Mini
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- Alternative meanings: mini (with lower-case 'm') is also colloquial for miniskirt and, less commonly, for miniature figure. This article is about the car company.
The Mini is the name of a small car produced from 1959 to 2000, and the name of its replacement (known as New MINI) launched in 2001.
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Original Mini
The original Mini (1959–2000) was a revolutionary and distinctive small car designed for the British Motor Corporation (BMC) by Alec Issigonis (later Sir) (1906–1988) and made in Birmingham.
The first 850 cc Mini was produced in 1959. John Cooper of the Cooper Car Company was loaned an early production version and fitted it with a 997 cc engine, boosting power from 34 to 55 bhp (25 to 41 kW), and disc brakes. Designed for Group 2 rally racing, initially 1,000 of this type were built to meet the homologation rules but when production ended in 1967 12,274 had been made. In 1963 production of a more powerful version had begun, Cooper had taken a new 1071 cc engine and increased the size of the brake discs, this was manufactured for the public as the Cooper S from April until August 1964 with 4,030 produced.
Missing image Miniprotoandsketch.jpg Prototype Mini and one of Issigonis's original concept sketches |
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Missing image Riley.elf.arp.750pix.jpg 1968 Riley Elf Mk3 V12 |
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Missing image Miniclubman.jpg 1970 Mini Clubman showing facelifted squarer design. The original rounder design remained alvailable |
Missing image MINI_cabriolet_MJC.jpg Mini Cabriolet special edition |
The car used a conventional four-cylinder water-cooled engine but mounted transversely and driving the front wheels. This innovation allowed much increased passenger space in a small body. The result was nimble, economical, and inexpensive. Almost all small cars built since the 1970s have followed this mechanical layout. Another innovation was the use of exterior welded seams, which permitted the car to be built more cheaply using manual labour. Despite this, the Mini had to be sold at less than its production cost so that it could compete with its rivals in terms of price.
The early Minis had an unusual suspension system which used rubber cones instead of conventional shock absorbers, leading to a rather raw and bumpy ride. This was briefly replaced by the hydrolastic suspension in the 1970's. However, this increased weight and production cost and did little to improve ride or handling. Consequently, the original rubber suspension was re-introduced.
Designed as project ADO15 (ADO indicating Austin Design Office), the Mini was originally called both the Austin Seven (also known as Se7en) and Morris Mini Minor, but later Mini became a brand in its own right.
The car owed some of its success to its "classlessness". It was designed for the masses, yet members of the Beatles and even Queen Elizabeth II owned one.
Between 1961 and 1969, there was also a version of the Mini produced with a more substantial boot (trunk). This was badged as both the Wolseley Hornet (reviving a sports car name from the 1930s) and the Riley Elf. The Mini itself could be bought in a variety of body styles: the standard two-door; two versions of estate-car (or station-wagon) with double "barn-door" style rear doors, the Traveller (all metal) and the Countryman (a "woodie" version of the Traveller but with wooden exterior trim similar to that available on the Morris Minor. This "half-timbered" styling is something uniquely, and, according to some, bizarrely, British) and two commercial derivatives; the van (as the estate-car but without side-windows) and the pick-up.
The 1960s saw the heyday of the car, with well-publicised purchases by movie and music stars, Mini Cooper victories in rallies, a starring role in a major film (The Italian Job), spin-off models including commercial vehicles, an estate, and the jeep-like Mini Moke. Sales were strong, but the car never made much money for its makers. Indeed, it is thought that due to an accounting error, the car had been incorrectly priced originally and each sale made a loss for the company.
In 1964 the car had its first major rally success, winning the Monte Carlo Rally - a feat it repeated in the next three years (the team was disqualified on a technicality in 1966). Cooper also produced versions for circuit racing, a 970 cc and a 1275 cc, 76 bhp (57 kW) model, both of which were offered to the public. The smaller engined model was not well received and only 963 were built up to mid-1965 but the 1275 cc was much more popular.
Issigonis tried to replace the Mini with an experimental model called the 9X. It was shorter and more powerful than the Mini, but due to politicking inside British Leyland, which had been formed from the merger of BMC and Standard-Triumph, the car was not built. It was an intriguing "might-have-been", as the car was so advanced it was still competitive by the 1980s.
With the introduction of the Mk. II body production of the Coopers in 998 cc and 1275 cc continued. Following the merger of BMC with Leyland Motors in 1968 production of the 998 cc variant was ended in 1969 with over 55,000 cars produced. Production of the 1275 cc variant continued until January 1972, it was updated to the Mk. III body in 1969-70 and was largely indistinguishable from the original Mini. Export production continued until 1975. With continuing demand the Cooper company was quick to develop and sell a conversion kit.
During the 1970s, under the ownership of British Leyland, the Mini was given a more modern, squarer looking face-lift. The restyled version was called the Mini Clubman, and also spawned a Mini Cooper replacement called the 1275 GT. The classic 1960s design remained available as well, and it survived the Clubman design.
After 1972 the production was continued in license in Italy by Innocenti as the Innocenti Cooper. It was sold alongside other British Leyland products in Europe. Innocenti made its own version of the Mini Cooper, the Innocenti Cooper.
In the late 1970s, Innocenti introduced the Innocenti 90 and 120 a Bertone-designed hatchback based on the Mini platform. The Bertone redesigned Mini was available in a Mini Cooper equivalent christened the Innocenti de Tomaso.
Reports of the Mini's imminent demise surfaced again in 1980 with the launch of the Austin Mini Metro (badging showed the word 'Mini' in all lowercase), but the Mini survived even the Metro.
In 1981 in New Zealand, the Mini had another major starring role, in a "road trip" movie directed by Geoff Murphy called Goodbye Pork Pie. By this time, however, the Mini was beginning to fall out of favour in many of its export markets. South African, Australian and New Zealand production all stopped around this time. In New Zealand, assembly switched to the Honda City.
Through the 1980s, the British market enjoyed numerous "special editions" of the Mini, which shifted the car from a mass-market item into a fashionable icon. It was this image that perhaps helped the Mini become such an asset for BMW, which later bought the remnants of BMC as the Rover Group. It was even more popular in Japan, where it was seen as a retro-cool icon, and inspired many imitators at major Japanese automakers. There was also a Mini Cooper revival, with the uprated metro "A+" version of the 1.3 L engine fitted in to the car. The engine was also fitted with modern electronic fuel injection—first single-point, then on the final models, a multi-point system.
Production of the original Mini outlasted its major competitors—the VW Beetle (at least in Europe), the Citroën 2CV and the Metro, its intended replacement—running until October 2000 with a total of 5.3 million cars.
A new Mini Cooper was briefly relaunched from 1990-1991, with slighter lower performance than the 1960s Cooper. A thousand examples of this type were manufactured with a 63 bhp (47 kW) 1275 cc engine. It proved so popular that the new Cooper-marked Mini went into full production in late 1991 and continued to be manufactured until October 2000. From 1992, Coopers were fitted with a fuel-injected version of the 1275cc engine, and in 1997 the multi-point injected engine was introduced, along with a front mounted radiator and various safety improvements.
In 1994 under Bernd Pischetsrieder, a nephew of Issigonis, BMW took control of the Rover Group, which included the Mini, fitting an airbag to comply with European legislation. By 2000, Rover was still suffering massive losses, and BMW decided to dispose of most of the company: MG and Rover went to Phoenix, a new British consortium; Land Rover went to Ford. BMW kept the Mini brand name and now sells a completely new Mini, technically unrelated to the old car, which the Rover subsidiary had almost finished developing.
New MINI
Launched in 2001, the new MINI (note capitals, sometimes unofficially called BMW MINI) is built in Cowley in Oxford, United Kingdom. Historically this was the Morris car plant. The new MINI has a Brazilian-built Tritec engine. Like the original, this is a transverse four-cylinder unit, driving the front wheels. The styling of the car, like that of the new VW Beetle, is deliberately reminiscent of the original. The car has been criticized for its poor space-efficiency compared with the original, but it has quickly become a sales success in Europe and (from 2002) in the US. It comes in 4 models: the MINI One, MINI One D (with a Toyota-built diesel engine), MINI Cooper, and MINI Cooper S. In the US market, only the MINI Cooper and MINI Cooper S are sold. The car is featured in the 2003 remake of The Italian Job. New for 2005 production are the MINI Cooper (and S) convertibles, as well as a redesigned front and rear fascia for the hardtop models.
At the Geneva Motorshow 2004, BMW/MINI introduced a convertible model to be released in mid-2004. The car is available in 'One', 'Cooper' and 'Cooper S' versions worldwide (although the 'One' convertible, like its hardtop sibling, is not sold in the US). BMW have received a significant backlog of orders in the short period since its announcement.
The MINI Cooper/Cooper S won the North American Car of the Year award for 2003.
Next-generation New MINI
BMW will introduce a new MINI for 2006 on a reengineered platform. This architecture is shared with PSA and will be more flexible. Additional MINI models, including a roadster and sport wagon, are likely. The Tritec engine will be replaced by a new BMW unit with an optional turbo rather than supercharging.
AutoWeek reports (http://www.autoweek.com/news.cms?newsId=102232) that a long-wheelbase version (reminiscent of the original Mini Clubman) will also be produced. This may include a 5-door rear-hinged version similar to the Saturn ION Quadcoupe and Mazda RX-8.
Mini sales in the United States
Between 1960 and 1967, a small number of BMC Minis were imported to the US. Sales were discontinued when federal emissions regulations were imposed; BMC felt that it would be too expensive to make the Mini's engine compliant. Despite this, a small band of enthusiasts keep the legacy of the original car alive in the US. Ironically, similar legislation was later introduced in Europe, and the A-series engine, with minor modifications, proved perfectly capable of complying with it.
The new MINI is US emissions compliant and is sold in the United States with great success.
External links
- Minifinity, the worlds largest mini club http://www.minifinity.com/
- MINI International http://www.mini.com/
- MiniClassics http://www.miniclassic.co.uk
- MINI2 http://www.mini2.com (site for BMW Mini owners)
- MINI Canada http://www.mini.ca (MINI site for Canada)
- MINIUSA http://www.miniusa.com (MINI site for the united states)
- History of the Mini http://www.outmotoring.com/mini_history.html
- North American Motoring http://www.northamericanmotoring.com
- Mini Blog http://motoringfile.com
- AUSMINI http://www.ausmini.com (australian mini owners group)
Source
- Engines of the ADO15 and family http://www.mgcars.org.uk/carclub/sf020201.htmlde:Mini (Auto)
See also
· BMW · Counterfeit · Copyrights · Logo · MINI