| Year
| Name
| Topics
|
| 1901
| Emil Adolf von Behring
| "for his serum therapy to treat diphtheria"
|
| 1902
| Ronald Ross
| "for research on malaria"
|
| 1903
| Niels Ryberg Finsen
| "for his light treatment of lupus vulgaris"
|
| 1904
| Ivan Petrovich Pavlov
| "for work on the physiology of the digestive system"
|
| 1905
| Robert Koch
| "for discovering the cause of tuberculosis"
|
| 1906
| Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal
| "for research on the nervous system"
|
| 1907
| Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
| "for research into protozoa causing disease"
|
| 1908
| Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov, Paul Ehrlich
| "for study of the immune system"
|
| 1909
| Emil Theodor Kocher
| "for work on the thyroid gland"
|
| 1910
| Albrecht Kossel
| "for research in cell biology, especially proteins and nucleic acids"
|
| 1911
| Allvar Gullstrand
| "for research on the image formation by the lens of the eye"
|
| 1912
| Alexis Carrel
| "for work on suture of blood vessels and transplantation"
|
| 1913
| Charles Robert Richet
| "for the discovery of anaphylaxis"
|
| 1914
| Robert Bárány
| "for research on the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear"
|
| 1919
| Jules Bordet
| "for discovery of the complement in the immune system"
|
| 1920
| Schack August Steenberg Krogh
| "for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion"
|
| 1922
| Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Fritz Meyerhof
| "for research on muscles, especially their generation of heat and the relationship between oxygen consumption and lactic acid metabolism "
|
| 1923
| Frederick Grant Banting, John James Richard Macleod
| "for the discovery of insulin"
|
| 1924
| Willem Einthoven
| "for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
|
| 1926
| Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger
| "for elucidating Spiroptera carcinoma and artificially inducing cancer in an animal."
|
| 1927
| Julius Wagner-Jauregg
| "for healing general paralysis by infection with malaria"
|
| 1928
| Charles Jules Henri Nicolle
| "for work on typhus"
|
| 1929
| Christiaan Eijkman, Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins
| "for discovery of various vitamins"
|
| 1930
| Karl Landsteiner
| "for discovery of human blood types"
|
| 1931
| Otto Heinrich Warburg
| "for research on cytochromes in cellular respiration"
|
| 1932
| Sir Charles Scott Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian
| "for work on the function of neurons, including the fact that stronger stimuli result in a higher frequency of nerve impulses"
|
| 1933
| Thomas Hunt Morgan
| "for discovering the role of chromosomes in heredity"
|
| 1934
| George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
| "for discovering liver therapy for anaemia"
|
| 1935
| Hans Spemann
| "for the discovery of organizing centers in the early development of organisms"
|
| 1936
| Sir Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi
| "for work on transmission of nerve impulses via neurotransmitters"
|
| 1937
| Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt
| "for the description of vitamin C and the discovery that oxygen combines with hydrogen in cellular respiration"
|
| 1938
| Corneille Jean François Heymans
| "for showing how blood pressure and oxygen content of the blood are measured by the body and transmitted to the brain"
|
| 1939
| Gerhard Domagk
| "for the discovery of the sulphonamide Prontosil, the first drug effective against bacterial infections"
|
| 1943
| Henrik Carl Peter Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy
| "for the discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure"
|
| 1944
| Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser
| "for the discovery of different types of nerve fibers"
|
| 1945
| Sir Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Sir Howard Walter Florey
| "for the discovery of penicillin and its properties in the cure of infectious diseases"
|
| 1946
| Hermann Joseph Muller
| "for the discovery that mutations can be induced by x-rays"
|
| 1947
| Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Theresa Cori (née Radnitz), Bernardo Alberto Houssay
| "for the discovery on how glycogen is converted to glucose in the body, and for the effects of hypophysis hormones on sugar metabolism"
|
| 1948
| Paul Hermann Müller
| "for the discovery of the insecticide DDT"
|
| 1949
| Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz
| "Hess for mapping the various functions of the midbrain; Moniz for discovering the therapeutic effect of lobotomy"
|
| 1950
| Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeus Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench
| "for the discovery of the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and function"
|
| 1951
| Max Theiler
| "for developing a vaccine for yellow fever"
|
| 1952
| Selman Abraham Waksman
| "for discovering the first antibiotic effective against streptomycin"
|
| 1953
| Hans Adolf Krebs
| "for the discovery of the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration"
|
| Fritz Albert Lipmann
| "for discovery and research on coenzyme A"
|
| 1954
| John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins
| "for showing how to cultivate poliomyelitis viruses in the test tube"
|
| 1955
| Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell
| "for research on enzymes and their actions, especially oxydizing enzymes"
|
| 1956
| André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson W. Richards
| "for showing how to insert a catheter into the heart and studying various heart diseases"
|
| 1957
| Daniel Bovet
| "for discovering synthetic drugs such as antihistamines that block the action of biological amines"
|
| 1958
| George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg
| "for showing that genes control individual steps in metabolism"
|
| 1959
| Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
| "for the synthesis of the nucleic acids RNA and DNA"
|
| 1960
| Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Brian Medawar
| "for the discovery that the immune system of the fetus learns how to distinguish between self and non-self"
|
| 1961
| Georg von Békésy
| "for elucidating the cochlea of the ear"
|
| 1962
| Francis Harry Compton Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins
| "for discovering the molecular structure of DNA"
|
| 1963
| Sir John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Fielding Huxley
| "for describing the electric transmission of impulses along nerves"
|
| 1964
| Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen
| "for research on cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
|
| 1965
| François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod
| "for discovering messenger RNA, ribosomes, and the genes controlling the expression of other genes"
|
| 1966
| Peyton Rous
| "for the discovery of viruses that induce tumours"
|
| Charles B. Huggins
| "for the discovery of the treatment of prostate cancer with hormones"
|
| 1967
| Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald
| "for describing the different types of light-sensitive cells in the eye and how light interacts with them"
|
| 1968
| Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg
| "for describing the genetic code and how it operates in protein synthesis"
|
| 1969
| Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, Salvador E. Luria
| "for work on the replication mechanism and genetics of viruses"
|
| 1970
| Sir Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod
| "for work on neurotransmitters"
|
| 1971
| Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.
| "for discovery of the action of hormones, especially epinephrine, via second messengers"
|
| 1972
| Gerald M. Edelman, Rodney R. Porter
| "for discovering the chemical structure of antibodies"
|
| 1973
| Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen
| "for the study of social animal behavior, especially the explanation of the "dance language" of bees and how young birds become fixated on their mother"
|
| 1974
| Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George E. Palade
| "for describing the structure and function of organelles in biological cells"
|
| 1975
| David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin
| "for describing how tumor viruses act on the genetic material of the cell"
|
| 1976
| Baruch S. Blumberg
| "for the discovery of hepatitis B virus"
|
| D. Carleton Gajdusek
| "for describing the disease kuru caused by cannibalism "
|
| 1977
| Roger Guillemin, Andrew V. Schally
| "for work on peptide hormones produced in the brain"
|
| Rosalyn Yalow
| "for creating the Yalow-Berson method to measure minute amounts of peptide hormones using antibodies"
|
| 1978
| Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton O. Smith
| "for the discovery of restriction enzymes which are instrumental in molecular biology"
|
| 1979
| Allan M. Cormack, Godfrey N. Hounsfield
| "for developing computer assisted tomography"
|
| 1980
| Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George D. Snell
| "for discovery of the Major histocompatibility complex genes which encode cell surface molecules important for the immune system's distinction between self and non-self"
|
| 1981
| Roger W. Sperry
| "for research on the cerebral hemispheres"
|
| David H. Hubel, Torsten N. Wiesel
| "for work on the processing of visual information in the brain"
|
| 1982
| Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson, John R. Vane
| "for the discovery of prostaglandins"
|
| 1983
| Barbara McClintock
| "for discovery of mobile genetic elements or transposons in maize"
|
| 1984
| Niels K. Jerne, Georges J.F. Köhler, César Milstein
| "for work on the immune system and the production of monoclonal antibodies"
|
| 1985
| Michael S. Brown, Joseph L. Goldstein
| "for describing the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
|
| 1986
| Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini
| "for discovering growth factors"
|
| 1987
| Susumu Tonegawa
| "for discovering how the large diversity of antibodies is produced genetically"
|
| 1988
| Sir James W. Black
| "for the development of beta blockers and histamine-2 receptor blocker"
|
| Gertrude B. Elion
| "for the development of drugs used in the treatment of cancer and the suppression of transplantation rejection"
|
| George H. Hitchings
| "for the development of various antibiotics"
|
| 1989
| J. Michael Bishop, Harold E. Varmus
| "for discovering the cellular origins of retroviral oncogenes"
|
| 1990
| Joseph E. Murray, E. Donnall Thomas
| "for work on organ and cell transplantation"
|
| 1991
| Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann
| "for developing techniques which show that ion channels exist in the cell membrane and which allow to study their properties"
|
| 1992
| Edmond H. Fischer, Edwin G. Krebs
| "for discovering how phosphorylation of proteins is used to regulate biological processes"
|
| 1993
| Richard J. Roberts, Phillip A. Sharp
| "for the discovery that genes in eukaryotes are not contiguous strings but contain introns, and that the splicing of messenger RNA to delete those introns can occur in different ways, yielding different proteins from the same DNA sequence"
|
| 1994
| Alfred G. Gilman, Martin Rodbell
| "for the discovery of G proteins and their role in signal transduction in cells"
|
| 1995
| Edward B. Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric F. Wieschaus
| "for the discovery of the genes involved in the developmental program of the fruit fly, the homeobox genes"
|
| 1996
| Peter C. Doherty, Rolf M. Zinkernagel
| "for describing how MHC molecules are used by white blood cells to detect and kill virus-infected cells."
|
| 1997
| Stanley B. Prusiner
| "for the discovery of prions, infectious protein particles"
|
| 1998
| Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro, Ferid Murad
| "for discovery of the signalling properties of nitric oxide"
|
| 1999
| Günter Blobel
| "for the discovery that newly synthesized proteins contain "address tags" which direct them to the proper location within the cell"
|
| 2000
| Arvid Carlsson
| "for proving that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain whose depletion leads to symptoms of Parkinson's disease"
|
| Paul Greengard
| "for showing how neurotransmitters act on the cell and can activate a central molecule known as DARPP-32"
|
| Eric R. Kandel
| "for describing how short-term and long-term memory is formed on the molecular level"
|
| 2001
| Leland H. Hartwell, R. Timothy Hunt, Sir Paul M. Nurse
| "for the discovery of cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase, central molecules in the regulation of the cell cycle"
|
| 2002
| Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John E. Sulston
| "for establishing the precise order in which cells in the worm C. elegans divide and die, and for elucidating the process of programmed cell death or apoptosis"
|
| 2003
| Paul Lauterbur and Sir Peter Mansfield
| "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
|
| 2004
| Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel
| "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
|
