Symphony No. 13 (Haydn)
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Joseph Haydn's Symphony No. 13 in D major was written in 1763.
The work can be precisely dated thanks to a dated score in Haydn's own hand in the National Library of Budapest. Two other Haydn symphonies are known to have been written in the same year: the Symphony No. 12 and the Symphony No. 40.
The piece was written for the orchestra of Haydn's patron, Prince Nicolaus Esterházy, in Eisenstadt. A typical symphony at this time was written for a pairs of oboes and horns and string instruments, but the Eisenstadt orchestra had recently taken on two new horn players, and Haydn wrote this symphony for an expanded ensemble of flute, two oboes, four French horns, timpani and strings (violins divided into two groups, violas, cellos and double basses), with bassoon doubling the bass-line. The timpani part in the autograph score is not in Haydn's hand, but it is quite possibly authentic: he may have written it on a separate sheet, with somebody else adding it to the score at a later date.
The first movement opens with held chords in the winds and the strings playing a simple figure based on an arpeggio:
The movement can be considered to be in sonata form, with a repeated first half beginning in the home key of D major and modulating to A major, then a second half beginning with a development of previously heard material (passing through B minor) followed by a recapitulation of the first half, now entirely in D major (this second half also repeated). However, there is little "second subject" to speak of - following the key change in the first half, the music is mainly based on simple scale passages.
The second movement, marked adagio cantabile (slowly, singing), in G major, features a solo cello playing a melody against simple chords from the rest of the strings. The winds do not play in this movement. In Haydn's day, the cello part would have been played by the principal cellist of the Eistenstadt orchestra, Joseph Weigl.
The D major third movement is a minuet and trio in ternary form, with the flute prominently featured in the trio. The last movement is based around a four-note figure which seems to foreshadow the last movement of Mozart's Jupiter Symphony:
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The figure, which appears in various keys throughout the movement, is treated in a manner which hints at fugue. Near the end it is heard in the strings in stretto (overlapping entries, a new one beginning before the last has ended).
A typical performance of the whole piece will last a little over twenty minutes.
Score
The William and Gayle Cook Music Library at the Indiana University School of Music has posted the score (http://www.dlib.indiana.edu/variations/scores/ahb9900/index.html) of the symphony.
Recordings
The symphony is not among Haydn's more popular works, and most recordings are part of complete symphony cycles. Recordings of the piece include:
- Philharmonia Hungarica conducted by Antal Doráti (Decca, 1972)
- The Academy of Ancient Music conducted by Christopher Hogwood (L'Oiseau-Lyre, 1992)
- The Hanover Band conducted by Roy Goodman (Hyperion, 1993, rereleased on Helios, 2002)
- Cologne Chamber Orchestra conducted by Helmut Muller-Bruhl (Naxos, 1999)
- Austro-Hungarian Haydn Orchestra conducted by Adam Fischer
References
- H. C. Robbins Landon (ed.), Joseph Haydn: The Complete Symphonies, volume II (Philharmonia/Universal Edition, 1964)