User:Nico/Silesia
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cs:Slezsko da:Schlesien de:Schlesien es:Silesia nl:Silezië pl:¦l±sk no:Schlesien sv:Schlesien
This is the NPOV version of the Silesia article.
Silesia (Polish Śląsk, German Schlesien, Czech Slezsko) is an ancient part of Europe located between the Oder and Vistula rivers. For almost 700 years Silesia was German. Since the end of World War II Silesia is almost entirely within the borders of Poland, with the exception of Teschen Silesia, which is part of the Czech Republic, and Görlitz Silesia, which is part of Germany. Silesia is directly adjacent to Saxony, Lesser Poland, Great Poland, and Brandenburg, and very near to Berlin and Cracow.
The Polish portion of Silesia, which forms the bulk of the historic region, is now divided into the voivodships of Lower Silesian Voivodship (capital: Wroclaw/Breslau), Opole Voivodship (capital: Opole/Oppeln), and Silesian Voivodship (capital: Katowice). The latter two are sometimes called Upper Silesia. The small portion in the Czech Republic is joined with Moravia to form the Moravian-Silesian Region of that country.
Silesia is a resource rich and populous region. Coal and iron can both be found there, and a substantial munfacturing industry has grown up, but in post-communist times the outdated nature of many of the facilites have lead to problems. It is also a good agricultural area producing grains, potatoes, and sugar beets.
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Name of the region
There are many theories as to how Silesia derived its name. These theories tend to fall along the lines of national interest. The "Silesia is part of Germany" argument claims that the name is derived from the Silingii, most likely a Vandalic (some say Celto-Germanic) people, who supposedly lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Oder, and Vistula river in 2nd Century. The "Silesia is Poland" argument is based on etymology and the fact that the place-names in the area were always Polish, or germanized Polish names. Also archeological finds from 7th and 8th uncovered largely populated areas protected by a dense system of fortifications from West and South. Lack of such systems from North or East signifies Silesia being a part of larger State populated by early Polish tribes.
A third theory claims that the area was indeed "originally" (as far as they are the first people purported to have lived in the area) inhabited by the Silingii. When the Silingii moved from the area during the Migration Period, or Völkerwanderung, they left remnants of their society behind. The most evident remnants were in the place-names, which were adopted (in Slavic form) by the new inhabitants, who were in fact Slavic (Polish Śląsk, OldPol. Śląžsk [-o], OldSlav. *Sьlьąžьskъ [<*Sьlьągьskъ] from OldGerman *Siling-isk [land]). These people became associated with the place, and were known as Silesians (using a Latinized form of the name, Pol. Ślęžanie), even though they had nothing to do with the Silingii.
Parenthetically, it should be noted that there is considerable debate among archaeologists and historians as to whether there is such a thing as a Celtic-Germanic people. Exhibits such as the one in Rosenheim (Bayern) certainly demonstrate that the Celts had an influence on the area; however, the movement of the Celts westward through Europe was such that there is little if any overlap between them and the Germanic tribes.
Moreover, the question of Germanic tribes and their relationship to place names is entirely chicken/egg. Traditional German historiography, most notably the works of Ranke, tend to argue a thing's inherent "Germanness" on the grounds that clearly work in a 19th century nationalist context, but hardly work for today's historians.
History
The following factoids are from the Catholic Encyclopedia. Please check them for accuracy and point out any errors in talk. A sysop will immediately move any disputed fact.
Silesia has been:
- Prussian
- inhabited 3/4 by Germans, 1/4 by Poles (1905)
- Slavonic (an 800 year period)
- controlled by Poland (In 999 Silesia was conquered by the Poles)
- controlled by Bohemia (1327-29)
- colonized by Germans (from around 1210)
- a battleground: the Hussite Wars (1420-37)
- controlled by Hungary (1469)
- "regarded as a dependency of Bohemia" (1526)
- largely controlled by Prussia (after wars of 1740-2, 1744-5, 1756-63)
- enlarged by adding half of Lausitz (Lusatia)
- divided into Upper and Lower Silesia?
- split: part of Silesia which remained an Austrian possession after 1763.
Early peoples
Silesia was inhabited by various peoples belonging to changing archealogical cultures in the Stone Age, Bronze Age and Iron Age.
As recorded by Tacitus in the 1st century AD Silesia was inhabited by a multi-ethnic leage dominated by the Celtic Lugii/Lygii. Belonging to this federation the Silingii, most likely a Vandalic people, lived south of the Baltic Sea in the Elbe, Odra, and Vistula river area of later Germany and Poland.
Middle Ages
Early documents mention a couple of tribes most probably living in Silesia: Bavarian Geographer (ca. 845): Slenzanie, Dzhadoshanie, Opolanie, Lupiglaa, Golenshitse. And a document of Prague bishopric (1086): Zlasane, Trebovyane, Poborane, Dedositze.
In the 9th and 10th centuries the territory later called Silesia was subject to the Moravian and then Bohemian rulers of the neighbouring area covered by today's Czech Republic to the south. In 990 Silesia was incorporated into Poland by Mieszko I (although some historians are moving the date to 999 and rule of Boleslaus I, duke of the Polanie (Polans; from "pole" - "a field") and later king of Poland). (See [[1] (http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~koby/political/chapter_02/0205pol992.html)] for the previous boundaries of Poland.) During Poland's Fragmentation (1138-1320) into duchies ruled by different branches of the Piast royal family, Silesia was ruled by descendants of the royal house.
In 1146, duke Wladislaw II acknowledged the overlordship of the Holy Roman Empire, but was driven into exile. After 17 years in Germany, his two sons took possession of Silesia in 1163 with Imperial backing, dividing the land between them as dukes of Lower and Upper Silesia. The policy of subdivision continued under their successors, with Silesia being divided into 18 territories by the 1390s.
From around 1210 Henry I the Bearded, duke of Lower Silesia, and his wife Hedwig of Andechs invited the Knights Templar and other religious, many of them from Germany, to settle the land. The ruling classes increasingly adopted German language and culture, causing great ethnic tensions in Silesia. Germans moved in from other parts of the Holy Roman Empire in the wake of the dislocation caused by the 1241 Mongol invasion of Silesia. 160 cities and 1500 towns were founded or relocated with German charters and laws (German law was however quickly separated from ethnicity of the founders and usually new Polish settlements were also located or relocated with German laws, which were considered more modern and superior to older, customary Polish laws).
In 1327, Duke Henry VI of Wroclaw and the Upper Silesian dukes recognized the overlordship of the king of Bohemia (John of Luxemburg). Last independent Piast duchies in Silesia ceased to exist in 1368. Since then Silesia became indirectly part of Holy Roman Empire, since Bohemia was itself an autonomous part of the entity. Silesia remained part of the lands of the Bohemian crown until 1742, under kings of Czech, Polish and German dynasties.
Under the emperor and king of Bohemia Charles IV, Silesia and especially Wroclaw gained greatly in importance, and many great buildings and large Gothic churches were built.
Between 1425 and 1435, devastation was caused by Hussite rebellion in Bohemia proper - Silesia remained largely Catholic however.
Early Modern Period
The Protestant reformation took an early hold, and most of Silesia became Lutheran.
- In 1537 the rulers of Brandenburg and Silesia concluded an inheritance treaty, but it was vetoed by the emperor Ferdinand.
- 1526 Habsburgs elected/inherited the Bohemian crown (it is disputed by what right they ruled)
The second "Defenestration of Prague", in 1618, sparked the Thirty Years' War, caused by attempts of the Catholic Habsburg ruler to restore Catholicism and stamp out Protestantism.
After the end of the Thirty Years War, the Habsburgs greatly encouraged Catholicism, and succeeded in reconverting around sixty percent of the population of Silesia.
By 1675 the last Silesian Piast rulers had died out.
In 1740 the seizure of Silesia by Frederick (the Great) of Brandenburg began the War of the Austrian Succession, which ended in 1748. At the end of this war, Prussia retained almost all of Silesia. The Seven Years' War (1756-1763) confirmed this result.
Silesia in the Modern World
Silesia, then part of the Kingdom of Prussia, became part of the German Empire when Prussia lead the unification of Germany (1866-71). There was considerable industrialization in Upper Silesia, and many people moved there. A majority of the population was Polish-speaking and Roman Catholic, and in whole Silesia Polish-speakers were estimated to more than 30%, concentrated in regions of Upper Silesia and Opole. As the below mentioned referendum showed, Polish-speakers not always had to be identified with Poles.
After Germany's defeat in World War I, a 1921 referendum was held by the League of Nations in Upper Silesia, to determine the future of the province.
In the referendum Poland and Germany got almost the same number of votes from the people living in Upper Silesia. However, 200 000 of people born in Upper Silesia, but living in Germany, had also right to vote.
After the referendum, there were three Silesian Insurrections, as a result of them, League of Nations decided, that the province should be split and areas that voted for Poland should become autonomous Silesian Voivodship (Wojewodztwo Śląskie), as part of Poland.
In 1945 all of Silesia was occupied by Soviet troops, by then a large proportion of German population had fled Silesia. The treaty between the USSR, Great Britain, France, and the United States assigned the major part of Silesia east of the rivers Odra and Nysa to Poland, forcing the German population to relocate behind the Oder-Neisse Line. A little part of Silesia west of Nysa around Görlitz remained German (now part of the Federal State of Saxony).
Demographics
to be written yet
Modern Silesia is inhabited mostly by the Poles and Silesians, but also by the Germans, Czechs and Moravians.
The last Polish census of 2002 showed that the Silesians are the largest ethnic minority in Poland, Germans being the second - both groups are located mostly in the Silesian region.
The Czech Silesia is inhabited by the Czechs, Moravians and Poles.
Economy
to be written yet
Culture
to be written yet
Further reading
Publications in German
- Bibliography - Literatur über die Geschichte Schlesiens (http://www.schlesien-ahnenforschung.de/Literatur/Geschichte.html)
- (ed.) H. Aubin, Geschichte Schlesiens, vol. 1, Breslau 1938
- (ed.) L. Petry, J.J. Menzel, Geschichte Schlesiens, vol. 2, Darmstadt 1973
- W. Kuhn, Beiträge zur schlesischen Siedlungsgeschichte, München 1971
- (ed.) Rainer Riemenschneider, Die Rolle Schlesiens und Pommern in der Geschichte der deutschen-polnischen Beziehungen in Mittelalter, Georg-Eckert-Institut für Internationale Schulbuchforschung, Braunschweig 1980
Publications in Polish
- (ed.) K.Maleczyński, W.Długoborski, S.Michalkiewicz, Historia Śląska, vol. 1-2, Wrocław 1960-70
- Zygmunt Boras, Książęta Piastowscy Śląska, Wydawnictwo Śląsk, Katowice 1978.
- Zygmunt Boras, Związki Śląska i Pomorza Zachodniego z Polską w XVI wieku, Poznań 1981
- (ed.) Marian Biskup, Śląsk i Pomorze w historii stosunków polsko-niemieckich w średniowieczu, XII Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków 5-10 VI 1979 Olsztyn, Ossolineum, Wroclaw 1983, second edition: Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1987.
- (ed.) Antoni Czubiński, Zbigniew Kulak, Śląsk i Pomorze w stosunkach polsko-niemieckich od XVI do XVII w. XIV Konferencja Wspólnej Komisji Podręcznikowej PRL-RFN Historyków, 9-14 VI 1981 r. Zamość, Instytut Zachodni, Poznań 1987
External links
Silesian Organizations
- Ruch Automonii Śląska (RAS) Silesian Autonomy Movement (English, Polish, German) (http://www.raslaska.org/)
- Slonski Servis (Polish, German) (http://www.slonsk.com/)
- Slonsko Lauba (Silesian) (http://www.slonzoki.de/)
- Ślonsk - country and people (Silesian, Polish, German) (http://www.slonsk.de/)
- Landsmannschaft Schlesien (http://www.schlesien-lm.de/)
History of Silesia
- History of Silesia (in German) (http://www.schlesien-bonn.de/geschichte/schlesien.htm)
Internet directories
- Open Directory Project - Upper Silesia - internet directory (http://dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Poland/Voivodships/Upper_Silesia/)
- Open Directory Project - Opole Silesia - internet directory (http://dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Poland/Voivodships/Opole_Silesia/)
- Open Directory Project - Lower Silesia - internet directory (http://dmoz.org/Regional/Europe/Poland/Voivodships/Lower_Silesia/)
Maps of Silesia
- 8 maps of Upper Silesia 1561-1925 (http://www.elvish.org/gwaith/slask/mapy_slaska.htm)
- Map of Cieszyn/Teschen Silesia of 1863 (http://ksiestwocieszynskie.republika.pl/map1893.html)
- Slesie Descriptio XV Nova Tabula. Map of Sebastian Münster, Kosmografia, Bazylea 1550 (http://www.frombork.art.pl/Frombork-foto/g157.jpg)
