Phocis
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| Statistics | |
|---|---|
| Capital: | Amphissa, Amfissa |
| Area: | 2,121 km² |
| Inhabitants: | 43,889 (1991) |
| Population density: | 20.69/km² |
| ISO 3166-2: | GR-07 |
| Car designation: | AM, Amfissa |
| Code for the municipalities: | 51xx |
| Number of provinces: | 2 |
| Number of provinces: | 2 |
| Number of municipalities: | 11 |
| Area/distance code: | 11-30-226x0 (030-226x0) 26340 in the southwestern part |
| Postal code | 33x xx |
| Name of inhabitants: | Phocian sing. -s pl. |
| Website: | www.fokida.gr |
| Map | |
| Missing image
GreeceFokis.png Map showing Phokis within Greece | |
Phocis (Greek, Modern: Φωκίδα, Ancient/Katharevousa: -s, also Phokida, Phokis) is an ancient district of central Greece.
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Geography
Phocis is about 1,619 km² (625 mi²) in area, bounded on the west by Ozolian Locris and Doris, on the north by Opuntian Locris, on the east by Boeotia, and on the south by the Gulf of Corinth. The massive ridge of Parnassus (2,459 m/8,068 ft), which traverses the heart of the country, divides it into two distinct portions.
Being neither rich in material resources nor well placed for commercial enterprise, Phocis was mainly pastoral. No large cities grew up within its territory, and its chief places were mainly of strategic importance.
History
The early history of Phocis remains quite obscure. During the Persian invasion of 480 BC the Phocians at first joined in the national defence, but by their irresolute conduct at the Battle of Thermopylae lost that position for the Greeks; at the Battle of Plataea they were enrolled on the Persian side. In 457 an attempt to extend their influence to the headwaters of the Cephissus in the territory of Doris brought a Spartan army into Phocis in defence of the "metropolis of the Dorians". A similar enterprise against Delphi in 448 was again frustrated by Sparta, but not long afterwards the Phocians recaptured the sanctuary with the help of the Athenians, with whom they had entered into alliance in 454. The subsequent decline of Athenian land power had the effect of weakening this new connection; at the time of the Peloponnesian War Phocis was nominally an ally and dependent of Sparta, and had lost control of Delphi.
In the 4th century BC Phocis was constantly endangered by its Boeotian neighbours. After helping the Spartans to invade Boeotia during the Corinthian War (395–94), the Phocians were placed on the defensive. They received assistance from Sparta in 380, but were afterwards compelled to submit to the growing power of Thebes. The Phocian levy took part in the inroads of Epaminondas into Peloponnesus, except in the final campaign of Mantinea (370–362), from which their contingent was withheld. In return for this negligence the Thebans fastened a religious quarrel upon their neighbours, and secured a penal decree against them from the Amphictyonic synod (356). The Phocians, led by two capable generals, Philomelus and Onomarchus, replied by seizing Delphi and using its riches to hire a mercenary army. With the help of these troops the Phocian League at first carried the war into Boeotia and Thessaly, and though driven out of the latter country by Philip of Macedon, maintained itself for ten years, until the exhaustion of the temple treasures and the treachery of its leaders placed it at Philip's mercy. The conditions which he imposed – the obligation to restore the temple funds, and the dispersion of the population into open villages – were soon disregarded. In 339 the Phocians began to rebuild their cities; in the following year they fought against Philip at Chaeronea. Again in 323 they took part in the Lamian War against Antipater, and in 279 helped to defend Thermopylae against the Gauls.
Henceforth little more is heard of Phocis. During the 3rd century BC it passed into the power of Macedonia and of the Aetolian League, to which in 196 it was definitely annexed. Under the dominion of the Roman republic its national league was dissolved, but was revived by Augustus, who also restored to Phocis the votes in the Delphic Amphictyony which it had lost in 346 and enrolled it in the new Achaean synod. The Phocian League is last heard of under Trajan.
Phocis today
Phocis is today a prefecture and the capital is at Amphissa. It is one of the least populated prefectures in Greece. The neighboring prefectures Aitoloacarnania to the west, Fthiotis to the north and Viotia to the east.
The communities include in the present-day Phocis or Phokis are Amfissa, Delphi (near Boeotia), Galaxidi, Itea.
Most of the villages are founded in the south, the southwest and the west, especially in areas from Amfissa to Itea. The north and the east are leastly populated.
Much of the south and east are deforested and rocky and mountainous while the valley runs from Itea up to Amfissa. Forests and greenspaces are to the west, the central part and the north.
Its reservoir is the Mornos Dam on the Mornos river. It covers nearly 1 km to 3 km². It was completed in the 1960s and GR-48 is passed through the dam.
Transportation
- Greece Interstate 3, NE
- Greece Interstate 27, Cen., N
- Greece Interstate 48, SW, Cen., SE
- E65, SW, S, SE
Communities
- See also: Communities of Phokida
Municipalities
| Municipality | YPES code | Seat | Postal code |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amfissa | 5101 | Amfissa | 331 00 |
| Delphi | 5105 | Delphi | 330 54 |
| Desfina | 5106 | Desfina | 330 50 |
| Efpalio | 5107 | Efpalio | 330 56 |
| Galaxidi | 5103 | Galaxidi | 330 52 |
| Gravia | 5104 | Gravia | 330 57 |
| Itea | 5108 | Itea | 332 00 |
| Kallii | 5109 | Mavrolithari | 330 63 |
| Lidoriki | 5110 | Lidoriki | 330 53 |
| Parnassos | 5111 | Polydroso | 330 51 |
| Tolofona | 5112 | Eratini | 330 58 |
| Vardousia | 5102 | Krokylio | 330 61 |
Persons
- Giannis Skarimpas (September 28, 1893 in Agia Efthymia Parnassidos - January 21, 1984)
External link and references
- Fanaticus website: (http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/I52h.html) Phokians, 668–450BC
- http://www.grecian.net/GREECE/centralgreece/fokida/fokida.htm
- http://hellas.teipir.gr/prefecturesenglish/Fokidas/Delfoi.htm
- In French:
- Phocide (http://www.insecula.com/zone/Z0007205.html)
- Mythorama on Phocis (http://www.mythorama.com/_mythes/indexfr.php?id=398)
- http://fr.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761570707/Phocide.html - MSN Encarta
- Fortifications of Phocide (http://membres.lycos.fr/gourribon/bsf.pdf)
- http://www.ac-versailles.fr/pedagogi/anti/demosth/demo2t2.htm
- http://hellas.teipir.gr/prefectures/greek/Fokidas.htm (in Greek)fr:Phocide