Genealogy

Genealogy is the study and tracing of family pedigrees. This involves collecting the names of relatives, both living and deceased, and establishing the relationships between them based on primary, secondary and/or circumstantial evidence or documentation, thus building up a cohesive family tree. Genealogy is sometimes also referred to as family history, although sometimes these terms are used distinctly: the former being the basic study of who is related to whom; the latter involving more "fleshing out" of the life histories of the individuals involved.

Overview

Genealogists search written records, collect oral histories and preserve family stories to discover ancestors and living relatives. Genealogists also attempt to understand not just where and when people lived but also their lifestyle, biography, and motivations. This often requires — or leads to — knowledge of antique law, old political boundaries, immigration trends, and historical social conditions.

Genealogists and family historians often join a Family History Society where novices can learn from more experienced researchers, and everyone benefits from shared knowledge.

Even an unsuccessful search for ancestors leads to a better understanding of history. The search for living relatives often leads to family reunions, both of distant cousins and of disrupted families. Genealogists sometimes help reunite families separated by immigration, foster homes and adoption. The genealogist can help keep family traditions alive or reveal family secrets.

In its original form, genealogy was mainly concerned with the ancestry of rulers and nobles, often arguing or demonstrating the legitimacy of claims to wealth and power. The term often overlapped with heraldry, in which the ancestry of royalty was reflected in the quarterings of their coat of arms. Many of the claimed ancestries are considered by modern scholars to be fabrications, especially the claims of kings and emperors who trace their ancestry to gods or the founders of their civilization. For example, the Anglo-Saxon chroniclers traced the ancestry of several English kings back to the god Woden (the English version of the Norse god Odin).Template:Ref If these descents were true, Queen Elizabeth II would be a descendant of Woden, via the kings of Wessex.

In fiction, it is common to give a character a complicated fictional genealogy to make his or her background more interesting. A picturesque one is the genealogy for Godwulf of Asgard.

Modern research

Genealogical and historical societies are a great help to researchers piecing together their family history and placing it within its historical context. Some such societies focus on tracing the lineage of participants in one historical event. Among these in the United States are the Daughters of the American Revolution, The Society of Mayflower Descendants, and United Daughters of the Confederacy. Another type of society focuses on a particular geographical area rather than on particular individuals. Among these geographically oriented societies, the New England Historic Genealogical Society (http://www.newenglandancestors.org/) founded in 1845 is the oldest in AmericaTemplate:Ref.

In addition to particular historical events and places, research efforts can focus on other types of relationships between people such as kinship to a particular group of people, such as a Scottish clan; to a particular surname such as in a one-name study, see Guild of One-Name Studies (http://www.one-name.org/); or to a particular person such as Jesse James.

Theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormons) includes the practice of baptism for the dead, an ordinance where baptism is performed by living people for and in behalf of those who have died. Mormons believe that, in this manner, the living may assist their deceased relatives to progress in the next life, should they accept religious ordinances done in their behalf. In the last century, the LDS Church engaged on a large scale program of copying all available records that would be useful for genealogy, microfilming them and constructing an index, the International Genealogical Index (IGI). The IGI contains information submitted for vicarious ordinances by Mormon researchers, records obtained from contributors who are not members of the church or data taken from various birth or marriage records that Church members have microfilmed. The IGI contains hundreds of millions of records of individuals who lived between 1500 and 1900, primarily in the United States, Canada and Europe. By making so many resources available, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints has helped contribute to the increasing interest in genealogy over the last couple of decades. Information is available free or at a nominal cost through the internet, through the Family History Library in Salt Lake City, Utah, and worldwide at Family History Centers near local congregations.

Individual genetic test results are being collected in various databases to match people descended from a relatively recent common ancestor, for example see Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (http://smgf.org/). These tests identify either the male or female line. Some genetic tests are being used to place people within ancient ancestral groups, for example see Genographic Project (http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/genographic/). Participation in all such projects is, of course, voluntary.

Genealogy has been claimed by some to be one of the most popular hobbies in America, second only to stamp or coin collecting. The hobby received a big boost in popularity in the late 1970s with the premiere of the television adaptation of Alex Haley's fictionalized account of his family line, Roots: The Saga of an American Family.

Sharing data among researchers

Data sharing among genealogical researchers has grown to be a major use of the Internet. Since most genealogy software programs can output information about persons and their relationships in GEDCOM format, it can be shared with other genealogists by e-mail and Internet message boards, added to an online database, or converted into a family web site using online genealogical tools such as GED2HTML, PhpGedView, and Phpmyfamily (http://www.phpmyfamily.net). Genealogical software also facilitate sharing of information on CD-ROMs and DVDs made on personal computers. One phenomenon over the last few years has been that of large genealogy-related databases going on-line, attracting a flash crowd, and having to suspend service within days to make hurried upgrades after collapsing under the unexpected magnitude of traffic load: this happened with the Mormons' genealogy database (http://www.familysearch.org) and the Commonwealth War Graves Commission's listing of war graves (http://www.cwgc.org/cwgcinternet/search.aspx). In January 2002, the much-anticipated British census for 1901 (http://www.census.pro.gov.uk/) went online. Within minutes it was inaccessible because of server and network load, and it had to be taken offline. Later in the year, after upgrades had been made, it came back online.

Volunteerism

Volunteer efforts figure prominently in genealogy both as a source of enriching data sources and as a means to obtain information from geographically remote sources. For instance, there is an organization of >4500 researchers that share their time under the phrase and associated web site (http://www.raogk.org/) "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness".Template:Ref The volunteers have each agreed to field one request in their geographical area a month, which entitles them to draw upon the time in similar fashion from other group members. A request might take the form of "please check to see if my great-grandfather is buried in the cemetery near where you live", for instance. This group is one of many examples of researchers working on unrelated projects volunteering their time to other individuals on request.

A very popular and useful way for genealogy amateurs to help each other is the creation of mailing lists. RootsWeb.com has hundreds of lists for different topics or regions. A member can send a request for help by e-mail to the list address, the mail is immediately distributed to all list members and anyone who can help will in turn mail a reply to the list. Not only can one get an answer very quickly - following the conversations is also very educating.

Another form of volunteerism is records transcription. Usually this takes the form of transcribing information from a non-electronic paper source to electronic format for distribution. Another major type of transcription is the copying of information from cemetery tombstones and organization of this information online. A look at the Rootsweb User Database listing (http://userdb.rootsweb.com/contributors.html) provides an example of the broad range of such individual volunteer efforts. Among more formal volunteer transcription efforts are the databases of the Italian Genealogical Group (http://www.italiangen.org/), and the USGenWeb Census Project (http://www.us-census.org/) which matches volunteers with census transcription opportunities.

Genetic Analysis

With the discovery that a person's DNA contains information that has been passed down unchanged from our earliest ancestors, analysis of DNA is just beginning to be used for genealogical research. There are two markers of interest. One is the mitochondrial DNA which we all possess and which is passed down with only minor mutations through the female line. The other is the Y-chromosome, present only in males, which can indicate connections through the male line. Since we do not have the DNA of most of our ancestors, these methods are not useful to confirm who is descended from whom, but can determine in many cases the "closeness of kin" between two persons or two surnames, and to identify the region our ancestors came from.

Genetic methods are also being used on a larger scale to trace human migratory patterns and determine, for example, when the first humans came to North America and how they got there. One major effort currently going on is the Genography Project (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/genographic), a joint effort of National Geographic and IBM.

Records in genealogical research

Records of persons who were neither royalty nor nobility began to be taken by governments in order to keep track of their citizens. (In most of Europe, for example, this started to take place in the 16th century.) As more of the population began to be recorded, there were sufficient records to follow a family using the paper trail they left behind.

As each person lived his or her life, the major events were documented with a license, permit or report which was sent to a local, regional or national office or archive. A genealogist locates copies of these records, wherever they have been stored, and rearranges the information about each person to discover family relationships and recreate a timeline of each person's life once again.

Records that are used in genealogy research include:

Adoption records
Baptism or christening records
Biographies and biographical profiles (as in Who's Who, etc.)
Birth records
Cemetery records and tombstones
Census records
City directories and telephone directories
Daughters of the American Revolution records
Death records
Diaries, personal letters and family Bibles
Emigration, immigration and naturalization records
Land and homestead records, deeds
Marriage and divorce records
Medical records
Military records
Newspaper columns
Obituaries
Occupational records
Oral history
Passports
Photographs
School and alumni association records
Ship passenger lists
Social Security records
Tax records
Voter registration records
Wills and probate records

In most cultures, the name of a person includes in one way or another the family to which he or she belongs. This is called the family name, or surname. It is often also called the last name because, for most speakers of English, the family name comes after the given name (or names). However, this is not the case in other cultures, e.g. Chinese.

Patronymics is a naming system which allows identification of an individual based on the father's name. Many cultures used patronymics before surnames were adopted or came into use. The Dutch in New York, for example, used the patronymic system of names until 1687 when the advent of English rule mandated surname usage. Understanding patronymics is necessary if your ancestors used this system. A beginner tutorial on the patronymic system, with examples, can be found in the article "Dutch Patronymics in New York in the 1600s" at Olive Tree Genealogy (http://olivetreegenealogy.com/nn/pat.shtml)

Reliability of sources

Experience shows that genealogical facts can be unreliable. The top five, in order of decreasing reliability, are:

Place Names

Normally the most accurate because it is long lasting, and apart from rare occasions is rarely wrong. Things to look out for include variable spellings by partially literate scribes, small places of the same name in neighbouring counties (e.g. the name of the village of Brocton occurs six times in the border area between the English counties of Shropshire and Staffordshire), old county borders (outlying and detached areas belonging to one county with another county, particularly in C17th-C19th England), and incorrect county on census returns. The place where the ancestor recalls growing up may not be the place of birth or where the records are eventually found. Many families have been historically very mobile. A good set of detailed maps (such as the British Ordnance Survey (OS) maps) and use the OS Old Map (http://www.old-maps.co.uk/) website. Old records may contain references to Middle Age villages that have ceased to exist due to disease or famine. In general, there is a good likelihood that the place (parish) of a birth for a girl is the place she marries (unless 'sent abroad' as a servant), and that the place of residence for a man is where he is buried; certainly a neighbouring parish. Useful references: maps (online), gazetteer (place name dictionary), census returns, birth, death & marriage records, Domesday Book.

Occupations

Can be partly right. Many unskilled ancestors had a variety of jobs depending on the season and local trade requirements. Occasionally skilled trades pass from father to son. Census returns may contain some embellishment from Labourer to Mason, or from journeyman to Master craftsman. Workmen no longer fit for their primary trade often have less glamorous jobs later in life. Look out for old or unfamiliar local occupations that may cause confusion if poorly legible - an ostler (a keeper of horses) and a hostler (an innkeeper) can be confused. For example, someone who has a perplexing description "ironer of rabbit burrows" turns out an ironer (profession) in the Bristol district named Rabbit Burrows. Several trades have regional preferences, for e.g. shoemaker or cordwainer, and many apparently obscure jobs are part of a larger trade community such as watchmaking, framework knitting or gunmaking. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records.

Surnames

At least correct if viewed phonetically! Some surnames can be spelled a multitude of way by partially illiterate ancestors or scribes. The further you go back, the more bizarre the variations you encounter. Some names become interchangeable between married and maiden names, and previous husbands' names. Some family names are not always obvious (examples include MORDECAI interchangeable with MORT). Confusion can result from using step-parents or adopted parents names, as well as a woman using her lover's name. Common-law marriages were still common in Victorian times in England, even though this type of legally recognised informal marriage was abolished in 1753, so records of a marriage simply may not exist. References: trade directories, census returns, birth, death & marriage records.

First Names

One of the most confusing aspects of research for a wide range of reasons. Nicknames are very common - Beth, Lizzie or Betty is common for Elizabeth, which can be confused with Eliza. Patty has been used as a diminutive form for Martha. There is Amy used for Alice, Nancy/Ann, and Polly used for a number of girls names including Mary Ann and Elizabeth. While the girls names are the most confusing, boys names can also interchange: Jack, John & Jonathan, Joseph & Josiah, Edward & Edwin, etc. The use of middle names is more common than you may think - very often names appear back to front on a wide range of documents. The same name can also be given to several children, often the result of an earlier child dying young, however this is not always the case! You may conclude that there is both a John senior (i.e. "elder") and John junior (i.e. "younger") alive at the same time (not to be confused with the use of Sr. and Jr. as - usually - referring to father and son). It is also common to confuse relatives (father and son, nephew & uncle, etc.) and family groups - you will find a period in time where everyone seems to be a child of a couple named William & Mary or Samuel & Ann, with several couples of the name living in the district you're researching, all with children named with the most popular names of the times! The sex of some names is not always clear - examples include Treasure (male) or a Frances (actually male - "Francis") marrying Eli (actually female - "Elly").

Dates

The general rule is to never trust a date! Accurate dates of birth may be given for modern registrations and in a few church records at baptism. Family Bibles may be a help, but can be written from memory long after the event - beware of the same ink and handwriting for all entries; a sure sign the dates were written at the same time and therefore will be less reliable. Women will commonly reduce their age on marriage, and perhaps those under "full age" may increase their age upon marriage or joining the armed forces. Census returns are notoriously unreliable, particularly when looking for a date for a husband's death - if the woman is at home while the husband is away, she could be given as Head of household or assumed a widow. The 1841 census in the UK is rounded down to the next lower multiple of five years. Dates around birth may be confused between birth and baptism. Some families wait 3-5 years before baptising children, and adult baptisms are not unheard of. Both birth and marriage dates can be adjusted to cover for pre-wedding pregnancies. It is very common for the first child to be born before or within a few months of a marriage and sometimes baptised in the mother's name, later adopting the father's name after the parents' marriage. The father's name can be used even if no marriage has occurred. In 1752 the date of the new year was changed in England. Before 1752 the new year started on the 25th March, in 1752 this was changed to the 1st January. This was part of the transition to the Gregorian calendar from the Julian calendar. Many other European countries had already made the change, and by 1751 there was an 11 day discrepancy between the date in England and the date in other European countries. The date continued to be recorded as usual in 1752 until 2nd September 1752, the following day became 14th September 1752. Dates that were recorded in the older system can be shown by "double dating". For example; Original date: 24th of March 1750 Modern date: 24th March 1751 Double dating: 24th March 1750/51

NOTE The above may be true for British genealogical records but does in no way apply to records in other countries. A notable exception is the Nordic countries, especially Sweden, which have very detailed and mostly accurate records in the form of church records from the 18th century onwards. But there, as in any historical research, a critical review of all information and an assessment of the reliability of each source is required.

The "maximum relationship"

One of the aims in professional genealogy circles has been to determine the maximum degree of separation which currently exists between all people in the world. That is to say, how many generations back is the first common ancestor that the two most distantly related people on earth share.

Latest models, taking into account sexual differentiation, monogamy and realistic migration patterns suggest that the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of all humans probably lived 75-150 generations or 2000-4000 years ago. Moreover, the MRCA is likely to have lived somewhere in Southeast Asia (increasing the likelihood of his or her descendents reaching the remote islands of the Pacific), is equally likely to be a man or woman, and is not characterized by an unusually large number of children. These models also show that while a large group (indeed all humans) share recent common ancestors, a given person is likely to share the vast majority of his or her genes with a very small local group. (See Rohde's On the Common Ancestors of All Living Humans (http://tedlab.mit.edu/~dr/Papers/Rohde-MRCA-two.pdf))

Software

Below is a list of computer software (listed alphabetically) which helps genealogists gather and structure the information related to genealogy. Lists of software in this category have been compiled elsewhere, such as the Software & Computers category @ Cyndi's List (http://www.cyndislist.com/software.htm), the Society:Genealogy:Products and Services:Software category @ Open Directory (http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/), and Business and Economy:Shopping and Services:History:Genealogy:Software category @ Yahoo Directory (http://dmoz.org/Society/Genealogy/Products_and_Services/Software/).

Windows

Ancestral Author (http://www.ancestralauthor.com/)
Ancestral Quest (http://www.ancquest.com/)
Brother's Keeper (http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/BROTHERS_KEEPER/)
Family Historian (http://www.family-historian.co.uk/) (aimed primarily at UK Genealogists)
Family Matters 97 (http://www.matterware.com/) ~ Shareware based on Microsoft Access 97; still being developed as of 2004 after launch in 1994
Family Tree Maker (http://www.familytreemaker.com/)
Genbox Family History (http://www.genbox.com/)
Legacy Family Tree (http://www.legacyfamilytree.com/)
The Master Genealogist (http://www.whollygenes.com/)
Personal Ancestral File (http://www.familysearch.org/)
RootsMagic (http://www.rootsmagic.com/) (from the creator of the now defunct Family Origins)
WinFamily (http://winfamily.com/)

Macintosh

GEDitCOM (http://www.geditcom.com)
Mac Family Tree (http://www.onlymac.de/html/stammbaum4en.html)
Reunion (http://www.leisterpro.com/)
MacGenealogy.org (http://www.macgenealogy.org/): Site covering genealogy software and news for Macintosh users.

Linux

Genes (http://genes.sourceforge.net/)
Gramps (http://gramps.sourceforge.net/)
LifeLines (http://lifelines.sourceforge.net/)

Webserving (available for multiple operating systems)

GeneWeb (http://cristal.inria.fr/~ddr/GeneWeb/): Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver, in which case Common Gateway Interface mode can be invoked, or on a local PC, in which case it functions as its own webserver. The software is free and has been developed by a group of individuals that appear to be otherwise unaffiliated. GeneWeb is distinguished by the implementation of unique consanguinity and relationship algorithms. {site visited 2005-01-27}
PhpGedView
phpmyfamily (http://www.phpmyfamily.net/): Site for acquiring software that can be installed on a webserver for building and hosting a genealogy website. The software is free and development is hosted on SourceForge.net (http://Sourceforge.net). Current prerequisites are PHP and MySQL. {site visited 2005-01-27}
The Next Generation of Genealogy Sitebuilding^© (http://www.lythgoes.net/genealogy/software.php) ("TNG"): A powerful way to manage and display your genealogy data on the Internet, all without generating a single page of HTML. Instead, your information is stored in MySQL database tables and dynamically displayed in attractive fashion with PHP (a scripting language).

Java (cross-platform)

@rbre - open 3D genealogy (Java-X3D-P2P) (http://arbre.sourceforge.net/): Site for acquiring software. This is a GEDCOM file viewer, relying on other software to produce a GEDCOM file. At an early stage of development, @rbre provides a unique 3D visualization of family trees. The main webpage is only available in French, but Babel Fish translations to English and German are available. {site visited 2005-01-27}
GeneaPro (http://geneapro.sourceforge.net/)- based on the GenTech Genealogical Data Model. (https://www.ngsgenealogy.org/ngsgentech/projects/Gdm/Gdm.htm) Geneapro is a multi-user, cross-platform Genealogy database program. Currently in alpha planning stage and not suitable for normal use. Written in Java using the Eclipse Rich Client Platform (RCP), Hibernate persistance, and SQL/JDBC databases (HSQLDB, MySQL, PostgreSQL). {site visited 2005-02-14}

Web-based

A Free Cherokee Indian Genealogy Resource (http://www.comanchelodge.com/chickamauga-cherokee.html)
Geneanet Genealogical Database Network (http://www.geneanet.org/) - A free multilingual service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14}
Rootsweb Worldconnect (http://wc.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igmuser.cgi) - A free (english only) service allowing you to upload your family tree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-02-14}
TribalPages - Free online genealogy website (http://www.tribalpages.com/) - to build and store your family tree online, upload photographs and upload your familytree in GEDCOM format. {Site Visited:2005-05-16}

References

Template:Note The mythological origin of English kings is related in a number of derivative sources, such as The Scyldings (http://www.ancientworlds.net/aw/Article/492164), an article at Ancient Worlds (http://www.ancientworlds.net/). In this article one primary source cited is the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". The following passage appears in the entry for A.D. 449: "Their leaders were two brothers, Hengest and Horsa; who were the sons of Wihtgils; Wihtgils was the son of Witta, Witta of Wecta, Wecta of Woden. From this Woden arose all our royal kindred, and that of the Southumbrians also." In this context "royal kindred" refers to English kings. Reference: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Part 1: A.D. 1 - 748 (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/Anglo/part1.html), part of The Online Medieval & Classical Library (http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/OMACL/). Retrieved 2005 Mar 11.
Template:Note Homepage for the New England Historic Genealogical Society (http://www.newenglandancestors.org/). Retrieved 2005-02-05.
Template:Note Homepage for "Random Acts of Genealogical Kindness" (http://www.raogk.org/). Retrieved 2005-02-06.

External links

Referring to many of the links in this section

Template:Move to Wikibooks

General

Template:Wikibooks

Scotland Royalty - Free Royal Genealogy Resource & Archives (http://www.scotlandroyalty.org/)
Family Search--The LDS Church's online geneological database--World's largest online database (http://www.familysearch.org/)
LDS Personal Ancestral File (http://www.familysearch.org/paf)
Genealogy and Family History Internet Web Directory (http://www.academic-genealogy.com/)
Family Forest-Digital Resource for Ancestral History, Descendant and Ancestor Series eBooks, and "A People-Centered Approach To History" (http://www.familyforest.com/)
Cyndi's List - A categorized directory of tens of thousands of genealogy web sites (http://www.cyndislist.com/)
RootsWeb.com - free genealogy site with 324 million names (http://rootsweb.com/)
Ancestry of notable people (http://www.blue-blood.co.uk)
Heritage Quest Magazine - Website of the oldest and largest popular genealogy magazine (http://heritagequestmagazine.com/)
A genealogy message board (http://www.gendir.com/village/)
About Genealogy - Tutorials, Links and Surname Meanings (http://genealogy.about.com/)
PhpGedView Online genealogy viewer (http://phpgedview.sourceforge.net/)
GenealogyBlog - A continuously updated website dealing with family history related news, websites, and products (http://www.genealogyblog.com/)
An interactive directory of categorized genealogy search engines. (http://www.search.vanee.org/)
GenealogyBuff.com - a surname tool and library of data files. (http://www.genealogybuff.com/)
GenealogyToday.com - lookups, search tools, original articles and unique databases (http://www.genealogytoday.com/)
WikiTree.Org (http://www.wikitree.org/) - freely-edited family tree of all human beings.
Genealogy of the Chinese Huang Clan (http://www.geocities.com/bx_huang) - Traces the origin and history of the Chinese Huang Clan.

United Kingdom

prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_UK; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy Courtland 18:16, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

United States of America

prior content has been moved to Wikibooks:Genealogy:_US; feel free to contribute new content to this section or contribute directly to the Wikibooks:Genealogy Courtland 18:19, 2005 Apr 6 (UTC)

Australia

The Genealogical Society of Victoria Inc. (http://www.gsv.org.au)
Victorian GUM Inc. (http://www.vicgum.asn.au)
Tasmanian Family History Society Inc. (http://www.tasfhs.org)

Denmark

The Society for Danish Genealogy and Biography (http://www.genealogi.dk/index_us.htm)
DIS Danmark (http://www.dis-danmark.dk/dis-english.asp)

Finland

The Genealogical Society of Finland (http://www.genealogia.fi/indexe.htm)

Ireland

Irish Ancestors (http://www.ireland.com/ancestor/)

Israel

The Israel Genealogical Society (http://www.isragen.org.il)

Malta

Maltese migration research (http://www.maltagenealogy.com/)

Sweden

SweGGate = Sweden Genealogy Gate (http://www.sweggate.com/)
Swedish Roots (http://www.genealogi.se/roots/)
Swedish Church Records - Genline (http://www.genline.com/)

Switzerland

Swiss Genealogy on the Internet (http://www.eye.ch/swissgen/)

Miscellaneous

The GRANDMA Project, 713,132 people of German-Russian Mennonite Ancestry (http://calmenno.org/grandma/index.htm)
Société Genevoise de Généalogie - 160'000 people from Switzerland, France, Italy and the rest of the world linked together (http://www.gen-gen.ch)cs:Genealogie

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Categories: Genealogy | Kinship and descent