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- Diane de Poitiers (2609 bytes)
1: '''Diane de Poitiers''' ([[September 3]], [[1499]] - [[April ...
3: ...ng Fran篩s I]], she gained the title of Duchesse de Valentinois.
5: ...e noble foreigner [[Catherine de' Medici]], Diane de Poitiers would remain his lifelong true love. The...
7: [[Image:DianedePoitiers.jpg|left|frame|Diane de Poitiers]]
9: ...Paul III]] sent the new Queen Catherine the "[[Golden Rose]]", he did not forget to present the royal ... - Marguerite de Valois (5364 bytes)
1: ...humb|250px|right|style=margin-left:1em|Marguerite de Valois]]
2: '''Marguerite de Valois''' ([[May 14]], [[1553]] – [[May 27]...
4: ...f [[Henry II of France|Henri II]] and [[Catherine de' Medici]]. Three of her brothers became kings of...
6: ...eanne d'Albret died before the marriage was concluded.
8: ... It was reported that during the ceremony, the bride and groom stared straight ahead, never looking at... - Rush Limbaugh (21665 bytes)
2: ...''' (born [[January 12]], [[1951]] in [[Cape Girardeau, Missouri]]) is an [[United States|American]] [...
6: ... a [[judge]] whose wealth and power gave him considerable influence in Southeastern [[Missouri]], had ...
8: ...dropout|dropped out]]. This would have normally made him eligible for the [[draft]], but he was classi...
10: ... claim is now a reality as Limbaugh does use a golden microphone on ''The Rush Limbaugh Show''.)
18: ...tes|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] or even President George W. Bush. - Elizabeth of Russia (14144 bytes)
3: ...s foundation of the [[Imperial Academy of Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]] in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Peters...
7: ...[[Kolomenskoye]], near [[Moscow]], on the 18th of December [[1709]]. As her parents were not married a...
9: ...luency than accuracy. From her earliest years she delighted every one by her extraordinary beauty and ...
11: ...hat on the death of her mother (May 1727) and the departure to [[Holstein]] of her beloved sister Anne...
15: ...banishment to [[Siberia]], minus his tongue, by order of the empress [[Anna of Russia|Anne]], consoled... - Victoria of the United Kingdom (38571 bytes)
7: ...7]], and Empress of India from [[1876]] until her death. Her reign lasted more than sixty-three years ...
12: ...ged from their wives) and father children to provide an heir for the king. At the age of fifty the Duk...
16: ...Regent during the queen's minority. Ignoring precedent, Parliament did not create a council to limit t...
18: ...an prince) and out of a sense of duty (his family desired the match). Whatever Albert's original reaso...
20: ...h II of the United Kingdom|Queen Elizabeth II]]'s descendants a separate family surname, [[Mountbatten... - Elizabeth Woodville (6291 bytes)
2: ... [[Edward IV of England]] from [[1464]] until his death in [[1483]].
6: ... 1st Earl Rivers|Sir Richard Woodville]] (later made first Earl Rivers) and [[Jacquetta of Luxembourg]...
10: ...ers]], began to be favored over him, he changed sides.
16: ...was considered a legally binding contract that rendered any other marriage contract invalid as bigamou...
18: ...[[Princes in the Tower]] is unknown but both were dead in this or the next reign. Elizabeth now lost t... - Marie Antoinette (40871 bytes)
4: ...ur of Saint John the Evangelist. A court official described the new baby as "a small, but completely h...
6: ...f her closest sister, Maria-Carolina (two years older) and brother, Max, (one year younger.) Her other...
7: ...een years before Antoinette's birth. She was considered one of the most brilliant political figures in...
9: ...ld like as a reward, Mozart is said to have responded by saying he would like the hand of the Empress'...
11: ...d off to European royalty. Maria-Christina, the eldest, was married to the Regent of the [[Netherlands... - Mary Robinson (21825 bytes)
3: ...servative political office. She resigned the presidency four months ahead of the end of her term of of...
5: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
6: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
7: ...ption><font size="+1">'''MARY ROBINSON<br><i>President of Ireland</i>'''</font></caption>
10: <tr><td>'''Term of Office:'''</td><td>[[3 December]] [[1990]] - [[12 September]] [[1997]]</td>... - The Valiant Five (3833 bytes)
6: ...ne Parlby|Irene Marryat Parlby]] (farm women's leader, activist and first woman [[Cabinet minister]] i...
9: ...or working women and founder of the [[Victorian Order of Nurses]]).
11: ...the [[British North America Act]], [[1867]], included the possibility of women becoming [[Senate of Ca...
15: ...'' did not include women. The stated grounds included:
20: ...thin the British Isles, the decision was non-precedental for the British House of Lords. The right of... - George Eliot (6014 bytes)
3: ...'George Eliot''' ([[22 November]] [[1819]] - [[22 December]] [[1880]]), was an [[England|English]] [[n...
5: ...f romances. An additional factor may have been a desire to shield her private life from public scruti...
8: ...[1851]]. The ''Westminster Review'' had been founded by [[John Stuart Mill]] and [[Jeremy Bentham]] a...
10: ... remained married to her in name only, while he made house solely with Evans.
12: Two years after the death of Lewes, on [[May 6]], [[1880]] she married a... - Artemisia Gentileschi (23093 bytes)
1: ...]'' (1612-21) Oil on canvas 199 x 162 cm Galleria degli [[Uffizi]], Florence]]
3: ...ings, at a time when such heroic themes were considered beyond a mere woman's reach.
7: ...more talent than her brothers, who worked along side her. She learned drawing, how to mix color and ho...
9: ...anna and the Elders, Sch?rn Collection, Pommersfelden]]
10: ...]] in [[Pommersfelden]]. The picture shows how, under parental guidance, Artemisia assimilated the rea... - Marina Tsvetaeva (21885 bytes)
5: ... the 1960s. Tsvetaeva's poetry arose from her own deeply convoluted personality, her eccentricity and ...
8: ...lay on Marina's imagination, and to cause her to identify herself with the Polish aristocracy.)
10: ...es and distant from his family. He was also still deeply in love with his first wife; he would never g...
12: ...hool in [[Lausanne]]. Changes in the Tsvetaev residence led to several changes in school, and during t...
14: ...an Voloshin]], whom Tsvetaeva described after his death in 'A Living Word About a Living Man'. Voloshi... - Hanna Reitsch (3751 bytes)
4: ...ds, being the first woman to fly the Alps in a glider, and was rather photogenic. Several of her glidi...
6: ...y, and in 1938 she flew the Fa 61 every night inside the arena of the Berlin Motor Show.
8: ...erver Badge with Diamonds. She survived many accidents and was badly injured several times.
10: ...ying Bomb]], which was fitted with a cockpit in order to be used during gliding tests, dropped from a ...
12: ...for Nazi commanders to join together in mass suicide when it was obvious that the war was over. She al... - Hypatia of Alexandria (10302 bytes)
2: ... Her contributions to science are reputed to include the invention of the [[astrolabe]] and the [[hydr...
4: ...man Empire had embarked on an intense campaign to destroy pagan places of worship.
8: ...e, and dogmatic Christians who demanded the final destruction of paganism on the other. Hypatia herse...
12: ...ll the philosophers of her own time. Having succeeded to the school of Plato and Plotinus, she explain...
14: ...contemporary information about Hypatia's life and death. - Margaret Mead (11387 bytes)
3: '''Margaret Mead''' ([[December 16]], [[1901]] – [[November 15]], [[1...
5: She was born in Philadelphia and raised in nearby [[Doylestown]] by a uni...
7: ... based on research she conducted as a graduate student, but her position as a pioneering anthropologis...
13: ... constitutes courtesy, modesty, good manners, and definite ethical standards is not universal. It is ...
16: ...e of adolescence itself or to the civilisation? Under different conditions does adolescence present a ... - Maria Callas (4931 bytes)
3: '''Maria Callas''' ([[December 2]], [[1923]] –[[September 16]], [[19...
5: .... Together with Serafin, Callas subsequently recorded and performed many bel canto operas, contributin...
7: ...or many roles. Her later [[stereo]] recordings evidence masterly musical interpretations with an incre...
9: ... was a disaster due to Callas's almost-completely destroyed voice.
11: ...cqueline Kennedy]], widow of assassinated US president [[John F. Kennedy]]. - Billie Holiday (6766 bytes)
3: ...'''[[Jazz royalty|Lady Day]]''' is generally considered one of the greatest [[jazz]] [[singer]]s of al...
7: ...ng as a [[prostitute]] with her mother. This preceded her move to [[New York]] with her mother sometim...
9: ...er as a "[[Frank DeViese]]". Some historians consider this an anomaly, probably inserted by a hospital...
16: ...ormance, with pianist (and then-lover) [[Bobby Henderson]], did much to solidify her standing as a jaz...
20: ...songs, her unique tone and emotional commitment made her performances special. - Alanis Morissette (25762 bytes)
6: ...cade later in the songwriting, singing, and attitude of singers such as Aguilera, [[Avril Lavigne]], a...
10: ...an older brother, Chad, and a [[twin]] brother, Wade.
23: With the support of her parents and a relentless desire to succeed, Morissette traveled with Howe to ...
26: :''And your fake identification''
30: :''I'll be dealing with".'' - Bonnie and Clyde (17385 bytes)
2: ...ge:Bonnie_and_Clyde.jpg|thumb|200px|Bonnie and Clyde clowning.]]
3: ... the [[central United States]] during the [[Great Depression]], often with various members of the [[Ba...
5: ...he attention of the [[American]] press and its readership during what is sometimes referred to as the ...
11: ...personal account of their crime spree and looming demise.
13: == Clyde == - Mary, the mother of Jesus (30135 bytes)
8: ... figure of Mary, and the centuries of Marian cult derived from the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Chris...
11: ...t|250px|thumbnail|[[Gabriel (archangel)|Gabriel]] delivering the [[Annunciation]] to Mary. Painting by...
13: ... strangers (Luke 2:6, 7). But as the inn was crowded, Mary had to retire to a place among the cattle.
15: ...rs only one event in the history of Jesus is recorded: his going up to [[Jerusalem]] when twelve years...
17: ... and other women (John 19:26). Mary cradling the dead body of her son is a common motif in art, calle... - Esther (5002 bytes)
2: ...ew Bible]], the queen of [[Ahasuerus]] (commonly identified with [[Xerxes I of Persia|Xerxes I]] or [[...
5: ...name ''Esther'' is most likely related to the [[Medes|Median]] word for myrtle, ''astra'' and the [[Pe...
7: ...ad advised. In addition [[God]]'s workings are hidden in the events of the Book of Esther even though ...
9: ...[Ashtoreth]]. The names may nevertheless be coincidentally related, as the [[Semitic languages|Semitic...
12: ...min|Benjamite]]. She resided with her cousin [[Mordecai]], who held some office in the household of th... - Helena Petrovna Blavatsky (8386 bytes)
2: ...lavatsky''' or '''Madame Blavatsky''' was the founder of [[Theosophy]].
5: ...oth her mother and grandmother were strong role models that allowed her to mature into a nonconformist...
7: ...o have entered [[Tibet]] to study with the [[Ascended Master]]s for two years. She returned to Russia ...
9: ...out of nothing. Though she was apparently quite adept at these feats, her interests were more in the ...
15: ...wledge is consistent with new science may be considered to be the first instance of what is now called... - Hildegard of Bingen (14070 bytes)
1: ...g|right|framed|A medieval illumination showing Hildegard von Bingen and the monk Volmar]]
3: ...|German]] [[abbess]], [[Monasticism|monastic]] leader, [[Mystics|mystic]], author, and composer of [[m...
6: ... up around her. Upon Jutta's death in [[1136]] Hildegard was chosen superior of the community, and eve...
8: ...ling physically ill from carrying the unspoken burden.
11: ... of the meaning of the religious texts, and commanded her to write down everything she would observe i... - Kuan Yin (8111 bytes)
2: ...Buddhism|Buddhist]]s. Commonly known as the '''Goddess of Mercy''', Kuan Yin is also reverenced by [[C...
6: ...reas Avalokitesvara in other countries is usually depicted as a man.
12: ...a beautiful, white-robed woman, a depiction which derives from the earlier ''[[Pandaravasini]]'' form.
16: ...gain. With eleven heads gazing to the front and sides, Avalokiteshvara possesses the unique gift to se...
19: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" width="300" cellpadding="2" ... - Katharine Hepburn (23170 bytes)
2: ...ur. She was nominated for twelve Best Actress Academy Awards, the record for nominations until 2003, ...
5: ...d with giving her a sense of adventure and independence.
7: ...l for figure skating from the [[Madison Square Garden]] skating club, shooting golf in the low eightie...
8: ...and information about her brother's apparent suicide and its great impact on Hepburn -->
10: ...ay her degree was in drama -->, the same year she debuted on [[Broadway]] after landing a bit part in ... - Marilyn Monroe (30186 bytes)
2: ...en presence, stunning good looks and mysterious [[death]] would make her a perennial [[sex symbol]] an...
6: ... of Los Angeles County Hospital. Her grandmother, Della Monroe Grainger, later had her baptized ''Norm...
8: ...Ida claimed that she and Wayne had seriously considered adopting her, which they could not have done w...
10: ...ospital in [[Norwalk, California|Norwalk]], where Della had died; Gladys's father, Otis, died in a men...
12: ...elf, yet also developed a gritty, opportunistic side and a super-human drive. She was very intelligent... - Martina Navratilova (16246 bytes)
3: ...nis]] player. Originally from Czechoslovakia, she defected to the [[United States]] in [[1975]] and be...
11: ...utine to get herself into shape that eventually made extreme levels of fitness and conditioning a hall...
13: ... York City]] and informed them that she wished to defect. Within a month, she received a [[Green Card]...
15: ...She beat Evert in the final again to successfully defend her Wimbledon title in [[1979]].
17: ...tilová won her third Grand Slam singles title by defeating Evert in the final of the Australian Open,... - Orchidaceae (20056 bytes)
14: ...nd their [[symbiosis]] with mycorrhizae, are considered by some to be the culmination of floral [[evol...
16: ...s). He was a student of [[Aristotle]] and is considered the father of [[botany]] and [[ecology]].
18: Orchids, in their natural habitat, are considered by [[CITES]] as threatened or endangered. They...
20: == General description ==
21: ...itan]] in distribution, except [[Antarctica]] and deserts. The great majority are to be found in the [... - Apple (20408 bytes)
9: {{Taxobox_subfamilia_entry | taxon = [[Maloideae]]}}
16: ...the family [[Rosaceae]], and is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits. Table apples are of the...
23: ...t affect domestic apples, and research with it to develop new disease-resistant apples is continuing.
25: ...ave been used in some recent breeding programs to develop apples suitable for growing in climates unsu...
27: ... the earliest tree to be cultivated. To a greater degree than other tree fruit, except possibly [[citr... - Hydrangea (4213 bytes)
15: ...h the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.
19: ...[purple]]; in these species the exact color often depending upon the acidity or alkalinity of the soil...
22: ...in the genus ''Hydrangea''. Selected species include:
37: *''[[Hydrangea scandens]]''. Southern Japan south to the [[Philippines]...
42: ...phylla|H. macrophylla]]'' being by far the most widely grown with over 600 named [[cultivar]]s. Some a... - Locomotive (16705 bytes)
3: ...ves because they have payload space or are rarely detached from their trains, are known as power cars.
8: ...ather than in self-propelled vehicles. These include:
13: ...tly motive power assets can be moved around as needed.
17: ...s of providing motive work - the common ones include:
20: ...illustration of a historical train. Pictures provided by by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Cli... - Abdomen (6929 bytes)
2: ...ining in the very front of the abdomen. Some consider the pelvis a separate section, but there is no s...
5: ...[[muscle]] is the outermost muscle covering the side of the abdomen. It is broad, flat, and irregularl...
7: ...y. It lies between the internal oblique and the underlying transversalis fascia. It originates from P...
9: ...bdominus is enclosed in a thick sheath formed, as described above, by fibers from each of the three mu...
15: ... [[venae cavae|inferior vena cava]] are also considered part of the abdomen, but are located in the pa... - Hillary Rodham Clinton (17176 bytes)
2: ...ent]] [[Bill Clinton]]. She is a member of the [[Democratic Party]].
8: ...oining the [[Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29|Democratic Party]] and writing her thesis on radical...
10: ...ld become the future White House Counsel for President Clinton.
12: ...counsel for a brief time before he committed suicide in 1993].
17: In 1980 Bill Clinton was defeated for reelection as governor. In 1982, as pa... - Actinium (7046 bytes)
2: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right...
5: {| align="center" border="0"
20: | [[Chemical series]] || [[Actinide]]s
25: | [[Density]], [[Mohs hardness scale|Hardness]]
39: | [[van der Waals radius]] || n/a pm - Ear (6659 bytes)
1: ...ge:Ear.jpg|thumb|A left [[human]] ear. Image provided by [https://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip ...
3: An '''ear''' is an organ used by an animal to detect [[sound]]. The term may refer to the entire ...
7: ...ncluding [[human]]s, have two ears, one on each side of the head.
10: ... waves. Many [[mammal]]s can move the pinna in order to focus their hearing in a certain direction, i...
12: ...umb|250px|left| Photography of a baby. Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clipar... - Eye (21834 bytes)
1: ...ight or dark. More complex eyes are used to provide the [[sense]] of [[visual perception|vision]]. Ma...
9: ...es grow outward from brain cells during embryonic development, while mollusk eyes grow inward from ski...
11: ...ranged hexagonally, and which can give a full 360 degree field of vision. Compound eyes are very sensi...
16: Jumping spiders have simple eyes that are so large, supported b...
18: ...ght|thumb|300px|Eye of a Komodo Dragon.Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A... - Larynx (2361 bytes)
4: ...lage resembles a signet ring (Narrow in back, broader in front). Above the larynx is a supporting bone...
11: ...ed in the larynx, while articulation of the sound derives from the use of [[teeth]], [[tongue]], [[pal... - Pancreas (4781 bytes)
11: ...ncreas and empties into the second part of the duodenum at the [[ampulla of Vater]]. The [[common bil...
13: ...ry]]. Venous drainage is via the [[pancreaticoduodenal veins]] which end up in the [[portal vein]]. ...
16: [[Image:Pancreas.jpg|thumb|250px|The duodenum and pancreas (stomach removed).]]</div>
23: ...in [[bicarbonate ion]]s and are [[alkaline]] in order to neutralize the acidic [[chyme]] that the stom...
24: ...]]s secreted by cells in the [[stomach]] and [[duodenum]], in response to distension and/or food and w... - Mandible (13717 bytes)
6: ... like a horseshoe and has two surfaces and two borders.
9: ...i Inferioris]] (Quadratus labii inferioris) and [[depressor anguli oris]] (Triangularis); the [[platys...
11: '''Figure 1 :''' Mandible. Outer surface. Side view.
12: ... the [[sublingual gland]] rests, and below the hinder part, an oval fossa for the [[submaxillary gland...
14: == Borders == - Vertebral column (7072 bytes)
5: ...es are ''compensatory'' or ''secondary'', and are developed after [[birth]], the former when the [[chi...
7: ... convexity of the curve is directed to the left side.
17: ...nsverse processes stand backward, on a plane considerably behind that of the same processes in the cer...
21: ...he thoracic region. They present, in front, the sides of the bodies of the vertebrae, marked in the th...
25: ...cervical and lumbar regions; and is small and rounded in the thoracic region, where motion is more lim... - Vertebra (3942 bytes)
5: ...ions comprise the remaining 24, and are grouped under the names ''cervical'' (7 vertebrae), ''thoracic...
6: ...egion, or it may be diminished in one region, the deficiency often being supplied by an additional ver...
15: ...he '''intervertebral foramina''', one on either side, for the transmission of the spinal nerves and ve...
22: ''Note: For more detailed information, see [[Cervical vertebrae]]''
24: These are generally small and delicate. Their spinous processes are short (with th... - Parathyroid gland (1913 bytes)
12: Disorders of the parathyroid hormone receptor have been a...
14: ...sa cystica]]. Since hyperparathyroidism was first described in 1925, the symptoms have become known as...
16: A [[Sestamibi scan]] is often used to determine which parathyroids are responsible for ove... - Adrenal gland (7544 bytes)
4: ...OOS2_339A.jpg|thumb|100px|Human Body Clipart provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
11: ...noradrenaline, respectively). Medullary cells are derived from the [[embryo]]nic [[neural crest]] and,...
13: ...le effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine include increased [[heart rate]], [[vasoconstriction|bloo...
20: The cortex can be divided into three distinct layers of [[biological_tissu...
28: Pregnenolone can then be either dehydrogenated to [[progesterone]] or hydroxylated t... - Pineal gland (4403 bytes)
1: ...-brain.jpg|thumb||200px|right|Brain Clip Art provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
11: ..., perivascular phagocyte, pineal neurons and peptidergic neuron-like cells.
13: ...onia, and a little animal matter. <!-- I have no idea what Gray's Anatomy means by "Animal matter" - s...
17: ... by darkness and inhibited by light. Light can be detected by the [[suprachiasmatic nucleus]] (SCN) wh...
19: ...er [[tetrapods]] and the skull orifice sealed. Modern birds and reptiles have been found to express t... - Arm (7276 bytes)
1: ...mmal, specifically the segment between the [[shoulder]] and the [[elbow]]. '''Arm''' may also refer ...
5: ...lder joint allows for movement of the arms in a wide circular plane, while the presence of two forearm...
8: ===The shoulder===
9: ...|400px|Diagram of the muscles in the arm and shoulder]]
11: ... [[sternoclavicular]] joint, while the scapula slides across the posterior chest wall via the "scapulo... - Hair (11457 bytes)
1: [[Image:Hair.jpg|right|thumb|100px|Long braided hair]]
2: ...ilamentous outgrowth of the [[epidermis (skin)|epidermis]] found in [[mammal]]s. It is a characterist...
4: ...her. Because hair is often [[pigment]]ed, it provides coloration. This might serve to [[camouflage]] ...
6: ...ice]] and [[flea]] infestation which caused the order to be given for the routine cutting of hair to a...
15: ...beings often have their [[haircut|hair cut]] or [[depilation|remove it]] by shaving or other means. - Anatomy (6382 bytes)
1: ...[Image:anatomy06-brain.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
4: ...y ([[phytonomy]]). Major branches of anatomy include [[comparative anatomy]], [[histology]], and [[hum...
6: Animal anatomy may include the study of the structure of different animals, ...
10: ...he healthy human body, and to this study the term descriptive or topographical human anatomy is given,...
12: ...ient observation, are complete masters of all its details; most of them specialize on certain parts, s... - Chromosome (12667 bytes)
1: ...color="#0000FF">Chromatid</font>. One of the two identical parts of the chromosome after [[S phase]]. ...
2: ...in [[1842]] and their behavior later described in detail by [[Walther Flemming]] in [[1882]]. In [[191...
8: ...nction between plasmids and chromosomes is poorly defined, though size and necessity are generally tak...
17: ... color="#FF0000">'''centromere'''</font>. (4) Condensed chromatin during [[prophase]]. (Two copies of...
19: ...ded by a [[satellite chromosome]] that contains codes for [[ribosome|ribosomal]] [[RNA]]. - Flowering plant (29088 bytes)
12: ...agnoliophyta''') are one of the major groups of modern [[plant]]s, comprising those that produce [[see...
16: ...ce of truly naked ovules in the [[Cycadophyta|Cycadeae]] and [[Pinophyta|Coniferae]], entitling them t...
17: [[Image:IR_8091B.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
18: ...hen gradually came to be accepted as the suitable designation for the whole of the flowering plants ot...
19: ..._012A_carnations.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Image provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A... - Renaissance (14795 bytes)
1: ...e [[Modern Age]]. The Renaissance is usually considered to have begun in the [[14th century]] in [[Ita...
5: ... by French historian [[Jules Michelet]], and expanded upon by [[Switzerland|Swiss]] historian [[Jacob ...
10: ...riod is now often replaced by the term "[[Early Modern]]". (See [[periodization|periodisation]], [[Lum...
12: ...e as the transition from the Middle Ages to the Modern Age.
17: ...del Fiore.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[Santa Maria del Fiore]] church of [[Florence]], [[Italy]]. Flore... - Scientific revolution (17675 bytes)
1: ...he scientific revolution was the publication of ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' by [[Nicolaus ...
3: ...nly were there major theoretical and experimental developments, but even more importantly, the way in ...
7: ...as; some of the rancor and cross-purposes in such debates may arise from lack of recognition of these ...
9: ...tially as it is understood and practiced in the modern world; there is no concern here with "other nar...
15: ... (This and Galen's anatomy, though largely superseded by later work, are none the less important contr... - Ceramics (15941 bytes)
7: ...rthenware and porcelain to decorative tiles and modern sculptures, reflecting both functional and aest...
10: ...cement, leading to more uniform and sophisticated designs.
17: *Hand-Building: This includes pinching, coiling, and slab building. It's one o...
19: ...is popular for making bowls, vases, and other rounded forms.
21: ... making it easier to produce multiple copies of a design. - Glass (26176 bytes)
1: The materials definition of a '''glass''' is a uniform [[amorphous...
3: ...ed the word ''glaes'' to describe [[amber]], recorded by [[Roman Empire|Roman]] historians as ''glaesu...
5: ...glasses in common use as a building, container or decorative material.
9: ...d with very smooth and impervious surfaces. These desirable properties lead to a great many uses of gl...
13: ...ommon glass''' is mostly amorphous [[silicon dioxide]] ([[Silicon|Si]][[Oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>), which... - Pre-historic art (9744 bytes)
7: ...]], now suggests that Neanderthal humans may have developed a sophisticated and more complicated artis...
9: ...ron]] and [[manganese]] and indicates that it was decorated by someone and used as a figurine, regardl...
12: ...objects, like the paddles from [[Tybrind Vig]], [[Denmark]], are known as well.
15: ... by impressing the wet clay with braided or unbraided cord and sticks with a growing sophistication. S...
20: ... style are to be classified as art is a matter of definition. - Iconography (7643 bytes)
1: ...00px|''[[Salvator Mundi]]'' is an [[iconography]] depicting [[Christ]] with his right hand raised in [...
2: ...[symbolism|symbolically]] mean more than a simple depiction of the person involved.
4: ...ms of change, the flower of new life, the fire of destruction, etc.). The many heads, eyes, feet, and ...
6: ...[[Old Testament]] scriptures against the material depiction of the immaterial [[God]] is overturned in...
8: ...irement of the iconographer in order to correctly depict the spiritual realm. For the [[Eastern Orthod... - Heraldry (23465 bytes)
1: ...r [[jousting|jousts]] and to describe the various devices they carried or [[paint]]ed on their [[shiel...
3: ...ster. Dexter ("right" in [[Latin]]) is the left side of the shield, and sinister ("left") is the right...
5: ...he shield is immaterial and different artists can depict the same coat of arms on many different shape...
7: ...use bold, vivid colours rather than [[pastel]] shades.
9: ...plete depiction of a coat-of-arms, the crest is a design affixed to the [[helmet]]. Crests can also be... - Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
4: ...clear whether the blast furnace was independently developed there, or whether the technology was trans...
6: ...ource]], and the use of a [[coal]]-derived fuel made blast furnace-based iron smelting significantly l...
15: ...chemically to produce pure iron and [[carbon dioxide]], which leaks out of the furnace at the top.
17: ...into [[calcium oxide]] and additional carbon dioxide:
21: The calcium oxide reacts with various acidic impurities in the iron... - Dye (6033 bytes)
1: A '''dye''' can generally be described as a [[colour]]ed substance that has an [[...
3: [[Archaeology|Archaeological]] evidence shows that, particularly in [[India]] and the ...
9: The first man-made [[organic]] dye, [[mauveine]], was discovered by ...
13: ...e for wool and silk. Usually [[acetic acid]] is added to the dyebath to help the uptake of the dye ont...
15: ...int]], with the addition of either [[sodium chloride]] (NaCl) or [[sodium sulphate]] (Na<sub>2</sub>SO... - Weaving (6924 bytes)
1: ...rn), or it can be woven in decorative or artistic designs, including [[tapestry|tapestries]].
3: ...heir fabrics, regardless of the complexity of the design.
5: ...dye]]d before weaving is called [[ikat]]. Fabric decorated using a wax resist method is called [[bati...
9: .... The weft thread crosses the warp in some over/under sequence. The nature of that sequence gives rise...
11: ...rsely, if the warp is spread out, the weft can slide down and completely cover the warp, giving a ''we... - Marco Polo (6716 bytes)
1: ... January]] [[1324]]) was a [[Venice|Venetian]] trader and [[exploration|explorer]] who, together with ...
5: ...affio'') were prosperous merchants in the East trade. The two merchants set out to [[Asia]] in [[1255]...
7: ...ed prominence in Venice and are historically recorded as Venetians.
13: ... more advanced than similar contemporary European developments.
18: ...nt the few months of his imprisonment dictating a detailed account of his travels in the then-unknown ... - Ponce De Leon (5480 bytes)
2: ...] by appointment of the Spanish Crown. He is regarded as the first [[Europe]]an known to have visited ...
4: ...m and to which the natives had no immunity. Ponce de León, however, became rich while serving as Gove...
6: ...right|thumb|Cacique Agueybana greeting Juan Ponce de León]]
7: ...d been damaged. Not wishing to serve Diego, Ponce de León obtained title to explore the areas north o...
9: ...de los Castellanos'' of [[Antonio de Herrera y Tordesillas]]. - Definitions of music (17609 bytes)
1: ...c actually consists of is something that is still debated today.
4: ... by way of the Latin ''musica''. It is ultimately derived from ''mousa'', the Greek word for [[muses|m...
6: ... may be combined with it in song) is relatively modern.
10: ...s. From this concept later resulted the romantic idea of a music of the spheres.
12: ..., all things were connected with each other - a mode of thought that finds its traces today in the [[o... - Map (10223 bytes)
3: ...that space. Usually, a map is a [[2D geometric model|two-dimensional, geometrically accurate represen...
7: ...itten language by several millennia. One of the oldest surviving maps, painted on a wall of the [[Cat...
9: ...y in the works of J.B. Harley, Mark Monmonier and Denis Wood.
11: ... in [[English language|English]] as "[[On Exactitude in Science]]".
13: ... internationally renowned for its comprehensively detailed work). - United Nations (29685 bytes)
1: ...f Palestine|Palestine]], have ''de facto'' independence and/or some international diplomatic recogniti...
3: ...o fulfill these obligations. The General Assembly determines admission upon recommendation of the Secu...
5: ... The name was transferred to the UN as it was founded by the victorious powers in the war as a conditi...
20: ...ebated by governments and private citizens worldwide.
24: ...ong the original signatories had been reserved, added its name later, bringing the total of original s... - Science (19868 bytes)
8: ...ce in terms of [[ontology]]: science attempts to identify what "things" in the world, their causal pow...
10: ...the empiricist tradition, we must be careful to understand that "prediction" refers to the outcome of ...
12: ...used interchangeably. Both have been subjected to devastating criticisms:
14: ...demonstrated the impossibility of a theory-independent observation language, so the very notion of tes...
15: ...steady accumulation of facts, as the empiricist model implies. - Cairo (12536 bytes)
2: ...he world. Cairo is located at 30°2' North, 31°13' East (30.03333, 31.21667). [http://earth-inf...
6: ...ere by troops sent from Cairo. ([[Mongols]], Crusaders & Ottomans are examples)
11: ...20040617.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This Envisat ASAR Wide-Swath radar multicolour composite image is focuse...
14: ...aks into three branches into the low-lying [[Nile Delta]] region.
16: ...ro is dominated by the government buildings and modern architecture, the eastern half is filled with h... - Piccolo heckelphone (2734 bytes)
1: ...[[heckelphone]], the piccolo heckelphone was intended to redress a point of weakness in the romantic o...
3: ... of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s second [[Brandenburg Concerto]], where it played the high trumpet...
5: ...trument's conicity is quite wide (though not as wide as that of a [[saxophone]]), giving it a characte...
9: ...nstrument museum. Of the rest, some may have been destroyed in the second world war, or may be in the ...
11: ...sis. It is this author's contention that were a modern version produced, it would undoubtedly be a gre... - Musical instrument (3823 bytes)
1: ....jpg|60px|left|]] A '''musical instrument''' is a device that has been constructed or modified with th...
2: ....jpg|thumb|right|175px|Picture of a Psaltery provided by [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom Clip A...
3: The academic study of musical instruments is called ''[[org...
5: Instruments are often divided by the way in which they generate sound:
7: ...of tone production. The group is typically subdivided into [[Brass instruments|Brass]] and [[Woodwind]... - Cornett (5160 bytes)
6: ...he form of a tube, typically about 60 cm. long, made of [[ivory]] or [[wood]] with [[woodwind instrume...
8: ...ical instrument classification]] places it alongside instruments such as the [[trumpet]].
10: ...ompromise--often with the need to go on playing modern brass instruments--may use a much larger mouthp...
14: ...nd [[Giovanni Gabrieli]] wrote much of his resplendent [[Venetian polychoral style|polychoral]] music ...
16: ...ugh to be used in a consort of viols or even recorders. - Ptolemy I of Egypt (7434 bytes)
3: ...er of [[Egypt]] ([[323 BC]] - [[283 BC]]) and founder of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. In [[305 BC]] he t...
7: ...s]] and the young [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]].
9: ...sfully defended the [[Nile]] and Perdiccas was murdered by two of his subordinates. In the long wars ...
11: ...ge:Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin depicting '''Ptolemy I''' (r. [[305 BC|305]] - [[283...
13: ...her [[Menelaus]] was defeated and captured in the decisive [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus (306 BC)|Batt... - Sex (2995 bytes)
1: ...'[[male]]'' and ''[[female]]''. The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger [[gamet...
5: ...ology is quickly complicated by variations in the degree of sexuality. As with animals, there are onl...
8: ...the number of [[chromosomes]] as fertilized eggs, develop into [[Drone (bee)|drones]], i.e., male bees...
10: ...s]], sex may be determined by various other [[sex-determination systems]], including those controlled ... - Ashoka (15187 bytes)
5: ...abharata rulers, to unify such a vast territory under his empire, which in retrospect exceeds the boun...
10: ...anked Queen known as Dharma. Ashoka had several elder siblings and just one younger sibling, Vitthasho...
14: ...omed by the revolting militias and the uprising ended without a fight. (The province revolted once mor...
16: Ashoka's success made his step-brothers more wary of his intentions of ...
18: ...utra]], but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain. - Middle Kingdom of Egypt (5374 bytes)
5: ...] [[Mentuhotep II]] from [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] defeated the last king of the [[Tenth dynasty of Egy...
6: ...Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb|left|170px|Clipart provided by <br> [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
8: ...s a palace coup by Amenemhat that resulted in the death of Mentuhotep IV.
10: ...es lasted throughout the Twelfth dynasty and provided great stability.
14: ...centralized government though) and established trade connections with Nubia and a war seems to be cond... - Egyptian chronology (11665 bytes)
1: ...y]] is a type of [[chronology]] worked on for decades by scholars of [[Egyptology]].
5: ...ist with no satisfactory solution. Scholars consider the creation of an Egyptian chronology a difficu...
7: ...ages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-STUDY-GUIDE/0006_egyptianChronolgoy.html]
9: ...plete, also (with relics and artifacts missing or destroyed). Egyptian chronology is in a constant sta...
13: ...phres Era'' may radically modify the prevailing modern Egyptian chronology, so the previous "firm" dat... - Nile (13738 bytes)
12: ... River|Amazon]] still remains the subject of much debate. This is, for the most part, due to two reaso...
24: ...lthough the lake itself has feeder rivers of considerable size from the other [[Great Lakes (Africa)|G...
26: ...Abyad, or the [[White Nile]], from the clay suspended in its waters. From there, the river flows to [...
32: ...[[:Image:Nile River and delta from orbit.jpg|Nile delta]])]]
40: ...he Nile in Sudan, looking north across the Sahara Desert towards Lake Nasser and Egypt. Photograph IS... - George Washington (29551 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=George Washington
3: | image name=Seal_us_presdent.jpg|thumb
5: | order=1st President
8: | preceded=None
9: | succeeded=[[John Adams]] - John Hancock (8787 bytes)
3: ... Independence|United States Declaration of Independence]]]]
5: ...to sign the [[United States Declaration of Independence]]. According to legend, he signed his name lar...
8: ...ended [[Harvard College]] and received a business degree in [[1754]], when he was 17. Upon graduation,...
10: ...ously, the same. With his generosity, he was regarded as a man of integrity and honor.
13: ... [[Massachusetts General Court]], his colonial trade business naturally disposed him to resist the [[S... - Andrew Jackson (23546 bytes)
1: {{Infobox President | name=Andrew Jackson
3: | image name=Seal_us_presdent.jpg
4: | order=7th President
7: | preceded= [[John Quincy Adams]]
8: | succeeded= [[Martin Van Buren]] - Martin Van Buren (21629 bytes)
1: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
2: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
5: <tr><td>'''Order:'''</td><td>8th President</td></tr>
8: <tr><td>'''Succeeded by:'''</td><td>[[William Henry Harrison]]</td></...
9: <tr><td>'''Date of Birth'''</td><td>[[December 5]], [[1782]]</td></tr> - Abraham Lincoln (48771 bytes)
1: {| border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"
4: {| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: | '''Order:''' || 16th President
15: | '''Predecessor:''' || [[James Buchanan]]
24: | '''Date of death:''' || [[April 15]], [[1865]] - Ulysses S. Grant (23281 bytes)
1: <table border="0" align="right" style="margin-left:1em"><tr><t...
2: <table border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0">
5: <tr><td>'''Order:'''</td><td>18th President</td></tr>
8: <tr><td>'''Succeeded by:'''</td><td>[[Rutherford B. Hayes]]</td></tr>
11: <tr><td>'''Date of Death:'''</td><td>[[July 23]], [[1885]]</td></tr> - Alexandria (28378 bytes)
3: ...ntry's capital was ended, and it fell into a long decline, which by the late [[Ottoman]] period had se...
5: ...|right|Alexandria's state-of-the-art [[library]], designed by [[Christoph Kapellar]], was inaugurated ...
16: * The modern city from [[1798]] (red).
19: ...in. Alexander's seers, and in particular [[Aristander of Telmessus]], interpreted this as an omen that...
21: ...t the foundation, but are thwarted when Alexander descends in a glass box, and armed with exact knowle... - Mediterranean Sea (9773 bytes)
6: ...an]] is important to understanding the origin and development of [[Western Civilization]].
9: The term ''Mediterranean'' derives from the [[Latin]] ''mediterraneus'', 'inlan...
11: ...eer''. In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is ''Akdeniz'', "the white sea".
17: ...whereas the Black Sea is generally not. The man-made [[Suez Canal]] in the south-east connects the Med...
19: [[Tide]]s are very limited in the Mediterreanean as a re... - Age of the Earth (20052 bytes)
1: ...difficult to define. This article describes the modern dating methods used to arrive at the age of the...
4: ...ved in a similar date, and some today continue to defend [[young earth creationism]] (see [http://www....
6: Few people had conceived the idea of a time that stretched far into the past befor...
9: ...of [[Russia]]n science, was one of the first to undertake this exercise, suggesting in the mid-[[18th ...
11: ...h]] naturalist the [[Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon|Comte du Buffon]] tried to obtain a value ... - Plate tectonics (27764 bytes)
1: ...e outermost part of the [[Earth]]'s interior is made up of two layers, the outer [[lithosphere]] and t...
3: ...ay from each other), and transform (two plates slide past one another). [[Earthquake]]s, [[volcano|vol...
5: ...r [[chemistry]], the discovery of the [[genetic code]] for [[genetics]], or [[evolution]] in [[biology...
8: ...the asthenosphere allows the tectonic plates to undergo motion in different directions.
10: ...famous. These boundaries are discussed in further detail below. - Earth (30908 bytes)
4: ...iker's Guide reference in here. It's been done to death. Find a gem with which to improve the article ...
7: ...l planet]]s, and the only planetary body that [[modern science]] confirms as harboring [[life]]. The p...
9: ... a variant puts the cross atop the circle ([[Unicode]]: ⊕ or ♁).
14: ... diameter of approximately 12,742 km. The maximum deviations from this are the highest point on Earth ...
17: ... other [[terrestrial planets]], is chemically divided into an outer [[silicon|siliceous]] solid [[Crus... - Africa (35389 bytes)
8: ...with its capital [[Carthage]], corresponding to modern-day [[Tunisia]].
18: ...ent of the continent, the idea of ''Africa'' expanded with their knowledge.
24: ...rom the main mass of the Earth's surface. It includes within its remarkably regular outline an area, o...
26: ...6,000 km (16,100 miles) and the absence of deep indentations of the shore is shown by the fact that Eu...
33: Africa is home to the [[cradle of Humankind|oldest inhabited territory]] on earth, with the [[huma... - Antarctica (14761 bytes)
4: ...near the Earth's [[North Pole]] on the opposite side of the planet.
8: ...so the continent with the highest average [[altitude]], and the lowest average [[humidity]] of any con...
15: ...he continent, but [[ice]] there can last for extended time periods. Nearly all of Antarctica is cover...
24: ...ea is called [[Western Antarctica]] and the remainder [[Eastern Antarctica]], since they correspond ro...
30: ...ons, particularly those close to the continent, made territorial claims in the [[20th century]]. These... - Europe (23835 bytes)
4: ...ains]] and the [[Caspian Sea]] (for more detailed description see [[Geography of Europe]]).
6: When considered a continent, Europe is the world's second smal...
11: ...and Greece and by [[500 BC]] its meaning was extended to lands to the north.
13: ... west. Likewise, [[Asia]] is also thought to have derived from the Akkadian word ''asu'', which means ...
18: ...es in [[Ireland]] and elsewhere carefully safeguarded and compiled knowledge accumulated previously. T... - United States (58223 bytes)
2: ... level of local autonomy under the [[federation|federal]] system.
12: ...deral level]];<br> [[English language|English]] [[de facto]] |
14: government_type = [[Democratic]] [[Federal republic]] |
15: ...r>[[Vice President of the United States|Vice President]] |
16: leader_names = [[Joe Biden]]<br>[[Kamala Harris]] | - Canada (35540 bytes)
1: ...rguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the talk page, and wait until the consens...
3: ...o keep this overview article concise, please consider adding information instead to one of the many "m...
6: ...the second largest in area (after [[Russia]]). Bordering the [[United States]], its territorial claims...
8: ...iamentary system|parliamentary]] [[representative democracy]] and is a [[constitutional monarchy]] wit...
15: ... who is the head of government, have official residences in Ottawa. - United Arab Emirates (10825 bytes)
2: ...ween the British and some Arab [[sheikh]]s. It borders [[Oman]] and [[Saudi Arabia]].<!--
7: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
11: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
15: ...h="165px" | <font size="-1">([[Flag of the UAE|In Detail]])</font>
32: ...on]]'''<br> - Total ([[2001]]) <br> - [[Density]] - Algeria (16548 bytes)
1: ...stern Sahara]], in the west. The name Algeria is derived from the name of the city of Algiers; from t...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
11: ...gn="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Algeria|In Detail]])
25: ...e]]''' || [[Abdelaziz Bouteflika]], <small>''President''</small> - Jordan (20715 bytes)
1: ...the coastlines of the [[Gulf of Aqaba]] and the [[Dead Sea]]. Jordan's main religion is [[Islam]] and ...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
7: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
11: ...ign="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Jordan|In Detail]])
12: ...ter" width="140px" | ([[Coat of Arms of Jordan|In Detail]]) - Netherlands (35958 bytes)
1: ...arch]], located in northwestern [[Europe]]. It borders the [[North Sea]] to the north and west, [[Belg...
7: native_name = Nederland |
18: government_type= [[Democracy|Dem.]] [[Constitution|const.]] [[monarchy]] |
19: leader_titles = [[Dutch monarch|Queen]]<br>[[Prime mini...
20: ...he Netherlands|Beatrix]] <br> [[Jan Peter Balkenende]] | - Andorra (11532 bytes)
1: ...; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
5: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
33: ...sp;- Total (2003)<br> - [[Population density|Density]]:
36: | '''[[Independence]]''': || 1278
42: ...03) || [[List of countries by Human Development Index|NA]] – <font color=gray>unranked</font> - Feed (1445 bytes)
3: ...en to or meant for livestock (also called ''"[[fodder]]"'').
6: # A coupling device between an antenna and its transmission line....
11: ...is also an abbreviation for Front End Engineering Design.
12: * In [[metalworking]] feed describes the rate at which a tool advances into the...
13: ''This article contains information from [[Federal Standard 1037C]] and from [[MIL-STD-188]]'' - Turkey (41694 bytes)
14: leader_titles = [[President of Turkey|President]]<br>[[List of Prime Ministers of Turkey|Prime ...
15: leader_names = [[Ahmet Necdet Sezer]]<br>[[Recep Tayyip Erdogan|Recep Tayyip E...
17: ...ents = - Formation of Parliament<br> - Declaration of Republic |
21: area_magnitude = 1 E11 |
28: population_density = 89 | - Madagascar (29377 bytes)
2: ...auritania]] are the only countries not to use a [[decimal currency]].
6: native_name = Republique de Madagascar <br> Repoblikan'i Madagasikara |
17: ... = [[List of Presidents of Madagascar|President]] <br> [[List of Prime Ministers of Madagascar|...
18: leader_names = [[Marc Ravalomanana]] <br> [...
22: area_magnitude = 1 E11 | - Samoa (9435 bytes)
1: The '''Independent State of Samoa''' (conventional long form) or '...
2: ...ackground: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
3: ...big>'''Malo Sa'oloto Tuto'atasi o Samoa<br>Independent State of Samoa'''</big>
6: {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
10: ...lign="center" width="140px" | ([[Flag of Samoa|In Detail]])
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