Classification of Native Americans
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1.1 Arctic |
Classification of Native Americans: United States and Canada
Ethnographers commonly classify the native peoples of the United States and Canada into ten geographical regions with shared cultural traits (called cultural areas). The following list groups peoples by their region of origin, followed by the current location. See the individual article on each tribe for a history of their movements. The regions are:
Arctic
Subarctic
- Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna)
- Atikamekw
- Babine
- Bearlake
- Carrier
- Chipewyan
- Chilcotin
- Cree
- Degexit'an (Ingalik)
- Dogrib
- Han
- Hare
- Holikachuk
- Innu
- Kaska (Nahane)
- Kolchan (Upper Kuskokwim)
- Koyukon
- Kutchin
- Mountain
- Naskapi
- Nishka
- Ojibwa
- Sekani
- Slavey (Dialects: Hay River, Simpson Providence, Liard, Fort Nelson)
- Tagish
- Tahltan
- Lower Tanana
- Middle Tanana
- Upper Tanana
- Tanacross
- Tanaina (Dialects: Outer Inlet, Upper Inlet, Iliama, Inland, Kachemak Bay, Kenai, Susitna River)
- Tasttine (Beaver)
- Inland Tlingit
- Tsetsaut
- Tsimishian
- Northern Tutchone
- Southern Tutchone
- Wet'suweten
- Yellowknife
California
- Achomawi (Pit River Indians)
- Antoniaño
- Atsugewi
- Bear River
- Cahuilla
- Campo
- Chemehuevi
- Chukchansi
- Chumash (Dialects: Roseño, Purisimeño, Barbareño, Inezeño, Ventureño, Obispeño, Santa Paula, Cruzeño, Emigdiano Allilik)
- Chilula
- Chimariko
- Costanoan (Dialects: Ramaytush, San Jose, Juichen, Chocheño, Tamyen, Awaswas, Chalon, Mutsun, Rumsen)
- Cupeño
- Diegueño
- Esselen
- Fernandeño: see Tataviam
- Gabrieliño: see Tongva
- Giamina
- Huchnom
- Hupa
- Ipai
- Jamul
- Juaneño
- Kamia
- Karok
- Kato
- Kiliwa
- Kitanemuk
- Klamath
- Konomihu
- Konkow
- Kumeyaay (Diegueño)
- Lassik
- Luiseño
- Maidu
- Mattole
- Mesa Grande
- Migueleño
- Mission Indians
- Miwok (Me-wuk)
- Modoc
- Mohave
- Monache
- Nakipa
- Nisenan
- Nomlaki
- Nongatl
- Ohlone
- Paipai (Akwa'ala)
- Paiute
- Patwin
- Pomo
- Quechan
- Rumsen
- Salinan
- San Clemente
- San Nicolas
- Santa Catalina
- Serrano
- Shasta tribe
- Sinkyone
- Tache
- Tachi tribe
- Tataviam (Fernandeño)
- Tipai
- Tolowa
- Tongva (Gabrieliño)
- Tsnungwe
- Tubatulabal
- Wailaki
- Wappo
- Washoe
- Whilkut
- Wintu
- Wintun
- Wiyot
- Yahi
- Yana
- Yocha Dehe
- Yokuts
- Yuki
- Coast Yuki
- Yurok
Eastern Woodlands
- Accohannock Maryland
- Algonquian lower Saint Lawrence River
- Algonquins Outaouais and Abitibi in Quebec
- Beothuk formerly Newfoundland, no longer exist
- Caniba
- Conoy
- Erie
- Etchemin Quebec (Maliseet)
- Fox
- Ho-Chunk
- Huron/Wyandot Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
- Illinois (Illini) Illinois
- Iroquois New York
- Kickapoo Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas
- Laurentian
- Lenni-Lenape Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, now Oklahoma
- Loup A
- Loup B
- Maliseet Maine, Quebec, and New Brunswick, Canada
- Mascouten
- Massachusett Massachusetts
- Menominee
- Miami Indiana, now Oklahoma
- Mingo Pennsylvania, Ohio
- Mahican
- Mohegan
- Montauk New York
- Munsee
- Nanticoke
- Narragansett Rhode Island
- Natick
- Neutral
- Nipissing
- Nipmuc Massachusetts
- Ojibwe (Chippewa, Anishaabe) Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin, North Dakota, Montana)
- Oji-Cree
- Ottawa
- Paugusset Connecticut
- Passamaquoddy Maine
- Penobscot Maine
- Peoria Illinois, now Oklahoma
- Pequot
- Petun
- Pocumtuk
- Poospatuck New York
- Potawatomi Michigan
- Powhatan Virginia
- Quiripi
- Ramapough Mountain Indians New Jersey
- Hopewell Ohio and Black River region
- Sauk
- Saulteaux
- Schaghticoke Western Connecticut
- Secotan
- Shawnee Ohio, Pennsylvania [most ended up in Oklahoma]
- Shinnecock New York
- Souriquoian
- Susquahannock
- Tarrantine Tarranteen
- Unalachtigo
- Unami
- Unquachog
- Wampanoag Massachusetts
- Wappinger
- Wawenoc
- Wea
- Wenro
- Wyandot/Huron Ontario south of Georgian Bay, now Oklahoma and Wendake, Quebec
Great Basin
- Bannock
- Chemehuevi
- Gosiute Utah
- Kawaiisu
- Koso
- Mono
- Owen's Valley (Native Amricans)
- Northern Paiute California, Nevada, Oregon [Burns-Paiute], Arizona
- Southern Paiute (Kaibab)
- Panamint
- Paviotso
- Shoshone (Shoshoni) Nevada, Wyoming, California
- Timbisha
- Ute Utah, Colorado
- Washo Nevada, California
Plateau
- Cayuse Oregon
- Celilo (Wayampam)
- Upper Chinookan (Dialects: Clackamas, Cascades, Hood River Wasco, Wishram Kathlamet, Wishram, Cathlamet, Multnomah,
- Columbian (Dialects: Wenatchee, Sinkayuse, Chelan)
- Coeur d'Alene Idaho
- Colville Washington
- Upper Cowlitz
- Flatbow
- Flathead
- Fountain
- John Day
- Kalispel Washington
- Kittitas
- Klamath
- Klikitat Washington
- Kootenai Idaho
- Lakes
- Lillooet
- Lower Snake (Chamnapam, Wauyukma, Naxiyampam)
- Modoc
- Molala (Molale) Oregon
- Nez Perce Idaho
- Nicola
- Okanagan (Dialects: Northern and Southern)
- Palus (Palouse)
- Pend'Oreilles
- Rock Creek
- Sahaptin
- Sanpoil
- Shuswap
- Spokane Washington
- Tenino
- Thompson
- Tygh
- Tygh Valley
- Umatilla Oregon
- Upper Nisqually (Mishalpan)
- Walla Walla Oregon
- Wanapum
- Wasco Oregon
- Yakima Washington
Northwest Coast
- Alsea
- Applegate
- Bella Bella
- Bella Coola
- Chasta Costa
- Chehalis (Upper and Lower) Washington
- Chemakum Washington
- Chetco
- Chilliwak
- Chinook Dialects: (Lower Chinook, Upper Chinook, Clackamas, Wasco)
- Chinook Jargon
- Clatsop
- Clatskanie (Tlatskanie)
- Comox
- Coos {Hanis} Oregon
- Lower Coquille (Miluk) Oregon
- Upper Coquille
- Cowichan
- Lower Cowlitz Washington
- Duwamish Washington
- Eyak Alaska
- Galice
- Haida (Dialects: Kaigani, Skidegate, Masset) Alaska
- Haihai
- Haisla
- Halkomelem
- Heiltsuk
- Hoh Washington
- Kalapuya (Calapooia, Calapuya)
- North Kalapuya (Dialects: Yamhill or Yamel, Tualatin or Tfalati or Atfalati)
- Central Kalapuya (Dialects: Santiam, Mary's River, Lakmiut, Ahantchuyuk, Lower McKenzie or Mohawk)
- South Kalapuya (Yonkalla or Yoncalla)
- Kimsquit
- Kitimat
- Klallam (Clallam, Dialects: Klallam (Lower Elwha), S'Klallam (Jamestown), S'Klallam (Port Gamble))
- Klemtu
- Klickitat
- Koskimo
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwakiutl (Kwakwala or Kwakwa'kwa'kw)
- Kwalhioqua
- Kwantlem
- Kwatami
- Lummi Washington
- Lushootseed
- Makah Washington
- Muckleshoot Washington
- Musqueam
- Nanaimo
- Niskwalli
- Nooksack Washington
- Nisqually Washington
- Pentlatch
- Puyallup Washington
- Quileute Washington
- Quinault Washington
- Rogue River or Upper Illinois Oregon, California
- Saanich
- Samish
- Sauk-Suiattle Washington
- Sechelt
- Shoalwater Bay Tribe Washington
- Siletz Oregon
- Siuslaw Oregon
- Skagit
- Skokomish Washington
- Sliammon
- Snohomish
- Stó:lō
- Songish
- Sooke
- Squaxin Island Tribe Washington
- Spokane Washington
- Stillaguamish Washington
- Squamish Washington
- Swinomish Washington
- Tait
- Takelma Oregon
- Talio
- Tillamook (Nehalem) Oregon
- Tlatlasikoala
- Tlingit Alaska
- Tolowa-Tututni
- Tsimshian (Dialects: Hartley Bay, Prince Rupert, Gitando, Kitkatla)
- Tulalip Washington
- Twana
- Lower Umpqua Oregon
- Upper Umpqua Oregon
- Upper Skagit Washington
- Oowekyala
- Yaquina
Plains
- Aranama
- Arapaho Wyoming, Oklahoma
- Arikara (aka Arikaree or Ree) North Dakota
- Assiniboine Montana Fort Peck Indian Reservation is home to Assiniboine and Lakota (Sioux)
- Atsina
- Besawunena
- Blackfoot Montana/Alberta (bands: Kainah or Blood, Siksiki, Northern Peigan, Piegan or Blackfeet)
- Brule
- Caddo
- Cheyenne Montana, South Dakota; Oklahoma
- Chickasaw Oklahoma
- Comanche Oklahoma
- Crow (Absaroka or Apsáalooke) Montana, South Dakota
- Chippewa Cree, Montana
- Plains Cree Montana
- Dakota
- Gros Ventre
- Hasinai
- Hidatsa North Dakota
- Iowa (Ioway) Kansas, Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Karankawa Texas
- Kaw (Kansa) Oklahoma
- Kiowa Oklahoma
- Kitsai
- Lakota (Sioux) South Dakota, North Dakota, Nebraska
- Lipan Apache
- Mandan North Dakota
- Missouri Missouri
- Nawathinehena
- Oglala Sioux
- Plains Ojibwe
- Omaha Nebraska
- Mississaugas
- Osage Nation Oklahoma
- Otoe Oklahoma
- Ottawa Michigan; Oklahoma
- Pawnee (Dialects: South Band, Skiri) Oklahoma
- Piegan
- Plains Apache (Kiowa-Apache) Oklahoma
- Ponca Nebraska, Oklahoma
- Quapaw (Arkansas) Arkansas, Oklahoma
- Santee
- Sauk (originally Great Lakes now Kansas, Oklahoma, Iowa
- Siksika
- Sioux (Lakota, Dakota, Nakota) Minnesota, Nebraska, North Dakota, South Dakota)
- Stoney
- Tamique
- Teton
- Tonkawa Oklahoma
- Tsuu T’ina (Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuut’ina)
- Wichita Oklahoma [Affiliated Tribes - Wichita, Waco, Tawakoni, Keechi]
- Wyandot Ontario, Michigan
- Yankton
- Yanktonai
Southeast
- Adai
- Ais Florida
- Akokisa
- Alabama Alabama
- Apalachee Florida
- Atakapa
- Bidai
- Biloxi Mississippi
- Caddo Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Texas
- Calusa Florida
- Catawba South Carolina
- Chatot
- Chawasha
- Cherokee North Carolina; later Oklahoma
- Chiaha
- Chickahominy Virginia
- Chickamauga
- Chickasaw Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, later Oklahoma
- Chitimacha Louisiana
- Choctaw Mississippi, Alabama, and parts of Louisiana; later Oklahoma
- Creek Alabama; Oklahoma, Georgia
- Coahuiltecan Texas
- Coushatta Louisiana
- Coharie North Carolina
- Cusabo
- Hitchiti Georgia, Alabama, Florida
- Houma Louisiana
- Iswa
- Jeaga Florida
- Koasati
- Lumbee North Carolina
- Mattaponi Virginia
- Meherrin North Carolina
- Mikasuki (Miccosukee) Florida
- Mobile
- Mocama
- Monacan Virginia
- Nansemond Virginia
- Natchez Mississippi, Louisiana
- Nottoway
- Ofo
- Pamlico (Carolina)
- Pamunkey Virginia
- Pee Dee South Carolina, North Carolina
- Pensacola
- Rappahannock Virginia
- Saponi
- Seminole Florida; Oklahoma
- Taensa
- Tawasa
- Tequesta Florida
- Timucua (Utina) Florida
- Topachula Florida
- Tuscarora North Carolina, Virginia (later Niagara Falls, NY)
- Tuskegee
- Tutelo
- Tunica Mississippi
- Waccamaw North Carolina, South Carolina
- Woccon
- Yamasee
- Yuchi
Southwest
- Acoma
- Ak Chin Arizona
- Apaches Arizona, New Mexico, Oklahoma (see also Chiricahua Apache, Jicarilla Apache, Lipan Apache, Mescalero Apache, Plains Apache, Western Apache)
- Chiricahua Apache
- Cochimi Baja California
- Cochiti
- Cocopa Arizona
- Halchidhoma
- Hano
- Hualapai
- Havasupai Arizona
- Hohokam Arizona
- Hopi Arizona
- Isleta
- Isleta del Sur
- Jemez
- Jicarilla Apache
- Jumano
- Karankawa
- Kavelchadhom
- Keres
- Laguna
- Los Luceros
- Maricopa
- Mescalero Apache
- Mohave
- Nambe
- Navajo (Navajo, Diné) Arizona, New Mexico
- Opata
- Pecos
- Pericu Baja California
- Picuris
- Pima Arizona
- Pima Bajo
- Piro
- Pueblo people New Mexico
- Qahatika
- Quechan Arizona
- Sandia (Nafiat was the name for the Bernalillo pueblo)
- San Carlos
- San Felipe
- San Idelfonso
- San Juan
- Santa Ana
- Santa Clara
- Santo Domingo
- Seri
- Suma
- Taos
- Tesuque
- Tewa
- Tigua
- Toboso
- Tohono O'odham (Papago) Arizona
- Northern Tonto
- Southern Tonto
- Waicuri (Guaicura) Baja California
- Walapai
- Western Apache (Coyotero Apache) Arizona
- Cibecue Apache
- Dilzhe'e Apache (Tonto Apache)
- San Carlos Apache
- White Mountain
- Yavapai (Mojave-Apache) see Yavapai-Apache Nation, Yavapai-Prescott Tribe Arizona (often confused with Tonto Apache and Mojave)
- Yuma (Quechan)
- Zia
- Zuni
Classification – Central and South America
Indians of Central and South America are generally classified by language, environment, and cultural similarities.
Caribbean
Mesoamerica
- Aztec
- Huastec
- Lenca
- Maya
- Mazatec
- Mixtec
- Olmec
- Tarascan
- Teotihuacan
- Toltec
- Totonac
- Xochiapulcos
- Zacapoaxtlas
- Zapotec
Andean
Sub-Andean
Western Amazon
Central Amazon
Eastern and Southern Amazon
Southern Cone
Languages
For a general discussion, see Native American languagescs:Indiánské kmeny da:Etnografisk klassifikation af oprindelige amerikanere de:Nordamerikanische Kulturareale fr:Liste des peuples indigènes des Amériques nl:Lijst van Noord-Amerikaanse indianen no:Etnografisk klassifikasjon av indianere pt:Classificação dos nativos americanos fi:Luettelo intiaaniheimoista ja -kansoista