Pharyngeal consonant
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| Places of articulation |
| Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labiodental |
| Linguolabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Coronal |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Retroflex |
| Alveolar |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
| Glottal |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
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A pharyngeal consonant is a type of consonant which is articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx.
Pharyngeal consonants in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA):
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| pharyngeal approximant | Mishnaic Hebrew | עין | the letter [[Hebrew alphabet#.26.231506.3B|]] | |
| voiceless pharyngeal fricative | Mishnaic Hebrew | חית | the letter [[Hebrew alphabet#.26.231495.3B|]] | |
- Pharyngeal plosives are thought to be impossible.
- Although traditionally placed in the fricative row of the IPA chart, is usually an approximant. The IPA symbol itself is ambiguous, but no language has a distinct fricative and approximant at this place of articulation. Sometimes the lowering diacritic is used to specify that the manner is approximant: .
Pharyngeals are known primarily from two areas of the world: in North-Africa/Mideast (in the Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, Circassian, and Dagestanian families) and in British Columbia (in the Wakashan and Salish families). There are scattered reports of pharyngeals elsewhere, such as in the Nilo-Saharan Tama language and in Nenets in Siberia.
Note that reported pharyngeals frequently turn out to be epiglottals. Such was the case for Dahalo and northern Haida, for example.
See also
de:Pharyngal fr:Consonne pharyngale ja:咽頭音 ko:인두음 sv:Faryngal