Brisbane

Brisbane is the capital city of the state of Queensland, Australia. The city's name is pronounced "BRIZ-buhn", IPA: . The City of Brisbane has around 957,000 inhabitants, within a greater metropolitan area of 1.77 million people. A resident of Brisbane is popularly known as a "Brisbanite." Ironic but affectionate nicknames for the city include "Bris Vegas".

Contents

1 Geography and climate 2 Demographics 3 Economy 4 Government 5 History 6 Events 7 Tourism 7.1 Landmarks 8 Culture and entertainment 9 Close to Brisbane 10 Media 11 Transport 12 Sport 13 Colleges and universities 14 Sister cities 15 Notable Brisbanites 16 Suburbs 17 Interesting facts 18 See also 19 External links

Geography and climate

Brisbane is situated in the southeast corner of Queensland, an hour north of the Gold Coast by road or rail at latitude Template:Coor dm. The city straddles the Brisbane River, and its eastern suburbs line the shores of Moreton Bay. The greater Brisbane region lies on the coastal plain east of the Great Dividing Range though the city is very hilly in some areas, and the urban area is punctuated by large hills reaching up to 300 metres such as Mount Coot-tha, Mount Gravatt, Whites Hill and Stephens Mountain.

One feature of Brisbane's urban geography is its lower population density compared to other Australian cities such as Sydney and Melbourne. There are very few terrace houses in Brisbane and apartments dating before 1970 are relatively rare. Most of Brisbane's housing stock consists of detached houses on large blocks of land featuring sub-tropical gardens. Pre-1950 housing stock is often built in a distinctive architectural style known as a Queenslander, featuring large verandahs and built upon stilts, in order to maximise the circulation of cool air during summer months.

Brisbane has a subtropical climate with hot, moist summers and mild, dry winters. Brisbane is subject to high humidity, mainly from November through to April. Summer thunderstorms are common, and Brisbane frequently experiences hailstorms, cyclonic winds and more recently severe drought during the summer months.

Climatic averages:

• Mean January maximum temperature — 29°C (85°F)
• Mean January minimum temperature — 21°C (69°F)
• Mean July maximum temperature — 20°C (69°F)
• Mean July minimum temperature — 10°C (49°F)
• Mean annual rainfall — 1146 mm (45.1 inches)
• Wettest month on average — January, 160 mm (6.3 inches)
• Driest month on average — August, 46 mm (1.8 inches)

Historical extremes:

• Hottest maximum temperature — 43.2°C (109.8°F), 26 January 1940
• Coldest minimum temperature — 2.3°C (36.1°F), 12 July 1894 and 2 July 1896
• Wettest month — 1026 mm (40.4 inches) of rainfall, February 1893
• Wettest day — 465 mm (18.3 inches), 21 January 1887
• Highest wind gust — 145 km/h (90 m/h)

Demographics

The population of the City of Brisbane is estimated at 957,010 (as of June 2004). Together with six surrounding Local Government Areas, Brisbane has an estimated metropolitan population of 1,774,890 as of 2004. Brisbane City Council is the most populous Local Government Area in Australia and is one of the largest cities in the world in terms of geographic area. Brisbane boasts Australia's highest rate of capital city population growth. The metropolitan population reportedly grew by 11.5% between 1999 and 2004.

The Local Government Areas surrounding the City of Brisbane which are part of the Brisbane metropolitan area are:

• Ipswich - A coal mining township and home of the Queensland Rail workshop. Ipswich's population has nearly doubled since 1994. Population: 135,500.
• Logan City - A high-growth area in the Brisbane-Gold Coast corridor. Population: 173,300.
• Redcliffe - Famous for brown sandy beaches and one of the longest bridges in the Southern Hemisphere which connects the outskirts of the city to the Redcliffe Peninsula. Population: 52,300.
• Caboolture - A dairy farming region to the north of Brisbane characterised by recent residential development along the Bruce Highway. Population: 120,800.
• Pine Rivers - Brisbane's northern shire. Population: 133,800.
• Redland - A shire overlooking Moreton Bay on the east of Brisbane. Population: 127,700.

Economy

Brisbane has a diverse and vibrant economy with many sectors and industries represented in the city's total production of goods and services. Both white-collar and blue-collar industries are present, with white-collar industries such as information technology, financial services, higher education and public sector administration generally concentrated in and around the central business district and recently established office parks in the inner suburbs. Blue-collar industries such as petroleum refining, stevedoring, paper milling, metalworking and QR railway workshops tend to be located on the lower reaches of the Brisbane River and in new industrial zones on the urban fringe. Tourism is an important part of the Brisbane economy, both in its own right and as a gateway to other areas of Queensland.

Traditionally, Brisbane was somewhat of a "branch office" city, with most major financial institutions having their headquarters in Sydney or Melbourne. To encourage diversification, during the late 1990s and early 2000s the Queensland state government has been developing technology and science industries in Queensland as a whole, and Brisbane in particular, as part of its "Smart State" campaign. The government has invested in several biotechnology and research facilities at several universities in Brisbane. The Institute for Molecular Bioscience at the University of Queensland (UQ) St Lucia Campus is a large CSIRO and Queensland state government initiative for research and innovation that is currently being emulated at the Queensland University of Technology (QUT) Campus at Kelvin Grove. According to the state government this QUT facility is intended to cross-fertilise with the UQ facility and make Brisbane a science and research hub of Australia and the region.

Government

Unlike most other Australian capital cities that have their urban areas controlled by dozens of different municipal authorities, Brisbane is controlled by the Brisbane City Council, the largest local government body (in terms of population) in Australia. The Council, formed by the merger of twenty smaller councils in 1925, has jurisdiction over most of the inner and outer suburbs, and borders the City of Redcliffe, Pine Rivers Shire, Esk Shire, the City of Ipswich, the City of Logan and Redland Shire.

The area of Brisbane city is split into 26 wards, each of which elect a council member as a representative. The Lord Mayor is also elected by a popular vote in which all residents must participate. Voting occurs every four years.

On 27 March 2004, former civil engineer Campbell Newman defeated incumbent Lord Mayor Tim Quinn in mayoral elections. Newman is a member of the Liberal Party and is only the second Liberal Lord Mayor of Brisbane.

History

The city is named for Sir Thomas Brisbane (1773–1860), British soldier and colonial administrator born in Ayrshire, Scotland.

In 1823, the explorer John Oxley landed at the Brisbane River and named it after Sir Thomas Brisbane, Governor of New South Wales and astronomer. In 1824, the first convict colony was established at Redcliffe Point. Only one year later, the colony was moved south from Redcliffe to a peninsula of the Brisbane River, site of the present Central Business District, called "Mean-jin" by the local Turrbul inhabitants. The settlement was named "Edenglassie" (in honour of Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland) by British pioneers but was subsequently re-named to match the river.

The colony was originally established as a "prison within a prison" - a settlement, deliberately distant from Sydney, to which convicts who re-offended while serving their sentences could be sent as punishment. It soon garnered a reputation, along with Norfolk Island, as being one of the harshest penal settlements in all of New South Wales.

Private settlement near the area was forbidden for many years, and the colony was sluggish in development. As the inflow of new convicts decreased steadily, the population began to decline. In 1842, the area was opened up for free settlement. Settlers took advantage of the abundance of timber in local forests inhabited by humans and wildlife that could be displaced with no legal recourse. Grazing and farming took hold quickly on the fertile land of the coastal plain, and the convict colony was eventually closed.

By 1869 almost all of the Turrbul people had died from gunshot or disease. The few remaining survivors escaped the region with the help of a settler, Tom Petrie, (now associated with the suburb of Petrie in Pine Rivers Shire, north of Brisbane)

Queensland was formally established as a self-governing colony of Britain separate from New South Wales in 1859. Brisbane was declared the capital, but not until 1902 was it officially designated a city. Severe flooding in the 1890's devastated the city and destroyed the first of several versions of the Victoria Bridge. Even though gold was discovered north of Brisbane, around Maryborough and Gympie, most of the proceeds went south to Sydney and Melbourne. The city remained an underdeveloped regional outpost, with comparatively little of the classical Victorian architecture that characterized southern cities.

The first railway in Brisbane was built in 1879 when the line from the western interior was extended from Ipswich to Roma Street Station. Trams operated in Brisbane from 1885 till 1969. Tramway employees stood down for wearing union badges on 18 January, 1912 sparked Australia's first General strike, the 1912 Brisbane General Strike which lasted for five weeks.

In an effort to prevent overcrowding and control urban development, the Parliament of Queensland passed the Undue Subdivision of Land Prevention Act 1885, resulting in Brisbane and other Queensland cities having very low population densities and covering large areas compared to similar Australian cities.

In 1924, the City of Brisbane Act was passed by the Queensland Parliament, amalgamating the Cities of Brisbane and South Brisbane; the Towns of Hamilton, Ithaca, Sandgate, Toowong, Windsor and Wynnum; and the Shires of Balmoral, Belmont, Coorparoo, Enoggera, Kedron, Moggill, Sherwood, Stephens, Taringa, Tingalpa, Toombul and Yeerongpilly to form the current City of Brisbane in 1925. To accommodate the new enlarged city council the current Brisbane City Hall was opened in 1930.

During World War II, many US forces were stationed in and around the city, and, for a time, it was the headquarters for General Douglas MacArthur, Supreme Allied Commander, South West Pacific Area. Buildings and institutions around Brisbane were given over to the housing of military personnel as required. The University of Queensland campus at St. Lucia was converted to a military barracks for the final three years of the war, one whole section of which was given over to a notoriously prosperous but illegal tavern, gambling hall and brothel complex.

Brisbane marked the northern point of the "Brisbane Line" - a controversial defence proposal, allegedly formulated by the Menzies government, that would, upon a land invasion of Australia, surrender the entire continent bar the populated coastal strip south of Brisbane to the Japanese.

On November 26 and November 27 1942 rioting broke out between US and Australian servicemen stationed in Brisbane. By the time the violence had been quelled one Australian soldier was dead, and hundreds of Australian and US servicemen were injured along with civilians caught up in the fighting. [1] (http://home.st.net.au/~dunn/ozatwar/bob.htm) Hundreds of soldiers were involved in the rioting on both sides. This incident, which was heavily censored at the time and apparently was not reported in the US at all, is known as the Battle of Brisbane.

Brisbane has been inundated by four severe floods of the Brisbane River — in 1864, 1893, 1897 and 1974. A comprehensive flood mitigation scheme was instituted for the Brisbane River catchment area in the aftermath of the 1974 flood. Since then the city has remained flood free during unbroken cycles of drought, locust plagues and outbreaks of infectious, insect-born diseases including malaria, Dengue fever and Ross River virus. During this period real estate values in Brisbane have risen 15 fold.

In 1976 Brisbane's first FM radio station began broadcasting from a studio at the University of Queensland Student's Union. 4ZZ (later 4ZZZ) became a catalyst for the development of original music (http://homepage.powerup.com.au/~toxico/brisband.htm) in the Queensland capital. Bands such as The Saints, The Go-Betweens, The Riptides and The Laughing Clowns established an ecosystem for alternative music that continues to flourish.

In the 1980s Brisbane came of age as a metropolis in its own right, finally discarding its perceived image as a "big country town" of little importance. The city hosted two important events that attracted international attention - the Commonwealth Games in 1982 and Expo 88 in 1988. These events co-incided with a massive growth in urban development and population in metropolitan Brisbane, a boom that is yet to cease.

Events

• 1974 Brisbane River flooding causes major damage across city
• 1982 Commonwealth Games
• 1988 Expo 88
• 1991 International Convention of Lions Clubs International
• 2000 Olympic soccer matches during Sydney Olympics
• 2001 Goodwill Games
• 2002 7th annual conference of the World Wide Web consortium
• 2003 International Convention of Rotary International
• 2003 Hosted matches during Rugby Union World Cup
• 2001-2003 Brisbane Lions won consecutive Australian Football League premierships
• Annual Brisbane Exhibition Agricultural Show or "Ekka"
• Annual Gabba Test Cricket match
• Annual State of Origin Rugby League football series at Suncorp Stadium
• Annual Brisbane River Festival in September

Tourism

Popular areas for tourists in the city include the Southbank Parklands (the site of Expo 88) and the recently developed Roma Street Parklands. Major shopping precincts exist throughout the CBD, in the Queen Street Mall and in Fortitude Valley. Brisbane is also home to a colonial era botanic gardens in the CBD, rockclimbing cliffs at Kangaroo Point, an extensive riverside bikeway, and the Mount Coot-tha state forest which includes a lookout over the city, contemporary botanical gardens, and the Sir Thomas Brisbane Planetarium.

Landmarks

Brisbane is home to many traditional and modern landmarks. Here are some of the most notable:

• Story Bridge - A cantilever bridge connecting Fortitude Valley to Kangaroo Point. Constructed, like the Sydney Harbour Bridge, as a public works program during the Great Depression, The bridge is the home of the River Festival and is lit up at night. Bridge climbs are becoming a major tourist attraction.
• Brisbane City Hall - The Brisbane City Hall, with its imposing clock tower, was the most expensive building in Australia until the completion of the Sydney Opera House in 1971. Still the working headquarters of municipal government, the City Hall houses a museum of Brisbane history and opens its main towers to tourists during the day.
• Treasury Building - For 70 years the seat of power for the Queensland Government Treasury, this Edwardian sandstone building at the top of the George Street government precinct is now the Conrad Treasury Casino.
• State Law Building - With its post-modern design, the State Law Building is known locally as "Gotham Tower" (see Gotham City) because of its distinctive top. The refurbishment was designed by a local architect from Conrad & Gargett.
• Newstead House - Built for Queensland's first Governor on the Breakfast Creek bank of the Brisbane River, Newstead House has been the elegant private home of an army captain, a slave trader, an opera singer and a newspaper baron, and is now open to the public.
• Lang Park - Officially called Suncorp Stadium through affiliation with a sponsor, Lang Park is the home of Queensland Rugby League, the Brisbane Broncos and the annual State of Origin rugby league clash between Queensland (the Maroons) and New South Wales (the Blues).
• The Gabba - The Brisbane Cricket Ground at Woolloongabba hosts domestic and international cricket matches, as well as Australian Rules Football. Home of the Queensland Bulls (Cricket) and the Brisbane Lions (Aussie Rules Football), the Gabba hosted football matches for the Sydney 2000 Olympics and was the site of the famous tied test of 1960 between the West Indies and Australia.
• Brisbane Exhibition Ground - Operated by the RNA (Royal National Agricultural and Industrial Association of Queensland), the showgrounds are home to the annual RNA Show, better known as the Ekka which attractions more than 600,000 visitors every year.
• ANZ Stadium - Formerly known as QE2 Stadium, the third largest sporting arena in Queensland. The stadium was built as a temporary venue for the 1982 Commonwealth Games but endured as home for the Brisbane Broncos rugby league team during the 1990's and hosted the 2001 Goodwill Games.
• Queensland Museum - Brisbane is home of the Queensland Museum which is located at the South Bank Parklands.
• The Skyneedle - Originally built for World Expo '88, the Skyneedle stands 88m from the ground and during special events beams light skywards with a visibility of more than 60km. The Skyneedle was to be relocated to Disneyworld in Tokyo after Expo '88 when a local hairdresser bought the rights and moved it 500m from its original location at South Bank.
• AMP Place - Brisbane's first 'true' skyscraper at 130m was built in 1978.
• Central Plaza 1 & 2 - Currently Brisbane's tallest inhabited office building and second-tallest structure, Central Plaza 1 sits at 174m, 571ft and was constructed in 1988. Designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa modelled on a split shard of crystal.
• Riverside Centre - A modern, heritage-listed building which hosts weekend markets and is also the location of several well-known restaurants, as well as the Brisbane Stock Exchange. Designed by Harry Seidler in 1986.

Culture and entertainment

Brisbane has a modest performing arts culture, distributed throughout venues such as La Boite's Roundhouse Theatre in Kelvin Grove, the Queensland Performing Arts Centre (incorporating the Playhouse, Lyric Theatre, Concert Hall and Cremorne Theatre) at Southbank, the Powerhouse in New Farm, the Brisbane Arts Theatre on Petrie Terrace and the recently opened "Judith Wright Centre" in Fortitude Valley.

Brisbane is home to several major performing arts companies including The Queensland Orchestra, Opera Queensland, Queensland Ballet and Queensland Theatre Company.

Brisbane's CBD, centred around the Queen Street pedestrian mall, offers a range of restaurants, award winning shopping centres, night clubs, music and souvenirs. Other popular restaurant districts across the city include Fortitude Valley, New Farm, Teneriffe, West End, Bulimba, Milton, Rosalie, Paddington and Sunnybank.

South Bank Parklands is built on the former World Expo site and is famous for firework displays that attract thousands of spectators. Tourists and locals alike frequent the beautiful bougainvillea lined Riverside Walkway at all times of the year and flock to the area during music and arts festivals.

Fortitude Valley, known popularly as 'the Valley' was zoned as an entertainment precinct in 2004. The Valley is home to pubs, bars, nightclubs, restaurants and cafés and to Brisbane's Chinatown precint. The Brunswick Street mall hosts bustling pedestrian markets on Saturday and Sunday mornings.

Close to Brisbane

• The Gold Coast is about 70 km south-east of Brisbane. It is a major tourist zone with approximately 40 km of beaches, as well as theme parks, canals and mountain hinterland. Its population is approximately one quarter of Brisbane's.
• The Sunshine Coast is a collection of beachside communities backed by a subtropical hinterland.
• Toowoomba is a garden city located inland and 700 m above sea level on the Great Dividing Range.
• Ipswich is a satellite city located approximately 40 km South-West of Brisbane. It well known for its Queensland Rail Workshop in the north of the town and RAAF Base Amberley to the south-west.
• Logan is a city roughly 27 km south of Brisbane. It is known for being the "gateway" between the Gold Coast and Brisbane. Although Logan is its own city, it has no major commercial developement, Logan is more like an extended surburb or Brisbane.

Media

Brisbane is served by seven broadcast television stations: ABC, ABC2 (digital), Seven, Nine, Ten, SBS, and community television station Briz 31.

In addition to the community radio stations 4ZZZ, BayFM 100.3, multicultural 4EB and the radio station for the print handicapped 4RPH, 98.9 FM for the Best Country (it was the first indigenous radio station in a capital city), 101FM (Logan), 4OUR (Caboolture), 997FM (Redcliffe), Switch 1197 AM, 96.5 FM Family, 4MBS Classic FM 103.7 and 4TAB (betting), there are these commercial radio stations in Brisbane: 4BC, 4BH, 4KQ, B105 FM, Triple M, NEW 97.3, River 94.9 and NovaFM.

The ABC transmits all five of its radio networks to Brisbane: 612 ABC, Radio National, Triple J, Newsradio and ABC Classic FM. SBS also broadcasts its national radio network to Brisbane. WorldAudio National Radio 2 transmits on 1620AM (City) and 1629AM (North). Radio Brisvaani provides a voice to the Indian community with Hindi language service on 1701AM.

Brisbane has only one daily newspaper, The Courier-Mail, and one Sunday paper, The Sunday Mail, both controlled by Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation. There are numerous community and suburban newspapers throughout the metropolitan area.

Transport

Brisbane has a comprehensive public transport system, with high frequencies in the inner city but very poor service levels in many outer suburbs. There are several electric suburban rail lines operated by CityTrain, a division of Queensland Rail. Buses within the City of Brisbane are operated by Brisbane Transport, a business arm of Brisbane City Council, as are ferries and CityCats (catamaran ferries) on the Brisbane River. Buses outside the City of Brisbane boundaries are operated by private sector companies contracted by the State Government. Two busways have opened in recent years in Brisbane - the South-East Busway and the Inner-Northern Busway, with two more busways and new rail lines planned. Services and fares are co-ordinated by Translink, a State Government agency.

Brisbane has one of the most complete systems of motorways of any Australian city, including several cross-suburban high-speed roads. The twisting Brisbane River is crossed by seven road bridges, two railway bridges and two pedestrian bridges. Route signage is achieved by means of a system of Metroads, consisting of the most important arterial roads in metropolitan Brisbane including most motorways, and less important State Routes.

Brisbane's massive population growth has seen great strains placed upon South East Queensland's transport system. The State Government and Brisbane City Council have responded with infrastructure plans and increased funding for transportation projects, such as the South-East Queensland Infrastructure Plan and Program.

Brisbane has two major airports - Brisbane International Airport to the north-east of the city with frequent domestic and international passenger and freight flights, and Archerfield Airport in Brisbane's southern suburbs and used only by light aircraft and general aviation. Other local airports can be found at Caboolture and Redcliffe.

Brisbane has excellent and modern port facilities, located at or near the mouth of the Brisbane River on both banks. Container freight, sugar, grain, coal and bulk liquids all pass through the Port of Brisbane. These port facilities are less than three decades old and some are built on reclaimed mangroves and wetlands. Historically, Brisbane's port facilities were located as far upstream as the central business district.

The economic region near the river mouth including the port, airport and refineries is known as the Australia Trade Coast. It is anticipated that 8% or more of Brisbane's jobs will be located here in coming years.

Sport

Brisbane's local sporting teams are:

• Basketball — Brisbane Bullets
• Cricket — Queensland Bulls
• Rugby Union — Queensland Reds
• Rugby League — Brisbane Broncos
• Australian Rules Football (AFL) — Brisbane Lions
• Football (soccer) — Queensland Roar FC (note: This team was previously known as the Queensland Lions but they changed their team name in 2005 to avoid confusion with the Brisbane Lions AFL team)
• Netball — Queensland Firebirds
• Hockey — Brisbane Clippers of the DMSL

Colleges and universities

A number of tertiary education institutions have campuses in Brisbane, or in the surrounding areas:

• Australian Catholic University
• Brisbane College of Theology
• Central Queensland University
• Griffith University
• Queensland University of Technology
• University of Canberra
• University of New South Wales
• University of Southern Queensland
• University of Queensland

Sister cities

• Kobe, Japan (July 1985)
• Auckland, New Zealand (August 1988)
• Shenzhen, People's Republic of China (June 1992)
• Semarang, Indonesia (January 1993)
• Las Vegas, USA (July 1995)
• Kaohsiung, Republic of China (September 1997)
• Lahore, Pakistan (November 1999)
• Saint Louis, Missouri, United States (November 2004)

Notable Brisbanites

• Bill Hayden, former Governor-General
• Charles Kingsford Smith, pioneer aviator
• David Malouf, novelist and poet
• Emma Miller, pioneer labour activist and suffragist
• Kieren Perkins, swimmer
• Judith Wright, poet
• Darren Hayes, singer/songwriter Savage Garden
• Daniel Jones, entertainer/songwriter Savage Garden
• The Go-Betweens, internationally renowned pop-group

Suburbs

See the list of Brisbane suburbs.

Interesting facts

Originally the neighbouring city of Ipswich was intended to be the capital of Queensland but Ipswich proved too far inland to allow access by large ships and so Brisbane was chosen as the capital instead. Ipswich as the Capital of Queensland was chosen after Charters Towers in North Queensland. Construction and planning to make Charters Towers the state's capital was well under way when the Gold Mining boom suddenly ran dry, which shocked and dismayed many people as the estimated reserve of gold was put close to 150 years. Ipswich was then chosen and rejected because of the transportation problems involved; in the 1800's transportation was a primary consideration in locating many of the Capital cities.

Within the Brisbane CBD, the central streets are named for members of the House of Hanover. Streets named after female members (Adelaide, Alice, Ann, Charlotte, Elizabeth, Margaret and Mary) run parallel to Queen Street, and perpendicular to streets named after male members (Albert, Edward, George, and William). See Streets of Brisbane.

See also

• List of Brisbane railway stations
• List of Brisbane Bridges
• Brisbane City Council

External links

• Turrbal History (http://www.dakibudtcha.com.au/turrbal_history.htm)
• Lonely Planet (http://www.lonelyplanet.com/destinations/australasia/brisbane/history.htm)
• History Of Brisbane - BrisBites (http://www.brisbites.com/brishistory.asp)
• Suburban history (http://www.brisbites.com)
• Official website (http://www.brisbane.qld.gov.au)
• OurBrisbane.Com (http://www.ourbrisbane.com)
• Brisbane City Council (http://www.cityofbrisbane.info)
• Pictures of Brisbane - Terra Galleria (http://www.terragalleria.com/pacific/australia/brisbane/)
• Skyneedle Information (http://www.stefan.com.au/History/skyneedle_01.html)

Capital cities of Australia
National	NSW	NT	Qld	SA	Tas	Vic	WA
Canberra	Sydney	Darwin	Brisbane	Adelaide	Hobart	Melbourne	Perth
Other Australian cities

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