Richard Roberts
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- See Richard J. Roberts for the Nobel Prize winning biochemist.
Richard Roberts (22 April 1789 - 11 March 1864) was a British engineer whose development of high-precision machine tools contributed to the birth of production engineering and mass production.
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Early Life
Roberts was born at Llanymynech, on the border between England and Wales. He was the son of William Roberts, a shoemaker, who also kept the New Bridge tollgate. Roberts was educated by the parish priest, and early found employment with a boatman on the Ellesmere Canal and later at the local limestone quarries. He received some instruction is drawing from Robert Bough, a road surveyor, who was working under Thomas Telford.
Roberts then found employment as a pattern-maker at Bradley Iron works, Staffordshire, and, probably in 1813, moved to a supervisory position in the pattern shop of the Horsely Iron works, Tipton. He had gained skills in turning, wheel-wrighting and the repair of mill work. He was drawn for the militia and to avoid this made for Liverpool, but finding no work there shifted to Manchester, where he found work as a turner for a cabinet-maker. He then moved to Salford working at lathe- and tool-making. Because the militia was still seeking him, he walked to London, where he found employment with Henry Maudslay as a fitter and turner.
At Maudslays he absorbed his master's philosophy of 'the importance of accurate machine tools where hand work was replaced by mechanisms.' [Ref to Hills, below]
By 1816, when defeat of Napoleon had removed the threat of the militia, it was safe for him to return north, he had set up at Manchester as a 'turner of plain and eccentric work at No 15 Deans Gate.' The lathe was upstairs in a bedroom driven by a big wheel in the basement turned by his wife. Nothing is known of her origins or even name. Roberts soon moved into New Market Buildings at Pool Fold, and was described as a 'Lathe and Tool Maker'
Roberts's machine tools
Roberts built a range of machine tools, some to his own design, the first being a gear-cutting machine. For accurately checking the dimensions of the gears he adapted the sector, which he developed for sale to other engineers. Roberts adopted rotary cutters, which he had seen used at Maudslays. This is one of the earliest records of a milling cutter used in engineering. In 1817 he made a lathe able to turn work 6ft long. This had a back gear to give an increased range of speeds, and a sliding saddle to move the tool along the work. The saddle was driven by a screw through gearing which could be disengaged when the end of the cut was reached. Also in 1817 he built a planing machine to allow the machining of flat surfaces. Previous to this flat surfaces were labouriously made by hand with the fitter using hammers and chisels, files and scrapers to get a true surface. Following the success of his power loom (see below), in 1825 he invented a slotting machine to cut keyways in gears and pulleys to fasten them to their shafts. Previously this was done by hand chipping and filing. The tool was reciprocated vertically, and by adopting Maudslay's slide rest principle, he made the work table with a universal movement, both straight line and rotary so that the sides of complex pieces could be machined. Later he developed the shaping machine, where the cutting tool was reciprocated horizontally over the work, which could be moved in all directions by means of screw-driven slides. Examples of his machine tools are in the collections of the National Museum of Science and Industry, London.
Roberts also manufactured and sold sets of stocks and dies to his range of pitches, so other engineers could cut threads on nuts and bolts and other machine parts.
Roberts's inventions had a seminal influence on other machine-tool engineers, including Joseph Whitworth, when he came to Manchester, a decade later. His efforts have been largely overlooked by later writers until now.
Roberts's textile machines
Roberts moved his business in 1821, to the Globe Works in Faulkner Street. Whilst there he improved a reed-making machine, originally invented by the American Jeptha Avery Wilkinson, and in 1822 he patented a power loom. This was made entirely of iron and being precision-made was able to operate at high speed. They were turned out at the rate of 4000 per year by 1825. In 1824 he invented his most famous machine, the self-acting spinning mule, and patented it in March 1825. These were made in hundreds, and Roberts made extensive use of templates and gauges to standardise production.
Sharp, Roberts & Co.
When developing his textiles machines, Roberts took as partners Thomas Sharp, an iron merchant, and his brother Robert Chapman, Thomas Jones Wilkinson and James Hill. They formed two firms, Sharp Hill & Co and Roberts, Hills & Co, and in May 1826 these were amalgamated to form Sharp, Roberts & Co. The firm later became well-known for making locomotives. In 1834 Charles Beyer joined the firm.
Roberts was a prolific inventor and manufacturer, ranging over turret clock-making, to road vehicles, to iron ship building, to a punching machine, operating on the same system as the Jacquered Loom, for punching the rivet holes in the iron plates making up the railway bridge over the river Conwy in North Wales.
He was not a particularly successful businessman, and Sharp,Roberts & Co. closed in June 1852. His continued as a consulting engineer and inventor until his death, taking out 18 patents. In 1860,aged 71 he moved to London, where be became financially distressed. Various friends, almost all engineers, raised a fund to help him, but he died in his daughter's arms in London 11 March,1864 aged 75. He was buried at Kensal Green Cemetery, London. His daughter later received a Civil List pension in recognition of her father's achievements.
Roberts's achievements
He has been described as the most important British mechanical engineer of the nineteenth century. According to Hills (chapter XIII, p 228,) his main contribution was the introduction of improved machine tools without which high standards of accuracy could not be achieved. This laid the foundation of production engineering as we know it today, leading to the interchangeability of standard parts and so mass production.
Reference
Rev. Dr. Richard L Hills, Life and Inventions of Richard Roberts, 1789-1864. Landmark Publishing Ltd, 2002, 255 pp, many illustrations, (ISBN 1-84306-027-2)