Dental consonant
|
|
| Places of articulation |
| Labial |
| Bilabial |
| Labiodental |
| Linguolabial |
| Labial-velar |
| Coronal |
| Interdental |
| Dental |
| Retroflex |
| Alveolar |
| Postalveolar |
| Alveolo-palatal |
| Dorsal |
| Palatal |
| Labial-palatal |
| Velar |
| Uvular |
| Pharyngeal |
| Epiglottal |
| Glottal |
| Apical |
| Laminal |
| This page contains phonetic information in IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] |
| [Edit] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Place_of_articulation?action=edit) |
Dentals are consonants such as t, d, n, and l articulated with either the lower or the upper teeth, or both, rather than with the gum ridge as in English. (The latter articulation is called alveolar.)
True dental consonants are relatively uncommon. French, Italian, and Spanish t, d, n, and l are often called dental. However, they are actually alveolar; the difference between the Romance languages and English is not where the tongue contacts the roof of the mouth, but which part of the tongue makes contact. In English it is the tip of the tongue (such sounds are termed apical), whereas in the Romance languages it is the flat of the tongue just above the tip (such sounds are called laminal).
The confusion with dental articulation comes from looking at the tongue from outside the mouth: With laminal alveolar consonants, the tip of the tongue can be seen touching the teeth. However, it is the rear-most point of contact that is relevant, for this is what defines the acoustic space of the mouth and gives a consonant its characteristic sound. In the case of the Romance languages, the rear-most contact is alveolar. This difference is important. If an English speaker trying to speak French simply moves the tongue forward to make the contact dental, while maintaining an apical articulation, any surrounding front rounded vowels will be very difficult to pronounce. If, however, the speaker tucks the tip of the tongue out of the way (such as behind the lower teeth), and makes contact at the same place as in English, the consonants will sound better, and the vowels will be much easier to pronounce. Thus a good phonetic description of a language will specify whether coronal consonants are laminal or apical as well as whether they are dental or alveolar.
The dental consonants as transcribed by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| dental nasal | Spanish | onda | [ɔn̪d̪a] | wave |
| Missing image IPA-voiceless_dental_plosive.png image:IPA-voiceless_dental_plosive.png | voiceless dental plosive | Spanish | toro | [t̪oɾo] | bull |
| Missing image IPA-voiced_dental_plosive.png image:IPA-voiced_dental_plosive.png | voiced dental plosive | Spanish | donde | [d̪ɔn̪d̪e] | where |
| Missing image Xsampa-T2.png image:Xsampa-T2.png | voiceless dental fricative | English | thing | [θiŋ] | thing |
| voiced dental fricative | English | this | [ðɪs] | this |
| Missing image IPA-voiced_dental_approximant.png image:IPA-voiced_dental_approximant.png | voiced dental approximant | Spanish | codo | [koð̞o] | elbow |
| dental lateral approximant | Kaititj | l̪inp | [l̪inp] | armpit |
| dental flap | ||||
| dental trill | Marshallese | Ebadon | [e.bɑ.r̪on̪] | Ebadon |
| dental ejective | ||||
| voiced dental implosive | ||||
| dental click | Xhosa | ukúkǀola | [ukukǀola] | to grind fine |