Cao Zhi
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Missing image Cao_Zhi_Portrait.jpg Portrait of Cao Zhi from a Qing Dynasty edition of the Romance of the Three Kingdoms | |
| Names | |
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| Simplified Chinese: | 曹植 |
| Traditional Chinese: | 曹植 |
| Pinyin: | Cáo Zhí |
| Wade-Giles: | Ts'ao Chih |
| Zi: | Zijian (子建) |
Cao Zhi (192 – 232) was a Chinese poet during the late Eastern Han Dynasty and Three Kingdoms Period. His poetry style, greatly revered during the Jin Dynasty and Southern and Northern Dynasties, came to be known as the jian'an style.
Cao Zhi was also the son of the powerful warlord Cao Cao. Together with his elder brother Cao Pi, they were the strongest contestants for their father's position. Cao Pi eventually succeeded Cao Cao in 220 and within a year declared himself the first emperor of the Kingdom of Wei. Alike many powerful families, tension among brothers was high. In his later life, Cao Zhi was not allowed to meddle in politics, despite his many petitions to seek office.
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Life
Born in 192, Cao Zhi was the third son of the powerful warlord Cao Cao and Emperess Bian. According to the Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Zhi could recite the Shi Jing, Analects and more than ten thousand verses worth of poems before he even turned twenty. His literary talent made him a favorite son of Cao Cao in the early stage of his life.
However, Cao Zhi was an impetuous man with little self-discipline. He was also a heavy drinker. On the other hand, his elder brother Cao Pi was a shrewd man who knew how to feign emotions at the right times. Cao Pi's also enjoyed a closer relationship to the servants and subjects around Cao Cao, and they spoke well for him.
In 217, Cao Cao eventually picked Cao Pi to succeed himself. This aggravated Cao Zhi's eccentric behavior. He once rode his chariot along the road reserved for the emperor and through the front gate of the palace. This infuriated his father, who sentenced the chariot driver to death.
Having chosen a successor, Cao Cao then had to take measures to emasculate other contestants. He did this by executing Yang Xiu, a chief advisor to Cao Zhi. This greatly unsettled Cao Zhi.
However, the death of Yang Xiu failed to jolt Cao Zhi back to the right track. On the contrary, he sank further into his drunken stupor. In 219, Cao Cao's cousin Cao Ren was besieged at Fan by the enemy general Guan Yu. Cao Cao named Cao Zhi to lead a relief force to the rescue, with the hope that the task would instill responsibility in the latter. However, Cao Zhi was so drunk that he could not come forth to take the order. Cao Cao then gave up on this son.
Within months, Cao Cao passed away. One of the first things Cao Pi did was to do away with Ding Yi (丁仪) and Ding Yi (丁廙), two firm supporters of Cao Zhi. He also sent Cao Zhi, along with the other brothers, away from the capital and prohibited them from taking part in central political issues.
Prospects for Cao Zhi did not improve after Cao Pi died in 227. He wrote to the second Wei emperor Cao Rui many times, seeking a postition to apply his talents. In 232, he even sought a private meeting with Cao Rui to discuss politics. However, Cao Rui probably still considered him a threat to the throne and declined all the offers.
Severely depressed by the setbacks, Cao Zhi soon passed away due to sickness, leaving behind instructions for a simple burial.
Poetry
Despite his failure in politics, Cao Zhi was hailed as one of the representatives of the poetic style of his time, together with his father Cao Cao, his elder brother Cao Pi and several other poets. Their poems formed the backbone of what was to be known as the jian'an style (建安风骨).
The civil strife towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty gave the jian'an poems their characteristic solemn yet heart-stirring tone, while lament over the ephemerality of life was also a central theme of works from this period. In terms of the history of Chinese literature, the jian'an poems were a transition from the early folksongs into schnolarly poetry.
Although jian'an refers to the time between 196 and 220, Cao Zhi's poems could in fact be categorized into two periods, with the year 220 as the watershed. The earlier period consisted of poems that expressed his ambitions. These poems were optimistic and romantic in nature. On the other hand, his setbacks in political pursuits after the death of his father in 220 gave rise to the grievous tone of his later works.
More than ninety poems by Cao Zhi remain today, more than sixty of which are five-character poems (五言诗). These are held in high esteem for their significant influence over the development of five-character poetry in later ages. A most complete collection of Cao Zhi's poems and other literary works is Chen Si Wang Ji (陈思王集, Collection of King Si of Chen), compiled during the Ming Dynasty.
One of Cao Zhi's most celebrated poems is On the White Horse. Written in the early years of his life, the poem portrayed a young warrior who answered fearlessly to the need of his country and reflected Cao Zhi's own aspiration to contribute to his own times.
On the White Horse
《白马篇》
A white horse, in a halter of gold,
Galloping swiftly to the northwest.
白马饰金羁，连翩西北驰。
Ask which family's son is the rider –
A noble knight, who hails from You and Bing.
借问谁家子，幽幷游侠儿。
He left his home in early youth, and now,
His name is known throughout the deserts.
少小去乡邑，扬声沙漠垂。
Morning and evening he clutches his bow;
How many arrows hang at his side!
宿昔秉良弓，楛矢何参差。
He pulls his bow -- the left-hand target is pierced,
He shoots at the right and cuts it through.
控弦破左的，右发摧月支。
Upwards his arrows seek the flying monkeys,
Downward they destroy another object.
仰手接飞猱，俯身散马蹄。
His dexterity surpasses that of monkeys,
His courage that of leopard or dragon.
狡捷过猴猿，勇剽若豹螭。
Alarms are heard from the frontier!
Northern tribesmen pour into the country in their thousands.
边城多警急，胡虏数迁移。
Letters are sent from the north, and
Reining his horse he clambers up the hill.
羽檄从北来，厉马登高堤。
He charges Hun soldiers to the right;
Looking left he assaults the Xianbei.
长驱蹈匈奴，左顾陵鲜卑。
He's staked himself on the edge of his sword;
How can he treasure his life?
弃身锋刃端，性命安可怀。
Even his father and mother he puts at the back of his mind,
Let alone his children and wife.
父母且不顾，何言子与妻。
If his name is to enter the roll of the heroes,
He can't be concerned about personal matters.
名编壮士籍，不得中顾私。
Giving up his life for the sake of his country,
He looks toward death as a journey home...
捐躯赴国难，视死忽如归。
Ironically, Cao Zhi's most famous poem was a fictitious one, found in the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong. Often mistitled The Quatrain of Seven Steps after a real poem by Cao Zhi, it was presented without a title but with slight variations in the novel. Furthermore, Cao Zhi was said to have formulated the poem without even taking a second of thought. (See below)
Cao Zhi in Romance of the Three Kingdoms
The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, a historical novel by Luo Guanzhong, was a romanticization of the events that occurred before and during the Three Kingdoms period. Exploiting the intricate relationship among the Cao Cao's sons, especially Cao Pi and Cao Zhi, Luo Guanzhong was able to create a palace scene where the elder brother, having succeeded his father, tried to do away with his younger brother.
After the death of Cao Cao, Cao Zhi failed to turn up for the funeral. Men sent by Cao Pi found Cao Zhi drunk in his own house. Cao Zhi was then bound and brought to Cao Pi. When Emperess Bian, their common birth mother, heard of this, she went to Cao Pi and pled for the life of her younger son. Cao Pi agreed.
However, Cao Pi's Chief Secretariat (相国) Hua Xin (华歆) then convinced him to put Cao Zhi's literary talent to a test. If Cao Zhi failed the test, it would be excuse enough to put him to death, Hua Xin suggested.
Cao Pi agreed and held audience with Cao Zhi, who in great trepidation bowed low and confessed his faults. On the wall there was a painting of two oxes fighting at the foot of a wall, and one of them was falling into a well. Cao Pi then told his brother to make a poem based on the painting within seven paces. However, the poem was not to contain explicit reference to the subjects of the drawing.
Cao Zhi took seven paces as instructed, and the poem was already formulated in his heart. He then recited:
Two butcher's victims lowing walked along,
Each head bore cuving bones, a sturdy pair.
两肉齐道行，头上带凸骨。
They met just by a hillock, both were strong,
Each would avoid a pit new digged there.
相遇块山下，欻起相搪突。
They fought unequal battle, for at length
One lay below a gory mess, inert.
二敌不俱刚，一肉卧土窟。
'Twas not that they were of unequal strength –
Though wrathful both, one did not strength exert.
非是力不如，盛气不泄毕。
However, Cao Pi was not satisfied. He then bade Cao Zhi make another poem on the spot based on their fraternal relationship, without using the word "brother". Not taking a second to think, Cao Zhi recited:
They were boiling beans on a beanstalk fire,
Came a plaintive voice from the pot.
煮豆燃豆萁，豆在釜中泣。
"O why, since we sprang from the selfsame root,
Should you kill me with anger hot?"
本是同根生，相煎何太急！
Having heard this, Cao Pi was moved to tears. He then let his brother go after merely degrading the peerage of the latter as a punishment.
The Cao clan
Direct descendant
- Cao Zhi (曹志)
Immediate family
- Cao Cao (father)
- Cao Pi (elder brother)
- Cao Zhang (elder brother)
- Cao Xiong (younger brother)
- Cao Ang (elder half brother)
- Cao Chong (younger half brother)
For a complete list of Cao Zhi's brothers, see Cao Cao.
Extended family
See Cao Cao
Reference
See also
- The Quatrain of Seven Steps
- Three Kingdoms
- Personages of the Three Kingdoms
- Chronicles of the Three Kingdoms
- Romance of the Three Kingdoms
- List of Chinese language poets
External links
- Translations of poems by Cao Cao and Cao Zhi (http://china.tyfo.com/int/literature/ancient%20poems/20000410literature.htm)
- Translations of ancient Chinese texts, including poems by Cao Zhi (http://www.chineseliterature.com.cn/Classics/cla2.htm)