanah]] and [[Yom Kippur]].
     5: ... made all the [[Israelites]] tremble in awe (Exodus xix, xx).
     7: ... (see Josh. vi. 4; Judges iii. 27; vii. 16, 20; I Sam. xiii. 3).
     9: ...the Jewish sages as referring to the sounding the shofar.
     11: ...mony was performed with the shofar as on New-Year's Day.
141. Ashoka (15187 bytes)
     2: {{Buddhism}}
     3: ...ghanistan]] to [[Bengal]] and as far south as [[Mysore]].
     5: ...ch in retrospect exceeds the boundaries of the present-day republic of India.
     7: ... shines brightly like a bright star, even unto this day."
     10: ...living, he threw his sword away. Ashoka found the sword and kept it.
142. President of the United States (42878 bytes)
     1: ...|thumb|[[Seal of the President of the United States]]]]
     3: ...]] of the [[United States armed forces|armed forces]].
     5: ...se that is still invoked today, mostly by Americans.
     7: ...over the world in nations with a [[presidential system]] of government.
     9: ...t President of the United States is [[George W. Bush]].
143. Americas (7154 bytes)
     1: ...s]] (in English and colloquially in other languages).
     5: == Geographical Location and Status ==
     6: ...Hemisphere]]''' or, during the [[colonial]] era, as the '''[[New World]]'''.
     8: ...with a single ring representing all of the Americas.
     10: == Peoples of the Americas ==
144. United States (58223 bytes)
     1: ...SA''', '''the U.S.''', '''America''', '''the States''', and
     2: ...local autonomy under the [[federation|federal]] system.
     5: native_name = United States of America |
     6: common_name = the United States |
     7: image_flag = Us flag large.png |
145. United Arab Emirates (10825 bytes)
     2: ... some Arab [[sheikh]]s. It borders [[Oman]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<!--
     7: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     10: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 |
     11: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
     13: ...align="center" width="165px" | [[Image:NationalArmsofUAE.png|120px]]
146. Netherlands (35958 bytes)
     1: ...0]]. There are 10 more provinces in the Netherlands.<!--
     8: common_name = the Netherlands |
     9: image_flag = Netherlands_flag_large.png |
     10: image_coat = Nl-arms.gif |
     11: image_map = LocationNetherlands.png |
147. Samoa (9435 bytes)
     1: ...Samoa''' from [[1900]] to [[1914]] and '''Western Samoa''' from [[1914]] to [[1997]].
     2: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     3: ...'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa<br>Independent State of Samoa'''</big>
     5: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" |
     6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
148. People's Republic of China (40848 bytes)
     1: ...[authoritarian]] state from its true communist days.
     4: ...state]]. See '''[[China]]''' and [[Political status of Taiwan]] for more information.
     6: ...ssociation between the color [[red]] and [[communism]].
     7: {{People's Republic of China infobox}}
     9: ==History==
149. Switzerland (22270 bytes)
     1: ...on, and is home to many international organisations.
     3: ...arly used; for example, it is used as Switzerland's [[country code top-level domain|ccTLD]], [[.ch]].
     6: common_name = Switzerland |
     7: native_name = Switzerland |
     8: image_flag = Switzerland flag large.png |
150. Kyrgyzstan (23226 bytes)
     1: ... and the political situation in the country remains uncertain.
     3: <!-- WikiProject Countries Infobox; scroll down to edit content-->
     6: native_name = (Kyrgyzskaya respublika) |
     7: common_name = Kyrgyzstan |
     8: image_flag = Kyrgyzstan flag large.png |
151. Tanzania (17411 bytes)
     1: ...[[Mozambique]] on the south. To the east it borders the [[Indian Ocean]].<!--
     10: image_coat = Tanzanian Coat of Arms.png |
     11: national_motto = Uhuru na Umoja ([[Swahili]]: Freedom and Unity) |
     13: ...them = [[Mungu ibariki Afrika]] (God Bless Africa) |
     14: ...ahili language|Swahili]], [[English language|English]]|
152. Bangladesh (29715 bytes)
     1: ...borders [[India]] and [[Myanmar]], and it is a close neighbor to [[China]], [[Thailand]], [[Nepal]] a...
     2: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     3: ...;<br>Gano Proj&#257;tontr&#299; B&#257;ngl&#257;desh</big></big>
     4: |- style="text-align: center;"
     5: | colspan="2" |
153. Qatar (10610 bytes)
     1: ...the south and is otherwise surrounded by the [[Persian Gulf]].
     3: ...nguage|English]] varies; see [[List of words of disputed pronunciation]].
     4: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     7: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2" |
     8: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
154. Cuba (25106 bytes)
     2: ...yman Islands]] and [[Jamaica]], and to the southeast [[Haiti]].
     4: == History ==
     5: :''Main article: [[History of Cuba]]''
     6: ...ontinued to have a major influence in Cuban affairs.
     8: ..., one of the lowest in the latin american countries.
155. Pakistan (74854 bytes)
     1: ... 2005 [[earthquake]] in [[Pakistan-administered Kashmir]].''
     3: ...ۂ پاکستان<br />Islāmī Jamhūriya-i-Pākistān |
     4: common_name = Pakistan|the=|
     5: image_flag = Flag of Pakistan.svg |
     6: image_coat = Pakistan emblem.jpg |
156. Israel (51605 bytes)
     1: ...(also known as Gulf of [[Eilat]]), and the [[Dead Sea]].
     3: INFOBOX START
     6: ...;&#1585;&#1575;&#1574;&#1610;&#1604;<br>("Dawlat Israil") |
     7: common_name = Israel |
     8: image_flag = Israel_flag_large.png |
157. Afghanistan (23568 bytes)
     1: ...t of the country. It is among the poorest countries in the world.
     3: ...''[[Islamic republic|Islamic Republic]] of Afghanistan'''.
     4: ...border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;"
     5: ...n Islami Dawlat'''<br>'''Dawlat-e Eslami-e Afghanestan'''</big>
     7: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 |
158. Uganda (11554 bytes)
     1: ...f [[Lake Victoria]], within which it shares borders with Kenya and Tanzania.
     3: ...nda]] kingdom, which encompasses a portion of the south of the country, including the capital [[Kampa...
     5: <!--START INFOBOX-->
     10: image_coat = Uganda_Coat_of_Arms large.jpg|
     14: official_languages = [[English language|English]] |
159. Kuwait (15932 bytes)
     2: ...in the north. Kuwait is located in the [[Middle East]].
     4: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     7: | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 |
     8: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
     10: | align="center" width="140px" rowspan="2" | [[Image:KUW-coat.gif]]
160. Malawi (22306 bytes)
     1: ... of the sun rising across the lake' (as seen in its flag).
     6: image_coat = malawiarms20.PNG |
     9: ... = [[Mlungu dalitsani Malawi]] (Oh God Bless Our Land of Malawi) |
     10: ..., [[Chichewa language|Chichewa]] (official), others |
     12: latd=13|latm=57|latNS=S|longd=33|longm=42|longEW=E|
161. Portugal (61755 bytes)
     1: ...a and Porto Santo]] (including the [[Savage Islands]]).
     5: ... the world. After the rise of other colonial powers, Portugal declined.
     7: ...cades, with a clear slow-down in the last few years.
     9: == History ==
     10: {{Main|History of Portugal}}
162. Slovenia (19318 bytes)
     5: native_name = Republika Slovenija |
     6: common_name = Slovenia |
     7: image_flag = Slovenia flag large.png |
     8: image_coat = Slovenia_coa.png |
     9: image_map = SVN_highlighted_map.png |
163. United Kingdom (37269 bytes)
     2: START INFOBOX
     8: image_coat = UK_Royal_Coat_of_Arms.png |
     10: ...nguage|French]]: God and my right)''²</small> |
     11: national_anthem = [[God Save the Queen]]³ |
     12: ...glish language|English]] ''[[de facto]]'' ⁴ |
164. Spain (36498 bytes)
     1: ...al]] and [[South America|South American]] countries.<!--
     3: START INFOBOX
     7: native_name = Reino de Espa񡠼
     8: common_name = Spain |
     9: image_flag = Spain flag large.png |
165. Mummy (16225 bytes)
     1: ...part provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     2: ...ht or cold, lack of [[oxygen]], or use of chemicals.
     4: ...e to a person's [[Ka]] which was essential in one's [[afterlife]].
     6: ...ged [[cypress]] coffins packed with medicinal herbs.
     8: ...t-preserved mummies formed under natural conditions date from the [[Inca]] period in [[Peru]].
166. Football (soccer) (22343 bytes)
     3: ...e goal, while the goalkeeper positions himself to stop the ball.]]
     5: ...s are the [[goalkeeper]]s, who are the only players allowed to handle the ball in the field of play.
     7: ...e see above polite suggestions before changing this line-->
     9: ...me on television. A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level.
     11: ...efore often claimed to be the most popular team [[sport]] in the world.
167. Hathor (11883 bytes)
     1: ...provided by <br> [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     2: ...age:Egypt.Hathor.02.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Luxor Museum]]
     3: == Mother of Horus ==
     4: ...uring the 2nd dynasty, and possibly even by the [[Scorpion King]].
     6: ...ing the fate of the newborn, and [[midwife|midwives]] delivering them.
168. Tawaret (3580 bytes)
     1: ...nt women wore [[amulet]]s with her name or likeness.
     3: ...sual appearance was reputed to ward off bad spirits.
     5: ...]), but both were eventually subsumed into the worship of Tawaret. At the height of her popularity, m...
     7: ...conjunction with other Egyptian deities, as well as in the [[Book of the Dead]].
     9: ...irth, the annual flooding of the Nile, and harvests.
169. Bes (2294 bytes)
     1: ...provided by <br> [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     2: ...singled out, amongst Nubian gods, as worthy of worship in Egypt.
     4: [[Image:Egypte louvre 012.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mus饠du Louvre]]
     5: ... and some feline body parts, and sometimes a lion's head.
     7: ...ic]], and sometimes in a soldier's [[tunic]], so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approa...
170. Ancient Rome (25155 bytes)
     1: ... Sea and some of the area surrounding the [[Black Sea]].
     5: ==History==
     9: ...le wolf, feeding the baby twins [[Romulus and Remus]]]]
     11: ...of the river and the ford, Rome was at a crossroads of traffic and trade.
     13: ...s]], [[Servius Tullius]], and [[Tarquinius Superbus]] (Tarquin the Proud).
171. Arizona (24367 bytes)
     3: | cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" |
     4: {{US state |
     6: Fullname = State of Arizona |
     7: Flag = Arizona state flag.png |
     9: Seal = Arizonastateseal.jpg |
172. California (63989 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of California ! |
     4: Flag = California state flag.png |
     6: Seal = California state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting California.png |
173. North Carolina (18268 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of North Carolina |
     4: Flag = North Carolina state flag.png |
     6: Seal = North Carolina state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting North Carolina.png |
174. Connecticut (28543 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Connecticut |
     4: Flag = Connecticut state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Connecticut state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Connecticut.png |
175. Delaware (15006 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Delaware |
     4: Flag = Delaware state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Delaware state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Delaware.png |
176. Georgia (U.S. state) (26579 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Georgia|
     4: Flag = Georgia state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Georgia (U.S. state)|Flag of Georgia]] |
     6: Seal = Georgia state seal.png |
177. Indiana (20194 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Indiana |
     4: Flag = Indiana state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Indiana state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Indiana.png |
178. Iowa (24205 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Iowa |
     4: Flag = Iowa state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Iowastateseal.jpg |
     7: Map = Map_of_USA_highlighting_Iowa.png |
179. Washington (20186 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Washington |
     3: Fullname = State of Washington |
     4: Flag = Washington state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Washington]] |
180. Virginia (23198 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     4: Flag = Virginia state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Virginia state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Virginia.png |
     10: LargestCity = [[Virginia Beach, Virginia|Virginia Be...
181. Vermont (39851 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Vermont |
     4: Flag = Vermont state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Vermont state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Vermont.png |
182. Utah (29154 bytes)
     2: <tr><td cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2">
     3: {{US state |
     5: Fullname = State of Utah |
     6: Flag = Utah state flag.png |
     8: Seal = Utahstateseal.jpg |
183. Texas (39610 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Texas |
     3: Fullname = State of Texas |
     4: Flag = Texas state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Texas]] |
184. Tennessee (19096 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Tennessee |
     3: Fullname = State of Tennessee |
     4: Flag = Tennessee state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Tennessee]] |
185. South Dakota (14035 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = South Dakota |
     3: Fullname = State of South Dakota |
     4: Flag = South Dakota state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of South Dakota]] |
186. Pennsylvania (32594 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Pennsylvania |
     3: Fullname = Commonwealth of Pennsylvania |
     4: Flag = Pennsylvania state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Pennsylvania]] |
187. Oklahoma (32092 bytes)
     1: ... name '''Okla.''' As of [[2000]], the population is 3,450,654.
     3: {{US state |
     5: Fullname = State of Oklahoma |
     6: Flag = Oklahoma state flag.png |
     8: Seal = Oklahomastateseal.jpg |
188. Minnesota (26682 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Minnesota |
     3: Fullname = State of Minnesota |
     4: Flag = Minnesota state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Minnesota]] |
189. Alexander the Great (42049 bytes)
     2: ...ight|[[Bust]] of Alexander III in the [[British Museum]].]]
     4: ...xander the Cursed''' due to his burning of the Persian capital and national library.
     6: ...g legendary [[hero]] in the tradition of [[Achilles]].
     9: ...lated his interest in science, medicine, and philosophy.
     11: ...m [[Aeacus]] through [[Neoptolemus]] and [[Achilles]].
190. Pythagoras (10747 bytes)
     1: '''Pythagoras''' ([[580s BCE|582 BCE]] &ndash; [[496 BCE]], [[Greek language|Greek]]:
     2: ...] [[mathematician]] and [[philosopher]], known best for formulating the [[Pythagorean theorem]].
     4: ...[Image:Pythagoras_bust.jpg|thumb|Bust of Pythagoras]]
     6: ...ould be predicted and measured in rhythmic [[cycles]].
     9: ...tereotypically in the biographies of many Greek wise men, and are likely more legend than fact.
191. Salem witch trials (12402 bytes)
     1: ...lemWitchcraftTrial.jpg|right|thumb|400px|1876 illustration of the courtroom]]
     2: ... [[Europe]] several hundred years before those in Salem.
     4: ...eing [[witch]]es or [[warlock]]s in league with [[Satan]].
     6: ...setts|Marblehead]], and [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]].
     9: ...ed them. At last the girls began to blurt out names.
192. Roaring Twenties (28131 bytes)
     1: ...rnational]], which shaped a large part of the [[history]] of the [[20th century]].
     3: ...were also called the "Crazy Years" (''ann饳 folles'').
     5: ...orld War, which were still present in peoples minds.
     7: ==Economy of the 1920s==
     8: ...reat Depression]] that would dominate the [[1930]]s.
193. Women's suffrage (11832 bytes)
     1: ...ination due to, for instance, race), which was considered too radical.
     2: ...ge Parade in New York City, 1912.jpeg|thumb|350px|Suffrage parade, New York City, 1912]]
     3: ...me the first modern polity where equal suffrage was extended to women.
     4: ...n [[1894]], along with universal suffrage in that state.
     9: ''Main article: [[Timeline of women's suffrage]]''
194. History of the United States (21226 bytes)
     1: {{USHBS}}
     5: ''For details, see the main [[Pre-Colonial America]] article.''
     7: ...ated the area until the influx of European settlers in the early [[17th century]].
     10: ''For details, see the main [[Colonial America]] article.''
     12: ...ich was distinct from that of its European founders.
195. Holiday (7753 bytes)
     1: ...The word has evolved in general usage to mean any special day.
     3: ...y on which school and/or offices are closed such as Labor Day.
     5: ...is rather a period spent away from home or business in [[travel]] or [[recreation]] (e.g. "I'm going ...
     7: ...rmy holidays'' is used in reference to [[agritourism]].
     8: ^ no evidence for this outside Wikipedia
196. Astronaut (7339 bytes)
     1: ...ing a manned maneuvering unit. Picture courtesy NASA]]
     3: ...auts by nationality|32 countries]] have gone into space.
     5: ==International variations==
     7: ...os,'' meaning "universe" and ''nautes,'' meaning "sailor".
     9: ...ecoming the first American cosmonaut in the process.
197. History of science (41710 bytes)
     1: {{histOfScience}}
     2: ...s back in [[time]], all the way into human [[prehistory]].
     4: ...ophy]] clearly within the scope of the history of science.
     6: ...ch of these fields is heavily used by the others as an external [[tool]].
     8: ==Theories and sociology of the history of science==
198. Crusade (28507 bytes)
     1: {{Crusade}}
     2: ...rs]] of southern France and the [[Northern Crusades]].
     4: ...Usage of the term "crusade"|Usage of the term "crusade"]].
     6: == Historical background ==
     7: ...opposing [[Muslim]] attacks thus fell on ready ears.
199. Ming Dynasty (65624 bytes)
     1: {{History of China}}
     2: ... historians argue that Early Ming China was the most advanced nation on Earth at the time.
     4: ==Origins==
     6: ...capital at [[Nanjing]] and adopting "Hongwu" as his reign title.
     8: ...lutionaries to have ruled the world's most populous nation.
200. American football (39287 bytes)
     1: ... information on other sports known as "football", see the [[football]] article.''
     3: ...and usually has a large set of stitches along one side.]]
     5: ...he team with more points when time has expired wins.
     7: ...otball]] and [[arena football]] are basically forms of American football.
     11: ...NFL Europe]], with 6 teams based in European cities.
201. Medieval literature (14207 bytes)
     1: {{Middle Ages Tall}}
     2: ...its place of origin and/or language, as well as its genre.
     4: ==Languages==
     5: ...ld Church Slavonic]] the dominant written languages.
     7: ...[King Arthur#The Arthurian romance|Arthurian cycles]].
202. Government (12596 bytes)
     1: ...r an area of land, a set group of people, or an association.
     3: ==Definitions==
     4: ...rnment as the dominant decision-making arm of the state.
     5: ...a territory without defining laws would not be considered a government.
     7: ...enting the establishment of alternative governments within the country.
203. Human (48024 bytes)
     1: ...or = pink | name = ''Homo sapiens''}}<br/>{{StatusSecure}}
     2: ...man,<br> sent to space with the [[Pioneer 11]] mission}}
     6: {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Mammal]]ia}}
     7: {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Primates]]}}
     8: {{Taxobox_superfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Hominoidea]]}}
204. Civilization (29205 bytes)
     1: ...he [[Latin]] ''civis'', meaning "citizen" or "townsman."
     3: ...y of the Incas," has become the most recognizable symbol of the [[Inca]] civilization.]]
     5: ...e term, applied to some human groups and not others.
     7: ...t. In this sense civilization is nearly synonymous with [[culture]].
     9: ...for 3 weeks." Additionally, it is used in this sense to refer to the potential [[global civilization]...
205. India (27950 bytes)
     1: ...d is the [[List of countries by area|seventh largest]] country by geographical [[area]].
     3: ... economic and military roles, regionally as well as globally.
     5: ...putes over how representative it is as a national signifier.
     8: == History ==
     9: ... IS A SUMMARY. CONSIDER ADDING MATERIAL TO THE 'HISTORY OF INDIA' ARTICLE.-->
206. World War I (62979 bytes)
     1: ...attle of Passchendaele]]. Battle aftermath. Remains of the Chateau Wood]]
     2: ...roots of power back to the days of the [[Crusade]]s, all fell during or after the war.
     4: ... political origins|Diplomatic and political origins]] below).
     6: ...]], and would thus involve non-combatants in war as never before.
     8: ...tionalism that swept the European continent at this time.
207. World War II (58065 bytes)
     1: ... rising 18 km (over 11 miles) into the air. [[August 9]], [[1945]]]]
     2: ...t extensive and expensive armed conflict in the history of the World.
     4: ...d wars]] are one conflict separated only by a "ceasefire".
     6: ...ment of Surrender|Japan surrendered]] on [[15 August]] [[1945]] ([[V-J Day]]).
     8: ...[Technology during World War II|war-time inventions]].
208. Vietnam War (102682 bytes)
     1: ...25" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em;margin-bottom:1em"
     2: !colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffff99"| '''The Vietnam War'''
     8: |Place||[[Southeast Asia]]
     10: ...m<br>&bull; Reunification of Vietnam under communist rule<br>
     12: !colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffff99"|Major Combatants
209. Civil rights (27169 bytes)
     1: ...50px|right|President Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964.]]
     2: ...laws to limit the effect of current discriminations.
     4: ...ich encompass both human rights and civil liberties.
     8: ...and 'citizenship'. The term [[Human rights]] refers to a broader concept.<br>
     10: ... people by virute of their [[citizenship]] of a [[state]]. <br>
210. Timeline of United States history (1860-1899) (10289 bytes)
     1: ...Americans died fighting the Civil War, include these men felled during the bloody Battle of Antietam]...
     3: ...Timeline of United States history]] concerns events from '''[[1860]] to [[1899]]'''.
     5: === [[1860s]] ===
     6: ====1860&ndash;1865====
     7: [[Image:National-atlas-1970-1860.png|thumb|U.S. territorial extent in 1860]]
211. Timeline of United States history (1950-1969) (7885 bytes)
     1: ...Timeline of United States history]] concerns events from '''[[1950]] to [[1969]]'''.
     3: === [[1950s]] ===
     4: ...gains power, and [[McCarthyism]] (1950-1954) begins
     5: *[[1950]] - [[McCarran Internal Security Act]]
     6: *[[1950]] - [[Korean War]] begins
212. History of the United States (1865-1918) (52094 bytes)
     1: {{Ushistory}}
     2: ...bor movement]]. Finally, the era was capped by U.S. involvement in [[World War I]].
     4: ==Reconstruction==
     5: ...rticle: [[Reconstruction era (United States)|Reconstruction]]''
     7: ...nd procedures for reintegrating the southern states.
213. History of the United States (1980-1988) (35211 bytes)
     1: {{Ushistory}}
     2: ==Changing demographics and the growth of the Sun Belt==
     4: ...e industrialized states in the Northeast and Midwest.
     6: ...are now a minority in the nation's most populated state.
     8: ...panding demand for social services, while tax bases declined. [[New York City]] barely averted bankru...
214. Wyoming (8979 bytes)
     1: {{Infobox U.S. state |
     3: Fullname = State of Wyoming |
     4: Flag = Wyoming state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Wyomingstateseal.jpg |
     7: Map = Map_of_USA_highlighting_Wyoming.png |
215. Mississippi (15114 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     2: Name = Mississippi |
     3: Fullname = State of Mississippi |
     4: Flag = Mississippi state flag.png |
     5: Flaglink = [[Flag of Mississippi]] |
216. Michigan (29427 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Michigan |
     4: Flag = Michigan state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Michigan state seal.png |
     7: Map = Map of USA highlighting Michigan.png |
217. August (4611 bytes)
     1: {{AugustCalendar}}
     2: ...seven Gregorian months with the length of 31 [[days]].
     4: ...he constellation of [[Cancer]] and ends in the constellation of [[Leo]].
     6: ...s the sixth month in the [[Roman calendar]] which started in [[March]].
     8: ...hemisphere]] and [[Imbolc]] in the [[southern hemisphere]].
218. Artemis (11271 bytes)
     1: ...mage provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom ClipArt]]]
     3: ...na (goddess)|Diana]]. In [[Etruscan mythology]], she took the form of [[Artume]].
     5: == Worship ==
     7: ...e [[sun god]]. Artemis also assimilated [[Caryatis]] ([[Carya]]).
     9: ... priestesses were addressed with the title [[Melissa]].
219. Colonial America (32872 bytes)
     1: {{Ushistory}}
     2: ...|political]], and [[economics|economic]] structures.
     4: ...] government on issues of [[taxation]] and [[representation]].
     6: ==Motives for exploration and colonization==
     9: ...g]] technologies needed to make long voyages across open water.
220. History of California (38344 bytes)
     1: ...or events in the 20th century and beyond, see [[History of California (20th century)]].}}
     3: ...ost of the known '''history of California''' begins with European exploration.
     5: ...ields, and finally with its high-technology leadership.
     7: ...eld of [[California Poppy|California golden poppies]] ''circa'' [[1910]].]]
     9: ==Prehistory==
221. Colorado (22240 bytes)
     1: {{US state |
     3: Fullname = State of Colorado |
     4: Flag = Colorado state flag.png |
     6: Seal = Coloradostateseal.jpg |
     7: Map = Map_of_USA_highlighting_Colorado.png |
222. Christianity (47078 bytes)
     1: {{christianity}}
     2: ...[Jesus|Jesus Christ]] as described in the [[New Testament]] of the [[Bible]].
     4: ==Beliefs ==
     6: ...istian]]'' means "belonging to Christ" or "of Christ".
     8: ... branches, which split from one another in disputes over doctrine:
223. Religion (72319 bytes)
     1: ...number of forms in various cultures and individuals.
     2: ...ng the form of a [[legal entity]] (see [[religion-supporting organization]]).
     4: ...ht|[[Borobudur]], a [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Stupa|stupa]] built between [[8th century|750 and 850]]]]
     5: [[image:FishersOfMen.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fishers of men; Oil on panel by [[Adriaen van de Venne]]...
     10: ...er than "connect," hence interpreting "religion" as "returning to bondage."
224. Memorial Day (4407 bytes)
     1: ...traditionally place flags near veterans' headstones on Memorial Day]]
     2: ...members who have died during the previous 12 months.
     4: ...ly the [[United States Flag|U.S. Flag]] at [[half-staff]] from dawn until noon local time.
     6: ... Day]] is considered the unofficial end of the season.
     8: ==History==
225. Pope Linus (3471 bytes)
     2: English name=Linus|
     3: image=[[Image:Linus2.jpg|200px]]|
     4: birth_name=Linus|
     5: term_start=[[67|circa 67]]|
     7: predecessor=[[Saint Peter|Pope Peter]]|
226. Pope Damasus I (6865 bytes)
     1: ...vice of the church of the martyr [[Saint Lawrence|St. Laurence]] in [[Rome]].
     3: ...uffered greatly due to these two unseemly incidents.
     5: ...but he was exonerated by Emperor [[Gratianus]] himself.
     7: ...forgeries]], however they are still often quoted as if genuine.
     9: ...ror [[Theodosius I|Theodosius]] at the age of almost eighty" (ch. 103).
227. Pope Formosus (4107 bytes)
     1: [[Image:Jean Paul Laurens Le Pape Formose et Etienne VII 1870.jpg|right|300px|]]
     2: ...] ([[869]] and [[872]]), and he persuaded [[Charles the Bald]], King of France, to be crowned by the ...
     4: ...o return to Rome or exercise his priestly functions.
     6: ... [[Pope Stephen V]] ([[885]]-[[891]]), Formosus was elected Pope on [[October 6]] [[891]].
     8: ...[France|French]] crown, the pope sided with Charles.
228. Pope Sergius III (3716 bytes)
     1: ... Sergius III, largely upon a remark by Liutprand (see Brook link below).
     3: ...ocumentation about Sergius comes from his opponents.
     5: ... to come out of retirement. His return is marked as [[January 29]] [[904]].
     7: ... to place a laudatory remark on Stephen VII's tombstone.
     9: ...attered by an earthquake in [[896]]. He is the first pope to be pictured wearing the triple-crowned [...
229. Cambodia (32076 bytes)
     9: ...uage|English]] often understood by educated classes |
     10: capital = [[Phnom Penh]] |latd=11|latm=31|latNS=N|longd=104|longm=49|longEW=E|
     11: largest_city = [[Phnom Penh]] |
     12: ...mocracy|Democratic]] [[constitutional monarchy|const. monarchy]] |
     13: ...tles = [[King of Cambodia|King]] <br> [[Prime Minister]] |
230. Heel (1478 bytes)
     1: ...(zool.)|hock]]. In [[plantigrade]] species it rests on the ground.
     3: ... from slipping out of the [[stirrup]]. See also [[stiletto heel]].
     5: ...tling)|heel]]''' is a character who is portrayed as behaving in an immoral manner.
     7: ...rlands]], in the province of [[Limburg (Netherlands)|Limburg]].
     9: ...ces of bread in a loaf are sometimes referred to as the '''heel'''.
231. Neck (1960 bytes)
     1: ...natomical description of the [[human]] neck follows.
     4: ...[[carotid arteries]] may be marked by joining the sterno-clavicular articulation to the angle of the ...
     6: ...ck to the shoulder is caused by the [[trapezius muscle]].
     9: ==See also==
     13: * [[Torticollis]]
232. Adam's apple (940 bytes)
     1: ...geal prominence''', known commonly as the '''Adam's apple'''.
     3: ...e reason for the [[voice]] breaking in teenage boys.)
     5: ...[plastic surgery]] to reduce the size of the Adam's apple.
     7: ...an apple) sticking in the throat of our [[Adam|first parent]]."
233. Giovanni Boccaccio (10149 bytes)
     2: ...o were more concerned with the [[Medieval]] virtues of [[Chivalry]], [[Piety]] and [[Humility]]).
     5: ...Tuscany]], perhaps in [[Certaldo]], the town of his father.
     7: ...ter counsellor to Queen Joanna and the "Grand Seneschal".
     9: ... two illegitimate children of his were born in this time, Mario and Giulio.
     11: ...d ''La caccia di Diana'' a poem in octave rhyme listing Neopolitan women.
234. Petrarch (10447 bytes)
     1: ...3 cm. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Artist: Andrea di Bartolo di Bargilla (c. 1423 - 1457)]...
     3: ...Dante]] are considered the fathers of the [[Renaissance]].
     6: ...dy the law. However, Petrarch was primarily interested in writing and Latin literature.
     8: ...ted, and greatly embellished, by subsequent writers.
     10: ...'''Petrarca alpinista''') as the "father of alpinism".
235. Giordano Bruno (15356 bytes)
     3: ...[freedom of thought]] because his ideas went against church doctrine.
     7: ...ear [[Naples]]. In [[1572]] he was ordained a priest.
     9: ...aced a sort of [[pantheism|pantheistic]] [[hylozoism]], and not the [[Trinity]].
     10: ...n the spandrels are the four [[classical element]]s: earth, air fire, water]]
     11: ...cotus]], [[Marsilio Ficino]], and [[Nicholas of Cusa]].
236. Spanish Inquisition (11421 bytes)
     1: ...mb|250px|[[Pedro Berruguete]]. ''Saint Dominic Presiding over an [[Auto-da-fe]]'' ([[1475]]).]]
     3: ...sed as a tool to punish and eliminate [[homosexuals]].
     6: ...e European countries, but not in the Kingdom of Castile & Leon!
     8: ...Crown of Aragon]], had large [[Jew]]ish populations centered in ''[[ghetto|Juder�]]''.
     10: ...e even had an unofficial Crown [[Rabbi]], a professing [[Jew]].
237. El Salvador (12362 bytes)
     1: ...n]] mainland and the most [[Industrialization|industrialized]] in Central America.
     2: ...px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
     3: |+<big><big>'''Rep?a de El Salvador'''</big></big>
     5: ...<table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center;">
     7: <td width="140px">[[Image:El salvador flag large.png|125px|]]</td>
238. Ireland (33828 bytes)
     2: ... is located west of the European landmass, which is part of the continent of [[Europe]].]]
     3: ...om]], which covers the northeastern sixth of the island.
     5: The [[population]] of the island is approximately 5.7 million people, 4 million in th...
     7: ...[Isle of Man]] and [[Wales]] are visible to the east.]]
     10: ...l_large.png|this larger version]] with more details.]]
239. Congress of the United States (41315 bytes)
     1: ...age:Uscongress.gif|right|frame|Seal of the Congress.]]
     3: ... [[United States Senate|Senate]] (the "[[Upper House]]").
     5: ...ately one-third of the terms expire every two years.
     7: ...he [[bicameral]] legislatures of most other nations.
     9: ...t in the [[United States Capitol|Capitol]] in [[Washington, D.C]].
240. United States Senate (35505 bytes)
     1: ...ed|[[Seal of the United States Senate|Seal of the Senate]]]]
     2: ...he Senate" ([[Article One of the United States Constitution|Article I]]).
     4: ... of the House of Representatives (the "[[lower house]]").
     6: ...Representatives convenes in the south wing of the same building.
     8: ==History==
241. Badminton (12494 bytes)
     1: ...d_small.png|right|thumb|250px|Badminton court, perspective view]]
     3: ... two opposing pairs (doubles) and is played indoors.
     5: ...et sport in the world with shuttles reaching speeds of up to 332 km/h.
     7: ... to Squash which also has the same explosive starts.
     9: ...en's doubles and mixed doubles (each pair is composed of one man and one woman).
242. Archery (18991 bytes)
     1: [[Image:Archery_competition.jpg|thumb|400px|Archers in Competition]]
     3: ...in hunting and combat, and has become a precision sport.
     7: ...es. This is the most popular form of archery and is called 'Target Archery'.
     9: ...nd to be dominated by European and American archers.
     11: ...ࠬ'Arc). Olympic rules are derived from FITA rules.
243. Golf (35905 bytes)
     2: ...ot.jpg|right|250px|thumb|Golfer teeing off at the start of a hole]]
     4: ... popular and continues to attract ever more players around the world.
     6: ...obstructions, such as bunkers and [[water hazard]]s.
     8: ...ber of holes remaining in the round, the match ends.
     11: ==Anatomy of a golf course==
244. Ice hockey (16008 bytes)
     1: ...g high speeds on natural or artificial ice surfaces.
     4: ... The referee's raised arm indicates that he intends to call a penalty.]]
     5: ...g the net, and who is permitted unique gear towards that end.
     8: ...ge. When players are substituted during play, it is called changing ''on the fly''.
     10: ...movement of the puck: ''[[Offside (ice hockey)|offside]]'' and ''[[Icing (ice hockey)|icing]]''.
245. Polo (10046 bytes)
     3: ... main difference is that the players play on [[horse]]back.
     5: ==Origins==
     6: ...&mdash; the king of game is still the game of kings"''
     8: ...sentence it epitomises the feelings of many players today.
     10: ...ndian subcontinent, so did this rugged game on horseback.
246. Roller hockey (4297 bytes)
     1: ...t using [[inline skate]]s instead of [[ice skate]]s.
     3: == International rules ==
     5: ... 44 metres, standard length is 40 metres. The goals are 1.05 m high by 1.7 m wide.
     7: The ball is 230 mm and weighs 155 g.
     9: ...lus one other player for each team after play has started.
247. BMX racing (1539 bytes)
     1: ...various jumps, banked and flat corners, and a finish line.
     3: ...st for both men and women, where the average age is higher.
     5: ...4" wheel BMX bikes and occasional multi-speed bikes.
     7: ... other forms of bicycle and motorcycle competitions.
     9: ... become a medal sport at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]].
248. Boston Tea Party (4518 bytes)
     1: ...onal myth]]s of the founding of the [[United States]] and a key point in the [[American revolution]].
     2: ... tea party.jpg|thumb|Destruction of tea at the "Boston Tea party".]]
     3: ... 18]], [[1773]]. Created/published: [[1784]]. Artist: [[Daniel Chodowiecki]]. Engraver: Daniel Berger...
     5: ...ugh he later faced several hundred more indictments.
     7: ... the prices of the colonial merchants and smugglers.
249. St. Valentine's Day (9989 bytes)
     1: ...es]], during which the concept of romantic love was formulated.
     3: ...art provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     4: ...purchase approximately 85 percent of all valentines.
     7: ==History of Valentine's Day==
     9: ===February fertility festivals===
250. High jump (8613 bytes)
     2: ...mp over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights.
     4: ==History==
     6: ... his back and flattening out over the bar, the Irish-American gained a more economic clearance and to...
     8: <div class="floatright">
     10: ImageSize = width:220 height:1000
251. Long-distance track event (2855 bytes)
     1: ...d if one has trained consistently for over 10 weeks prior to running the race.
     3: ==Standard long-distance events==
     5: ===3,000 meter steeplechase===
     7: ...[[3,000 meter]] event. The world record for men is:
     9: ... Shaheen]] 7:53.63 [[Bruxelles]] 03 Sept 2004
252. Shot put (2126 bytes)
     2: ...vy metal ball, also called the shot, as far as possible.
     4: ... from the front of the circle to where the shot has landed.
     6: ... girls, these are sometimes known as practice shots.
     8: ... amateur level since the technique is easier to master.
     10: ... do not gain the same recognition as track athletes.
253. Mother's Day (4660 bytes)
     1: ...ght days because of the number of letters and cards.
     3: ...atolia|Asia Minor]]. They insist that this custom spread around the world from there.
     5: ... Proclamation] in 1870, as a call for peace and disarmament. Excerpt:
     7: ''From the voice of a devastated Earth a voice goes up with <br>
     8: ''Our own. It says: "Disarm! Disarm!<br>
254. Halloween (18290 bytes)
     1: ...part provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     2: ...Scots]] and other immigrants brought older versions of the tradition to North America in the [[19th c...
     4: ...ugh the holiday has lost its religious connotations among the populace at large.
     5: ...part provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip Art]]]
     6: ...sumably named after the [[pookah]], a mischievous spirit.
255. Maasai (4392 bytes)
     1: ...raph courtesy of [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
     2: ...ntain their traditional ways, although this becomes more challenging each year.
     4: ...ver, due to the inefficiencies of government census in the region.
     6: ...engeti]] game reserves, which was all formerly Maasai grazing land.
     8: ... from dried cattle dung, and certain sacred rituals involve the drinking of cow blood.
256. Robert Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell (14006 bytes)
     1: [[Image:Baden-powell.jpg|thumb|Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell]]
     2: ... was a soldier, writer and founder of the world [[Scouting]] movement.
     5: ...succeed, of whom he would say in 1933, "The whole secret of my getting on lay with my mother."
     7: ... yachting or canoeing expeditions with his brothers.
     11: ...a in [[1897]] to command the 5th [[Dragoon]] Guards.
257. Underground Railroad (17993 bytes)
     2: ...nists]]. Other routes led to [[Mexico]] or overseas.
     4: ...] and figures prominently in [[African American history]].
     6: ...400px|thumb|Map of some Underground Railroad routes]]
     8: ===Structure===
     10: ...pers, and other organs disseminated the abolitionist viewpoint nationwide.
258. Totem pole (20143 bytes)
     1: ...rican cultures along the [[Pacific]] northwest coast of North America.
     2: ...mage provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
     4: == History ==
     6: ...to application of existing regional artistic styles to a new medium.
     8: ...erts to cease production and destroy existing poles.
259. Softball (19057 bytes)
     1: ...tiate the two), but differs from it in several ways, of which the chief four are:
     3: ... in any position and is usually thrown overarm or sidearm.
     4: ... ball is larger, less dense, and heavier than a baseball.
     5: * The playing field is normally smaller.
     6: ...posed to around three hours for most baseball games.
260. Swimming (22854 bytes)
     1: ...tions are needed to participate in water activities.
     3: ...rp.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Part of the breaststroke]]
     5: ...them as [[paddle]]s, and by kicking the legs to push water away from the body.
     7: ...prove speed also aid one to move farther with the same effort.
     9: ...rooped legs or a slanted torso dramatically increase drag.
261. Roman Empire (59037 bytes)
     3: ...], since the structure of the power in that age was the one of a republic.
     5: ...e [[Byzantine Empire]], fell to the [[Ottoman Turks]].
     7: ...angably throughout this article to mean the same as Roman Empire.
     9: ...imperial majesty were common from the earliest days of the Empire.
     11: ...and the [[German Empire]] (see [[Kaiser]]). See also [[Roman culture]].
262. Nutrition (42689 bytes)
     1: ...neral nutrition guide for recommended [[food]] consumption.]]
     2: ...e]]. Absence of adequate nutrients may cause disease or death.
     4: ...nd potentially lethal effects, depending on the dose.
     5: ... to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.
     8: ...and in organisms (e.g. plants, animals) that humans eat.
263. History of astronomy (13532 bytes)
     1: {{histOfScience}}
     2: ...n up by cultures around the world using the raw, astronomical data collected.
     4: ...move an appreciable amount during a comparatively short time.
     6: ==Ancient history==
     8: ...[religion|religious]] [[social function|function]]s.
264. Ancient Olympic Games (9077 bytes)
     1: ...jpg|thumb|300px|right|Ruins of the training grounds at Olympia]]
     2: ...a, Greece|Olympia]] from (historically) as early as [[776 BC]] to [[393]] AD.
     6: ...in the fog of time, but several legends and myths survive.
     8: ... defeat of the [[titan (mythology)|Titan]] [[Cronus]].
     10: ...mpus]], the mountain on which the Greek gods were said to live.
265. Harry S. Truman (30022 bytes)
     3: {{Infobox President | name=Harry S. Truman
     6: | order=33rd President
     9: | preceded=[[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]
     10: | succeeded=[[Dwight D. Eisenhower]]
     11: | date of birth=[[Thursday]], [[May 8]], [[1884]]
266. Franklin D. Roosevelt (74009 bytes)
     1: {{Infobox President | name=Franklin Delano Roosevelt
     4: | order=32th President
     8: | succeeded=[[Harry S. Truman]]
     13: | place of death=[[Warm Springs, Georgia]]
     14: | wife=[[Eleanor Roosevelt]]
267. Warren G. Harding (30163 bytes)
     1: {{Infobox President | name=Warren Gamaliel Harding
     4: | order=29th President
     6: | date2=[[August 2]], [[1923]]
     7: | preceded=[[Woodrow Wilson]]
     8: | succeeded=[[Calvin Coolidge]]
268. Hernando de Soto (explorer) (19418 bytes)
     1: ...mage provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
     2: ...southeast and midwest of today's [[United States|USA]].
     4: == Travels and Career ==
     5: ...ization voyage through [[Nicaragua]] and [[Honduras]].
     6: ...vilas leadership was secured and de Soto gained his favour.
269. Aaron Burr (20716 bytes)
     1: [[Image:AaronBurr-flipped.jpg|thumb|Vice President Aaron Burr]]
     3: ...] and his trial and acquittal on charges of [[treason]].
     7: ...Jonathan Edwards]], the famous [[Calvinism|Calvinist]] [[theology|theologian]].
     9: ...[[Benedict Arnold]], [[George Washington]] and [[Israel Putnam]].
     11: ==Military service==
270. Zeus (17267 bytes)
     1: ...mage provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipart]]]
     2: ...nus]]is the leader of the gods and [[god]] of the sky and thunder in [[Greek mythology]].
     5: ==Prehistory==
     6: ... [[Germanic tribes]] and they did not identify Zeus/Jupiter with either Tyr or Odin, but with [[Thor]...
     8: ...tures of the [[ancient Near East]], such as the [[scepter]].

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