Cleveland, Ohio
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- For the Cleveland area, see Greater Cleveland.
The city of Cleveland is the county seat of Cuyahoga County in the U.S. state of Ohio. As of the 2000 census, the city proper had a total population of 478,403 making it second in population in the state to Columbus, Ohio, and 33rd in the nation. Greater Cleveland, however, including the entire metropolitan area and suburbs, has as many as 2,900,000 people - if the Akron and Lorain areas are included - by far the largest urban area in the state. On the southern shore of Lake Erie, Cleveland is located in the Western Reserve in northeastern Ohio on the Cuyahoga River, approximately 60 miles west of the Pennsylvania border.
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History
The city obtained its name on July 22, 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company named an area in Ohio "Cleaveland" after Gen. Moses Cleaveland, the superintendent of the surveying party, a month after white settlers had signed a treaty with local Native Americans to acquire the land. Cleaveland laid out the plan for the modern Public Square area before returning home. He never visited the area again. The spelling of the city's name was later changed to "Cleveland" when, in 1831, an "a" was dropped so the name could fit a newspaper's masthead.
Though not initially apparent - the city was surrounded by swampland and the harsh winters did not encourage settlement - the location proved providential. The city began to grow rapidly after the completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal in 1832, turning the city into a key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes, and particularly once the city railroad links were added. In 1837, the city, then located on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City, Ohio (since annexed) over a bridge connecting the two. As a half-way point for iron ore coming from Minnesota across the Great Lakes and for coal and other raw materials coming by rail from the south, the site flourished. Cleveland also enjoyed its position as the major break-in-bulk center for Ohio.
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Cleveland became one of the major manufacturing and population centers of the United States, home of numerous major steel firms. Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller made his fortune there. By 1920, it was the 5th largest city in the country. The city was also one of the centers of the national progressive movement, locally headed by Mayor Tom L. Johnson.
The city experienced a downturn in the post-World War II period, as heavy industries slumped and residents sought new housing in the suburbs; see white flight. The city witnessed racial unrest in the 1960s, culminating in riots in Hough 1965 and Glenville 1968. The city's nadir is often considered to be its default on its loans on December 15, 1978, when under young Mayor Dennis Kucinich it became the first major American city to enter default since the Great Depression. Kucinich's administration claimed that the city had been forced into default by local banks and a local electric provider who attempted to force the city to sell off Cleveland Public Power, the small city-owned electric utility.
The metropolitan area began a recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael White. Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway complex - consisting of Jacobs Field and Gund Arena - and near the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Cleveland Browns Stadium. Many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to experience serious problems despite the highest level of per-student funding in the state. Economic development, retention of young professionals, and capitalizing upon its Lake Erie waterfront are current municipal priorities.
Geography
Cleveland is located at 41°28'56" North, 81°40'11" West (41.482301, -81.669718)Template:GR.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 213.5 km² (82.4 mi²). 200.9 km² (77.6 mi²) of it is land and 12.5 km² (4.8 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 5.87% water.
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Demographics
As of the censusTemplate:GR of 2000, there are 478,403 people, 190,638 households, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The population density is 2,380.9/km² (6,166.5/mi²). There are 215,856 housing units at an average density of 1,074.3/km² (2,782.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 41.49% White, 50.99% Black or African American, 0.30% Native American, 1.35% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 3.59% from other races, and 2.24% from two or more races. 7.26% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. Cleveland's eastern half (the "East Side") is more ethnically diverse than its western half (the "West Side", the sides divided by the Cuyahoga River), while the West Side is considered safer and wealthier. These stereotypes have become less true in recent years, with the arrival of Hispanics on the West Side and the continued urban decay of Detroit-Shoreway and other old West Side neighborhoods.
There are 190,638 households out of which 29.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28.5% are married couples living together, 24.8% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.3% are non-families. 35.2% of all households are made up of individuals and 11.1% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.44 and the average family size is 3.19.
In the city the population is spread out with 28.5% under the age of 18, 9.5% from 18 to 24, 30.4% from 25 to 44, 19.0% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 33 years. For every 100 females there are 90.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 85.2 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $25,928, and the median income for a family is $30,286. Males have a median income of $30,610 versus $24,214 for females. The per capita income for the city is $14,291. 26.3% of the population and 22.9% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 37.6% of those under the age of 18 and 16.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Cleveland was hit hard by white flight and suburbanization, further exacerbated by the busing-based desegregation of Cleveland schools required by the United States Supreme Court. Although busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest large city in the United States.
Sports and Leisure
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Cleveland is also home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, which is located downtown close to Lake Erie. The museum's building was designed by I. M. Pei. In the 1970s a number of bands generally described as protopunk or pre-punk were formed in Cleveland, including The Dead Boys, Electric Eels, Rocket From The Tombs, and Pere Ubu.
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The Great Lakes Science Center is located next to the Hall of Fame. Other nearby attractions include the Steamship William G. Mather Maritime Museum, a restored Great Lakes bulk freighter built in 1925, and the USS Cod, a World War II submarine.
Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle, a 500 acre (2 km²) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions. These include Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Museum of Art, and Severance Hall, home to the Cleveland Orchestra, one of the United States' major orchestras. Some of the other institutions located in University Circle are the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, the Western Reserve Historical Society, the Cleveland Botanical Garden, the Children's Museum of Cleveland, the Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland Institute of Music, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. The Cleveland Clinic, the Cleveland Playhouse and the Health Museum of Cleveland are located nearby.
Industry and Politics
Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies, such as National City Corporation, Eaton Corporation, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin Williams Company, and KeyCorp, after which the highest skyscraper in Cleveland is named (Key Tower).
The politics of Cleveland are considered to favor the Democratic party to a greater degree than areas of the state farther south. Historically the support for the Democratic party had been based on the strong support of labor unions, as well as both white and black ethnic voters, especially Catholics. During the 2004 Presidential election, although George W. Bush carried Ohio, John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County, which gave him the strongest support in the state.
Noted Politicians
- Carl Stokes, the first black mayor of a major city, was mayor of Cleveland from ....
- Louis Stokes, Carl's older brother, was a U.S. Congressman from 1968 to 1998, distinguished with 15 terms of service.
- Dennis Kucinich was mayor from 1977 to 1979, and was much embattled, barely surviving a recall campaign. He subsequently has been elected a U.S. Congressman and ran for President in 2004.
- George Voinovich was mayor from 1979 to 1989 and was subsequently elected to the United States Senate. Unusual in Cleveland politics, Voinovich is a Republican.
Mass transit
Cleveland currently has a mass transit system consisting of two light rail lines and one urban heavy rail metro line, officially named Cleveland Rapid Transit, but better known as The Rapid. The light rail lines are all that remain of the city's once-extensive streetcar system. The metro was extended to Hopkins International Airport in 1968 -- the first airport-to-mass-transit link in North America.
The Rapid and local bus lines are owned and administered by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority.
Cleveland Highways
Three major Interstate highways serve Cleveland: I-71, I-77, I-90. To the west of Cleveland, I-90 runs into I-80, which is also known as the Ohio Turnpike.
Cleveland also has two three-digit Interstates: I-480 and I-490.
Cleveland Public Schools (Elementary)
- Louisa May Alcott
- Almira
- Newton D. Baker
- Alfred A. Benecsh
- Brooklawn
- William C. Bryant
- Buhrer
- Case
- Clark
- Moses Cleaveland
- Kenneth W. Clement
- Corlett
- Cranwood
- Denison
- Emile B. DeSauze
- Charles Dickens
- Paul L. Dunbar
- East Clark
- Euclid Park
- Fullerton
- Robert K. Fulton
- Garfield
- Giddings
- Gracemount
- Anton Grdina
- William R. Harper
- Stephen E. Howe
- Iowa-Maple
- Kentucky
- Joseph F. Landis
- Henry W. Longfellow
- Douglas MacArthur
- Marion-Sterling
- McKinley
- Miles Park
- Daniel E. Morgan
- Mound
- Mount Auburn
- Orchard
- Louis Pasteur
- Oliver H. Perry
- John W. Raper
- Harvey Rice
- Andrew J. Rickoff
- Captain Arthur Roth
- Scranton
- Tremont
- Union
- Valley View
- Wade Park
- Walton
- Artemus Ward
- Watterson-Lake
- Waverly
- Michael R. White
- Willow
- Woodland Hills
Cleveland Public Schools (K-8)
- Louis Agassiz
- Audubon
- Alexander Graham Bell
- Mary M. Bethune
- Bolton
- Barbara B. Hooker
- Buckeye-Woodland
- George Washington Carver
- Harry E. Davis
- Empire CompuTech
- Forest Hill Parkway
- Benjamin Franklin
- Hannah Gibbons
- Nathan Hale
- Alexander Hamilton
- Albert B. Hart
- Robert H. Jamison
- Robinson G. Jones
- Charles H. Lake
- Mary B. Martin
- Miles
- Charles A. Mooney
- Dike Montessori
- Paul Revere
- Riverside
- John D. Rockerfeller
- Margaret Spellacy
- Carl & Louis Stokes Central Academy (Formely Central)
- Sunbeam
- Clara E. Westropp
- Wilbur Wright
Cleveland Public Schools (Middle Schools
- Charles W. Eliot
- Joseph M. Gallagher
- Halle
- Nathaniel Hawthorne
- Patrick Henry
- Thomas Jefferson
- Luis Munoz Marin
- Garrett Morgan
- Jesse Owens
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- Carl F. Shuler
- Willson
- Whitney M. Young
Cleveland Public Schools (High Schools)
- Jane Addams
- Cleveland School of the Arts
- Collinwood
- Early College
- East High
- East Technical
- East Technical Annex (Formerly John Hay)
- Glenville
- Halle
- Max S. Hayes
- Health Careers Center
- Jesse Owens
- John F. Kennedy
- Martin Luther King Jr.
- Lincoln-West
- John Marshall
- James Rhodes
- South
- SuccessTech Academy
Colleges and universities
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland Institute of Art
- Cleveland Institute of Music
- Cleveland State University
- Myers University (formerly Dyke College)
- Cuyahoga Community College
Airports
Theaters
- Cabaret Dada [1] (http://www.cabaretdada.com/)
- Cleveland Play House [2] (http://www.clevelandplayhouse.com/)
- Cleveland Public Theater [3] (http://www.cptonline.org/)
- Dobama Theater [4] (http://www.dobama.org/)
- Karamu House [5] (http://www.karamu.com/)
- Near West Theatre [6] (http://nearwesttheatre.org/)
- Playhouse Square Center [7] (http://www.playhousesquare.com/)
Theatrical companies
- Bodwin Theater Company [8] (http://bodwin_theatre.tripod.com/)
- Charenton Theatre Company [9] (http://www.charenton.org/)
- Cleveland Shakespeare Festival [10] (http://www.cleveshakes.org/)
- Cleveland Signstage Theatre [11] (http://www.signstage.org/)
- Convergence-Continuum [12] (http://www.convergence-continuum.org/)
- Dobama's Night Kitchen [13] (http://www.nightkitchen.org/)
- Great Lakes Theater Festival [14] (http://www.greatlakestheater.org/)
- Habitat East [15] (http://www.geocities.com/habitateast/)
- Red Hen Productions [16] (http://logan.com/redhen/)
Neighborhoods
- Brooklyn Center
- Buckeye-Shaker Square
- Central
- Clark-Fulton
- Corlett
- Cudell
- Detroit Shoreway
- Downtown
- Edgewater
- Euclid-Green
- Fairfax
- Forest Hills
- Glenville
- Goodrich-Kirtland
- Hough
- Industrial Valley
- Jefferson
- Kamm's Corners
- Kinsman
- Lee-Miles
- Mount Pleasant
- North Broadway
- North Collinwood
- Ohio City
- Old Brooklyn
- Puritas-Longmead
- Riverside
- South Broadway
- South Collinwood
- St. Clair-Superior
- Stockyards
- Tremont
- Union-Miles Park
- University Circle-Little Italy
- The Warehouse District
- West Boulevard
- West Park
- Woodland Hills
Television stations
- 3 WKYC - NBC
- 5 WEWS - ABC
- 8 WJW - FOX
- 19 WOIO - CBS
- 23 WVPX - PAX
- 25 WVIZ - PBS
- 43 WUAB - UPN
- 55 WBNX - WB
- 61 WQHS - Univision
Additional sites of interest
Sports
Shopping
Other
- Cleveland Public Library
- Dunham Tavern
- Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland
- The Flats
- Lakeview Cemetery
- The Mall
- Metroparks Zoo
- NASA Glenn Research Center
- Old Stone Church
- St. John's Cathedral
Famous Natives
- Albert Ayler
- Jim Backus
- Halle Berry
- Drew Carey
- Chris Chambers
- Tracy Chapman
- Wes Craven
- Dorothy Dandridge
- Ruby Dee
- Donald DeFreeze
- Phil Donahue
- Stephen R. Donaldson
- Donald A. Glaser
- Joel Grey
- Arsenio Hall
- Margaret Hamilton
- Steve Harvey
- John Heisman
- Hal Holbrook
- Bob Hope
- Langston Hughes
- Philip Johnson
- Don King
- Dennis Kucinich
- Gerald Levert
- D. A. Levy
- Peter B. Lewis
- Jim Lovell
- Henry Mancini
- Burgess Meredith
- Andre Norton
- Jesse Owens
- Harvey Pekar
- Paul Palnik
- Sam Sheppard
- Jerry Siegel
- George Steinbrenner
- Lew Wasserman
See Also
References
- Infoplease(2004). Cleveland, Ohio (http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0108498.html). Retrieved Oct. 9, 2004.
External links
- City Of Cleveland Home Page (http://www.city.cleveland.oh.us/index1.html)
- The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History (http://ech.cwru.edu/)
- Cleveland Memory Project (http://www.clevelandmemory.org)
- IMDB: Movies made in Cleveland (http://us.imdb.com/List?endings=on&&locations=Cleveland,%20Ohio,%20USA&&heading=18;with+locations+including;Cleveland,%20Ohio,%20USA)
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