Pirate
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A pirate is one who robs or plunders at sea without a commission from a recognised sovereign nation. Pirates usually target other ships, but have also attacked targets on shore. These acts are known as piracy. Unlike the stereotypical pirate with cutlass and masted sailing ship, today most pirates get about in speedboats wearing balaclavas instead of bandanas, using AK-47s rather than cutlasses.
While boats off the coasts of South America and the Mediterranean Sea are still molested by pirates, the advent of the United States Coast Guard has nearly eradicated piracy in American waters, and it is also much reduced in the Caribbean Sea from days of yore. Seaborne piracy against transport vessels remains a significant problem (with estimated worldwide losses of $13 to $16 billion USD per year), particularly in the waters between the Pacific and Indian oceans, and specifically in the straits of Malacca and Singapore, used by over 50,000 commercial ships a year.
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Other terms for pirates
Pirates who operated in the West Indies were known as buccaneers. The word comes from boucan, a wooden frame used for cooking meat (called a barbacoa elsewhere). These were used by French hunters called boucaniers. These hunters became pirates and took their name with them. These pirates were eventually organized and at their height when Henry Morgan came. He later became their governor. Buccaneers were also occasionally employed as privateers.
Dutch pirates were known as kapers or vrijbuiters ("plunderers"), the latter combining the words vrij meaning free, buit meaning loot, and the ending -er meaning agent. The word vrijbuiter was corrupted into the English freebooters and French flibustiers. It came back into English as filibusters, who were not pirates, but adventurers involving themselves in Latin American revolutions and coups and then finally came to mean the disruptive parliamentary maneuver of talking without stopping.
Pirates are called Lanun by both the Indonesians and the Malaysians who form the nations bracketing the Straits of Malacca. Originally a culture of seafaring people, their name became synonymous with piracy in the 15th century.
Pirates with commissions from a government are called privateers or corsairs, which in modern Arabic is قرصان from the Turkish Korsan, which seems to have been derived from the European word, which in turn comes from the mediaeval Latin cursa, "raid, expedition, inroad".
Piracy in the Caribbean
Main article: Piracy in the Caribbean
Privateering
A privateer or corsair was similar in method but had a commission or a letter of marque from a government or king to capture merchant ships belonging to an enemy nation. The famous Barbary Corsairs of the Mediterranean were privateers, as were the Maltese Corsairs, who were authorized by the Knights of St. John. The letter of marque was recognized by convention and meant that a privateer could not be charged with piracy although this was often not enough to save them; whether one was considered a pirate or a legally operating business often depended on whether you were the commissioning country or the object of attack. Seven nations agreed to suspend the use of the letter of marque under the Declaration of Paris of 1854, and others followed in the Hague Conventions. The most famous privateer was Sir Francis Drake and England was the main nation in promoting them.
Commerce raiders
In wartime, disguised warships called commerce raiders or merchant raiders attack enemy shipping commerce. They approach by stealth and then open fire. The Germans in World War II made use of these tactics, both in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, but since they used naval vessels, these commerce raiders were not even privateers, much less pirates. Many of these commerce raiders operated successfully during the American Revolution.
Piracy in international law
Effects on international boundaries
In the Straits of Malacca, during the 18th Century, the British and the Dutch controlled both sides of the Straits of Malacca. Some pirates carried on activities similar to armed rebellion with the aim of resisting the colonizers. In order to put a stop to this, the British and the Dutch drew a line separating the Straits into two sides. The agreement was that each party would be responsible for piracy in their respective area. Eventually this line became the separating line between Malaysia and Indonesia in the Straits.
International law
Piracy is of note in international law as it is commonly held to represent the earliest invocation of the concept of universal jurisdiction. The crime of piracy is considered jus cogens, a conventional peremptory international norm from which states may not derogate. Those committing thefts on the high seas, inhibiting trade, and endangering maritime communication were considered by sovereign states to be hostes humani generis (enemies of humanity).
Since piracy often takes place outside the territorial waters of any state, the prosecution of pirates by sovereign states represents a complex legal situation. To prosecute pirates on the high seas, states most derrogate from the conventional freedom of the high seas, and violate the principle extra territorium jus dicenti impune non paretur, that being: the judgment of one who is exceeding his territorial jurisdiction is disobeyed with impunity. However, as jus cogens, jurisdiction can typically be exercised against pirates without objection from the flag state of the pirate vessel.
Pirate organization
Pirates are a popular modern representation of rebellious, clever teams who operate outside the restricting bureaucracy of modern life. In reality, many pirates ate poorly, did not become fabulously wealthy, and died young.
Yet there are some surprising facts about pirate organization. Unlike traditional Western societies of the time, many pirate clans operated as limited democracies, demanding the right to elect and replace their leaders. The captain of a pirate ship was often a fierce fighter in whom the men could place their trust, rather than a more traditional authority figure sanctioned by an elite. However, when not in battlestations, the ship's quartermaster usually had the real authority.
Many groups of pirates shared in whatever booty they seized, according to a complicated scheme where each man received his alloted share of the prize. Pirates injured in battle might be afforded special compensation. Often all of these terms were agreed upon and written down by the pirate. But these articles could also be used as incriminating proof that they were outlaws.
Pirates readily accepted outcasts from traditional societies, perhaps easily recognizing kindred spirits, and they were known to free slaves from slave ships and welcome them into the pirate fold.
It would seem, however, that such egalitarian practices within a pirate clan were tenuous, and did little to limit the brutality of the pirate's way of life. Then again, to a particular individual, there were often few better alternatives. Serving in a Navy in particular was no way to improve lifestyle at the time.
Modern piracy
Piracy in recent times has increased in areas such as South and Southeast Asia (the South China Sea), parts of South America, and the south of the Red Sea, with pirates now favouring small boats and taking advantage of the small crew numbers on modern cargo vessels. Modern pirates prey on cargo ships who must slow their speed to navigate narrow straits, making them vulnerable to be overtaken and boarded by small motorboats. Small ships are also capable of disguising themselves as fishing vessels or cargo vessels when not carrying out piracy, in order to avoid or deceive inspections.
In South East Asian waters, seaworthiness may not be rigidly enforced by all nations, as such losses of vessels and crew may be common. Therefore, statistics indicating incidence of piracy may not be accurate.
In most cases, modern pirates are not interested in the cargo and are mainly interested in taking the personal belongings of the crew and the contents of the ship's safe, which might contain large amounts of cash needed to pay payroll and port fees. In some cases, the pirates force the crew off the ship and sail the ship to a port, where it is repainted and given a new identity through false papers.
Modern piracy is simplified by the fact that a large amount of commerce occurs over sea-borne traffic. For commercial reasons, many cargo ships move through narrow bodies of water such as the Suez Canal, the Panama canal and the Straits of Malacca. As usage increases, many of these ships have to lower cruising speeds to allow for navigation and traffic control making them prime targets for piracy.
Modern definitions of piracy include the following acts:
- Kidnapping of people for ransom
- Robbery
- Murder
- Unlawful seizure of items or the ship
- Sabotage, resulting in the ship subsequently sinking
Pirate attacks tripled between 1993 and 2003. The first half of 2003 was the worst 6-month period on record, with 234 pirate attacks, 16 deaths, and 52 people injured worldwide. There were also 193 crew members held hostage during this period.
182 cases of piracy were reported worldwide in the first 6 months of 2004. Of these incidents, 50 occurred in Indonesian waters.
The Piracy Reporting Centre of the International Maritime Bureau (IMB) stated in 2004 that most pirate attacks in that year occurred in Indonesian waters (70 of 251 reported attacks). Of these attacks, a majority occurred in the Straits of Malacca. They also stated that of the attacks in 2004, oil and gas tankers and bulk carriers were the most popular targets with 67 attacks on tankers and 52 on bulk carriers.
In modern times ships, as well as aeroplanes, are also hijacked for political reasons. The perpetrators of these acts could be described as pirates (for instance, the French for plane hijacker is pirate de l'air), but in English are usually termed hijackers or terrorists. An example is the hijacking of the Italian civilian passenger ship, the Achille Lauro.
Modern pirates also use a great deal of technology. It has been reported that crimes of piracy have involved the use of mobile phones, modern speedboats, and AK-47's. There is also speculation that modern pirates are involved with eavesdropping on satellite communication networks such as Inmarsat to determine cargo and the degree of risk involved with an operation. Typically during a pirate raid, all the passengers are killed. Sometimes the ship is repainted and renamed as well to conceal the crime.
Victims
- Early Polynesian warriors attacked seaside and riverside villages. They used the sea for their hit and run tactics - a safe place to retreat to if battle turned against them.
- The Sea Peoples were pirates who attacked ancient Egypt.
- 67 B.C. - As a young man, Julius Caesar was captured by pirates and held for ransom. Later, he and Pompey attacked and destroyed the pirate stronghold nests on islands throughout the Mediterranean Sea.
- Irish pirates attacked Roman trade vessels.
- Saint Patrick was captured and enslaved by Irish pirates.
- The Vikings (or Sea kings) were Scandinavian pirates who attacked the British isles and Europe from the sea.
- In 937, Irish pirates sided with the Scots, Vikings, Picts, and Welsh in their invasion of England. Athelstan drives them back.
- During the Children's Crusade, Arab pirates captured and enslaved thousands of Christian children.
- Environmentalist and yachtsman Peter Blake was killed by pirates in 2001.
Popular Culture
In popular culture, pirates are associated with a stereotypical manner of speaking and dress. This tradition owes much to Robert Newton's portrayal of Long John Silver in the 1950 film adaptation of Treasure Island. Many stereotypical pirates have accents which are apparently from Cornwall, or Bristol in England. The popularity of pirates recently rose when the movie Pirates of the Caribbean was released. September 19 is International Talk Like a Pirate Day.
A recent Internet meme, "REAL Ultimate Power," has Pirates being the hated enemies of the Ninja. Not only are the two ripe for stereotyping in a humorous fashion, but their antithetical outlooks on life make them obvious opponents (even if there is no basis in reality for such opposition); pirates are loud, flashy, rude, crude extroverts who clash swords on the high seas, and ninja are quiet, reserved, polite, refined introverts who work from the shadows.
Stereotypical piratical dress
- Bright-coloured mismatched clothes, known as Motley
- Eye patch
- Wooden or peg leg
- Hook hand
- Golden hoop earring
- Bandana
- Parrot on the shoulder, generally squawking 'pieces of eight, Braak!'
- Mischievous ship's monkey
Surprisingly, many of these stereotypes are true. Pirates during the Golden Era would often lose limbs in battle. These pirates would be employed as cooks, as they could not be of any use during raids anymore. Bandanas would be worn to keep sweat out of their face. Their clothes, however, would typically be practical and comfortable clothes, meant to be convenient for working on a ship. Sometimes pirates would even keep animals on board, to supply them with fresh food, but exotic animals such as parrots and monkeys wouldn't be of any use to them. Some pirates also believed that putting pressure on their earlobes (wearing earrings) would prevent them from becoming seasick.
Stereotypical piratical expressions
- Ahoy!
- Along the lines of 'you there'
- Arr Matey
- Hello
- Swab The Deck
- Clean the ship's deck
- Arrrggg!
- The onomatopoeia of a pirate
- Avast!
- Stop, take notice.
- Blow me down
- Expression of surprise (as in being blown off one's feet by a strong gale)
- Keelhaul the swabs
- Tie the scrubber off the ship's deck to the keel of a boat
- Shiver me timbers
- Expression of surprise (as in having the wooden timbers of one's ship "shivered" by a cannonball, in the archaic sense of the term shivered)
- Yoho
- Greeting
- I'll Crush Ye Barnacles!
- A pirate threat.
Piratical pop stars
Pop stars have long been drawn towards pirate culture, due to its anti-establishmentism, and motley dress. An early 1960s British pop group called themselves Johnny Kidd and the Pirates and wore eye-patches while they performed. Keith Moon, drummer with The Who, was a fan of Robert Newton
During the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II the Sex pistols, banned from performing on land, hired a pleasure boat and cruised down the Thames before being stopped by river police. They later adapted the dirty song Good ship venus as their hit "Friggin' in the rigging". Another of Malcolm McLaren's prodigees, Adam Ant took the pirate image further. One of the tracks on the album "Kings of the wild frontier" was called "Jolly Roger".
Notable pirates
- Kanhoji Angria
- Awilda, Scandinavian Princess who becomes a pirate
- Black Bart (Bartholomew Roberts)
- Black Bellamy (Samuel Bellamy)
- Edward Teach or Thatch, known as Blackbeard
- Major Stede Bonnet
- Anne Bonney
- Co-Captain Charity Bonney
- Boysie Singh
- Francois le Clerc(Jambe de Bois)
- Khair ad Din
- Pirata Cofresi (Roberto Cofres�amirez de Arellano)
- Chris Condent
- Cutthroat Sal
- Piet Hein
- Benjamin Hornigold
- Rahmah bin Jabir al-Jalahimah from Qatar
- Jasim bin Jabir from Abu Dhabi
- Calico Jack (Jack Rackham)
- Captain William Kidd
- Sextus Pompeius, a Roman general who became a pirate
- Jean Lafitte
- Likedeelers (successors of the Victual Brothers)
- Henry Morgan
- Brandon O'Brien
- Fran篩s l'Ollonais
- Grace O'Malley, Irish female pirate
- Mary Read
- Woodes Rogers
- Ching Shih (aka Cheng I Sao 鄭一嫂) Chinese female pirate
- Cheung Po Tsai (張保仔), around Hong Kong waters
- Wimund (bishop) - 12th century English Bishop
- Dominique You
- Emanuel Wynne
Notable privateers
- William Dampier
- Sir Francis Drake, also British admiral; regarded by the Spanish as a pirate
Sir Walter Ralegh, who spent little time at sea but organised many pirate expeditions. See Derek Parker, 'The Queen's Pirates', a dual biograph of Drake and Ralegh. London, Scholastic, 2004
- Jean Bart
- Sir Andrew Barton, Scots privateer, regarded by the English as a pirate
- Surcouf
- Hippolyte de Bouchard
- Khair ad Din Barbarossa
- Murat Rais
- Uluj Ali
- Victual Brothers
- Jean Laffite New Orleans privateer, helped America through the Revolutionary War.
Fictional pirates
- The Dread Pirate Roberts, a Pirate dressed all in black (including a black mask and headrag) reputed to "leave no survivors", and captains the pirate ship Revenge. From the novel The Princess Bride, written by William Goldman.
- Maddox, Writer for the personal humor website created by self-proclaimed pirate George Ouzounian, better known as Maddox.
- The Black Pirate, the title character of the 1926 silent film who was played with acrobatic panache by Douglas Fairbanks.
- Black Vulmea, the nickname of Terrence Vulmea, a swashbuckling hero of the Spanish Main created by Robert E. Howard. Vulmea's adventures are collected in Black Vulmea's Vengeance.
- Captain Blood, the title character of novel by Rafael Sabatini who is an English doctor turned slave, then pirate. It was also adapted into a film starring Errol Flynn by Casablanca director Michael Curtiz.
- Captain Clegg, was the alias assumed by clergyman Doctor Syn when he turned to piracy in the novel Doctor Syn on the High Seas by Russell Thorndike.
- Captain Hook from the novel Peter Pan, by J. M. Barrie, leads a band of pirates.
- Captain Pugwash from the series of children's comic strips, books and animated films created by John Ryan.
- The Crimson Pirate the titular hero of the 1952 movie played by Burt Lancaster. The Crimson Pirate was actually Captain Vallo, an acrobatic rogue who becomes a hero. Lancaster's former circus partner Nick Cravat also appears as Vallo's mute sidekick Ojo.
- Long John Silver, one of several pirates in Treasure Island, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which weaves together many pirate myths and motifs, map of hidden treasure, villany among pirates, marooning, parrots, missing limbs, eye patches.
- Jack Lumber, the alter ego of a writer/comedian/revolutionary, whose real name is unknown. Although His writings are often similar in style to Maddox's, but he occasionally writes more serious works. Claims to be a "Pirate King" on the basis that he was the first to proclaim himself one.
- Monkey D. Luffy, the protagonist in a world of pirates in One Piece, an anime and manga.
- The Pirates of Penzance, an operetta by Gilbert and Sullivan contained a Pirate King and a crew of orphan pirates.
- Terry and the Pirates, by Milton Caniff, an adventure comic strip frequently set among pirates of China and South Asia, led by the notorious Dragon Lady.
- Guybrush Threepwood, hero and main character of the Monkey Island adventure games by LucasArts. He is also the antagonist of the evil zombie pirate LeChuck.
- Pirates of the Caribbean, the Disneyland ride, also spawned the 2003 movie vaguely based on the ride, Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, which introduced the pirate Captain Jack Sparrow, played by Johnny Depp.
- The Pirates! in an Adventure with Scientists by Gideon Defoe, a surreal adventure with stereotypical pirates and Charles Darwin.
- Cervantes de Leon, a Spanish ghost pirate possessed by Soul Edge in Namco's Soul Calibur series of fighting games. Formerly captain of a pirate ship called the Adrian.
See also
- Davy Jones' Locker
- Hijack
- Jolly Roger
- Keelhauling
- Walking the plank
- Buried treasure
- Libertatia
- Pirate Enclaves
- List of pirates
- Skull and crossbones
- Ghost ship
- VFA-103 Jolly Rogers
- Rum-running
External links
- Piracy Timeline (http://www.geocities.com/pirates_hold/pirate_timeline.html)
- Maritime Pirate Reenactment Forum (http://www.pyracy.com/forums)
- Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships: Guidance for Suppressing and Preventing (http://www.imo.org/includes/blast_bindoc.asp?doc_id=941&format=PDF)
- Reports on Piracy, Month by Month (http://www.imo.org/Circulars/index.asp?topic_id=334)
- Information About Piracy and Armed Robbery Against Ships (http://www.imo.org/Safety/mainframe.asp?topic_id=362)
- The Jolly Roger Pirate Flag (http://www.skullandcrossbones.org/)
- Talk like a Pirate Day (http://www.talklikeapirate.com/)
- [1] (http://www.musicanet.org/robokopp/shanty/elpirate.htm) Lyrics from Pirates (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) by Greg Lake and Pete Sinfield
- Scurvy Pirates (http://www.freewebs.com/scurvypirates/) A modern day band of internet pirates.bg:Пиратство
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