Lithuanian mythology
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Lithuanian mythology is an example of pagan mythology containing archaic elements.
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7.1 Gods and god-like beings |
History of scholarship
Although the pre-Christian religion in Lithuania died out much later than in any other European country, actual information on Lithuanian mythology is scattered and late. Interest in it has increased since the beginning of the 19th century, when the narrative material began to be collected. However, at this time the majority of Lithuanian-speaking Lithuanians had already ceased to live according to the beliefs and doctrines of their earlier religion, and story-tellers could not explain their meaning more adequately and precisely. Without these explanations, the folk tales and songs collected by scholars seemed to some mythologists and historians to be more the raw material out of which a mythology or a heroic epos might be composed than the mythology itself.
Because of this view, many scholars preferred to write their own reconstructions of Lithuanian mythology, based also on historical, archaeological, and ethnographic data. The first such reconstruction was written by the Polish-speaking Lithuanian historian Theodor Narbutt at the beginning of the 19th century. Two well-known attempts at reconstruction have been attempted more recently by Marija Gimbutas and Algirdas Julien Greimas. This method of reconstruction is thorny, and none of the attempts has been satisfactory.
The two biggest difficulties in this process are, first, the fact that Lithuanian mythology wasn't static, but constantly developed, so that it didn't remain in the same form over the longer periods usually treated by mythologists. Secondly, Slavic mythology, which in general concepts seems very different from its Lithuanian and Latvian counterparts, had a certain influence on people's thought, which affected the ethnographic data, and thus the judgments of scholars who made use of such data.
Thus, the first reconstructions and descriptions of Lithuanian mythology offer a far from true description of their subject, being little more than a patchwork of arbitrarily selected details from Lithuanian and Belarusian mythologies. The account offered by Narbutt, and ideas raised by Adam Mickiewicz (for example, in his play Dziady) are among these, but mythologists since the second half of the 19th century have become more accurate, as a result of their knowledge of contemporary linguistic research which shows the structural differences between Lithuanian and Slavic languages.
Reconstructions of the mythology
According to Marija Gimbutas, the initial structure of Lithuanian mythology was based on a matriarchal system of goddesses representing various pieces of the natural world, e.g., earth, sky, moon, water, air, etc. Later developments took on a patriarchal format, many of the female goddesses losing their power and significance.
Relations with other mythological systems
Lithuanian mythology is perhaps closest to Latvian mythology, and according to the prevalent point of view, Lithuanians shared the same myths and basic features of their religion with the Old Prussians. On the other hand, individual elements have much in common with other mythological systems, and especially with those of neighbouring cultures.
The periods of Lithuanian mythology
Pre-Christian mythology is known mainly through speculation and reconstruction, although the existence of some mythological elements, known from later sources, has been confirmed by archaeological findings.
The next period of Lithuanian mythology started in the 15th century, and lasted 'til approximately the middle of the 17th century. The myths of this period are mostly heroic, concerning the founding of the state of Lithuania. Perhaps two the best known stories are those of the dream of the Grand Duke Gediminas and the founding of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania, and of ventaragis, which also concerns the history of Vilnius. Many stories of this kind reflect actual historical events. In general, these myths are coloured by patriotism.
The third period began with the growing influence of Christianity and the activity of the Jesuits, roughly since the end of the 16th century. The earlier confrontational approach to the pre-Christian Lithuanian heritage among common people was abandoned, and attempts were made to use popular beliefs in missionary activities. This also led to the inclusion of Christian elements in mythic stories.
The last period of Lithuanian mythology began in the 19th century, when the importance of the old cultural heritage was admitted, not only by the upper classes, but by the nation more widely. The mythical stories of this period are mostly reflections of the earlier myths, considered not as being true, but as the encoded experiences of the past. They concentrated on moral problems, and on an heroic vision of the past, rather than on individual heroes, who very often even lacked proper names, being referred to as "a duke", "the ruler of the castle", etc.
The elements of Lithuanian mythology
God and nature
Stories, songs, and legends of this kind describe laws of nature and such natural processes as the change of seasons of the year, their connections with each other and with the existence of human beings. Nature is often described in terms of the human family; in one central example (found in many songs and stories), the sun is called the mother, the moon the father, and stars the sisters of human beings.
Inner heroism
Lithuanian myths often reveal the inner heroism of a human being, symbolising this inner being in terms of various feats in the mystic lands on the opposite side of the Earth, or in the sky of the South polar regions, commonly describing these places as "The Land over All the Seas" and "The Cosmic Underwater Kingdom", respectively.
The god of morality
Myths that talk about problems of morality are the simplest, and are close to popular fables common to all European nations. The main idea in these stories is that god often visits people to guide them in moral questions, but people aren't able to recognise him. According to these stories, a human should listen to his inner voice of harmony and justice, in order to act morally in the presence of god, for people don't know when and under what circumstances they are under his gaze. Some scholars stress the mixed Christian and pre-Christian character of these stories.
List of Lithuanian Gods
Names from myths and legends
This section includes the names of gods, divine or demonic beings, and other personages from Lithuanian myths, legends, folklore, and fairy-tales.
Gods and god-like beings
- Dievas Senelis
- Dievas, God
- Aušrinė, the Morning Star, a daughter of God ("dievaitė")
- Ašvieniai
- Dalia
- Gabija, the foster of the Holy Fire, a daughter of God ("dievaitė")
- Jūratė
- Kalvelis
- Laima
- Mėnulis, the Moon, a son of God ("dievaitis")
- Perkūnas, the Thunder, a son of God ("dievaitis")
- Saulė
- Vakarinė
- Žemyna, goddess of the Earth
- Deivės Valdytojos
- Žvaigždės (vaigdė, in singular), the Stars
Heroes
Genii loci
Nature spirits
Various lower beings
- kaukai (kaukas, in singular), sprites similar to trolls.
- Laumės (laumė, in singular), feminine fairies (pixies).
- nyktukai (nyktukas, in singular), gnomes.
- Vėlės (vėlė, in singular), spirits of dead human beings.
Demonic beings
- aitvarai (aitvaras, in singular)
- baubai (baubas, in singular)
- Giltinė
- raganos (ragana, in singular)
- slogučiai (slogutis, in singular)
- velniai (velnias, in singular)
Holy places and things
Actual names from older sources
This section contains those names of Lithuanian gods or other mythical beings that are mentioned in old treatises on history or philosophy, sometimes accompanied by brief descriptions, and which are known from a few independent sources or from their counterparts under different names in later collections of myths and tales.
Gods and god-like beings
- Aušautas (a Prussian name)
- Aušlavis (a Prussian name)
- Praamžius
- Indraja
- Patrimpas (a Prussian name)
- Patulas (a Prussian name)
- Pergrubrijus (a Prussian name)
- Sėlija
- Vaivora
- Žiezdrė
- Žvaigždikis (a Prussian name)
Genii loci
Nature spirits
Unconfirmed names
These are names of gods and other mythical beings that are known from one source only, having no relevant description which allows them to be identified with elements of later myths. Names that were supposed by the authors of older treatises to be the names of Lithuanian gods are also included.
Theodor Narbutt's reconstruction
The historian Theodor Narbutt wrote The History of Lithuanian Nation (Dzieje starożytne narodu litewskiego, ten volumes, 1835–1841), of which the first volume contained a description of Lithuanian mythology. However Narbutt was accused by later historians not only of adopting too speculative an approach, but also of some falsifications. Thus, statements by this author not confirmed by other sources are considered by many scholars to be dubious. On the other hand, there are admirers of Narbutt's ideas who argue that he could have had his own sources, unknown to us.
The following list comprises those names of gods that are known only from Narbutt:
Jan Łasicki's lists
A Polish protestant activist of the 16th century, Jan Łasicki wrote a treatise on idolatry in Eastern Europe, where not only vestigial Lithuanian pagans but also contemporary Catholics are described as idolaters. This treatise, About gods of Samogitians, other Sarmatians, and false Christians (De diis Samagitarum caeterorumque Sarmatarum et falsorum Christianorum, 1615), contains a few lists of gods (including Catholic saints), with brief descriptions of every item. However, Łasicki's descriptions were criticised by almost all later scholars as being irrelevant and biased (e.g., he gave as the names of gods words that obviously mean inanimate things, and should have been described at most as sacred utensils).
Lists by Jan Łasicki also include names of mythical creatures that aren't mentioned in any other independent sources.
- Austėja
- Beržulis
- Blizgulis
- Breksta
- Dvargantis
- Gabjauja
- Ganiklis
- Gondas
- Gardaitis
- Jagaubis
- Karvaitis
- Keliukis
- Kerpyčius
- Kirnis
- Kriukis
- Krugis
- Lazdona
- Pagirnis
- Pyzius
- Silinytis (Šilinytis)
- Sritis
- Vaižgantas
- Veliuona
Maciej Strijkowski's list
Russian chronicles
Some names from Lithuanian mythology are also found in Russian chronicles of the 13th and 14th centuries. These names have minimal or no comments, and it's thus difficult to be sure as to what kind of beings are being named in each case:
See also
- List of Lithuanian household gods
- List of Lithuanian sky deities
- List of Lithuanian war deities
- Romuva
- Tree of the world
External links and sources
- Ancient Lithuanian Mythology and Religion (http://www.litnet.lt/litinfo/religion.html) — abstract of Prane Dunduliene's book
- "Senoves lietuviu mitologija ir religija" (translated into English as "Ancient Lithuanian Mythology and Religion")