Granada Television
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Granada Television was the British Independent Television (commercial television) contractor for the "North of England" weekday franchise from 1954 (started broadcasting in 1956) until 1968, and for the "Northwest England" all-week franchise since 1968. Granada is the only one of the original four ITA franchisees from 1954 which survived as a franchise holder into the twenty-first century, until its merger in 2003 into ITV plc.
In the 1930s, Cecil and Sydney Bernstein created a cinema chain in the south of England which, in the contemporary fashion for "exotic" names, they called Granada Theatres Limited. Some twenty years later like e.g. the Associated British Picture Corporation, with the dawn of commercial television the Bernsteins decided to be involved in the new industry which was a great competitor to the cinema chains, and since their chain was strongest in the south of England the Bernsteins applied for the franchise for the north of England, in order to minimise competition between their two enterprises. With some eighteen months between the awarding of their franchise and the start of transmission, Granada built a brand new studio centre in Manchester and determined to develop a strong Northern identity for themselves — Northern voices, Northern programmes, Northern idents ("From The North — Granada", and "Granadaland"). This was counter to the practice of the other franchisees, who adopted fairly nondescript names such as ABC Television, ATV, and Associated-Rediffusion, which did not have regional associations so that they could easily move their franchises to other parts of the country — if they did well, in the future the ITA might reward them with a plum London franchise, on the other hand if they did badly they might be cast into the outer darkness of the Channel Islands franchise or lose their franchise altogether. The Northern identity immediately set Granada apart, making them immovable and embedding the company into the psyche of its viewers — so much so that the term "Granada" to this day instantly means Greater Manchester, Lancashire, Merseyside, and Cheshire, and if any child in the UK is asked "Where is Granada?" they will probably point to the home of Coronation Street rather than Spain.
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Granada's policy of regional identification was so successful that the ITA decided that all franchise contractors, large or small, should identify with their regions in this way — this was a problem which was to dog ATV for the rest of its existence and be the direct cause of the company's demise.
The culture of Granada was distinctly more Socialist than the more conservative (in all senses of the word) companies further south. The company produced gritty dramas and hard-hitting documentaries, such as World in Action and Seven-Up. The classic soap opera Coronation Street which started a 13-week, two episodes a week run on 9 December 1960, is still being produced five episodes a week in 2004. Granada did not produce light entertainment extravaganzas of its own, but was quite happy to transmit those produced by its co-franchisees, but by the mid-1970s it was producing costume epics such as Brideshead Revisited, and from 1984 The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Another of its flagship programmes was the long-running quiz show, University Challenge — the name and format of which were eventually taken over by the BBC in the 1990s, although still produced by Granada.
Following the reduction in its franchise area in the 1968 franchise round, Granada had little difficulty in retaining its franchise in the 1981 round, and despite bidding significantly less than its rivals, survived the 1991 round by virtue of a quality-control safety-guard.
However, by the late 1980s it was becoming clear that the UK commercial broadcasters were too small to be able to compete in the world television market - a problem exacerbated by the 1990 Broadcasting Act which instigated quotas on independent programming, removed the ITV's advertising monopoly, and instigated the expensive auction process of the 1991 franchise round. The Conservative government responded by relaxing the regulatory regime so that ITV contractors could take each other over, and Granada responded by going on an acquisition spree which resulted in Granada establishing an effective duopoly of ITV with Carlton Television, excepting only the small franchisees in Scotland, Northern Ireland, and the Channel Islands.
In 1997 Granada teamed up with bSkyB to form a joint venture Granada Sky Broadcasting to provide content and new channels to the satellite platform. Granada Breeze was closed in 2001 and Granada Plus turned into ITV3 with just minutes notice to staff in November 2004. Only Men and Motors, which is now fully owned by ITV, remains from the now ceased relationship.
From 1997 until 2002 Granada and Carlton invested and lost over £1,000,000,000 in their joint venture into pay-tv digital terrestrial broadcasting, ONdigital, which was rebranded as ITV Digital in the summer of 2001, to the fury of Scottish Television, UTV, and Channel Television which attempted to block the renaming on the grounds that it would damage the ITV brand (which it did). ITV Digital ceased broadcasting on 1 May 2002.
Later in 2002, talks on a proposed merger between Granada and Carlton were broken off after a failure to agree terms.
On 28 October 2002 Granada Television was rebranded on air to ITV1 Granada. The Granada name is now only seen before regional programmes, the rest of the time the only brand shown is ITV1. Since this rebrand, all continuity announcements have been made from London including regional announcements, as is now the case for all English ITV stations. The Granada logo still appeared at the end of its own programmes until 31 October 2004. From 1 November, 2004, Granada Television productions became known as "Granada Manchester", as part of the creation of the new ITV plc production business, also called Granada.
Towards the end of 2003, Granada was given the green light by the UK government to merge with its main ITV partner, Carlton. On 2 February 2004 this merger took place, with the new company being called ITV plc. This new company owns all the ITV franchises in England and Wales.
It has been announced that Granada plans to sell off most of its Quay Street complex in Castlefield, as most productions are now based in London, where Granada now has its headquarters. Rumours are also circulating about the future of Granada's other studio complexes such as the Tyne Tees studios on City Road in Newcastle.
Between the late 1980s and 1998, the Quay Street complex housed Granada Studios Tour.
Notably, the Granada studio complex at Quay Street still as of 2005 has the original signage that was fitted when it was opened in the mid-1950s, despite the logo change and rebrands that have taken place.
Notable Granada Television productions
- The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes
- Brideshead Revisited
- Children's Ward
- Coronation Street
- Cracker
- Families
- The Jewel in the Crown
- The Krypton Factor
- Living with Michael Jackson
- Prime Suspect
- The Royle Family
- Seven Up! and sequels every seven years
- Stars In Their Eyes
- University Challenge
- Watching
- What the Papers Say
- World in Action
- You've Been Framed
See also
External links
- Original Granada animated logo (http://www.625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash/granada_56_anim.asp), 1956, from 625.uk.com (requires Macromedia Flash).
- Animated Granada logo (http://www.625.uk.com/tv_logos/flash/granada_anim.asp), early 1960s, from 625.uk.com
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