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- Glass (26176 bytes)
20: ...ddition of compounds such as [[soda ash]] (sodium carbonate).
30: .../sub>), or [[potash]], the equivalent [[potassium carbonate|potassium]] compound, which lowers the melting po...
32: ...producing high-quality lenses. Large amounts of [[iron]] are used in glass that absorbs [[infrared]] ene...
37: ...mall amounts to remove the [[green]] tint lent by iron, or in higher concentrations to give glass an [[a...
42: ...sed by the varying amounts of naturally occurring iron impurities in the sand. Common glass today usuall... - Illuminated manuscript (5973 bytes)
32: ...ed colors such as [[cochineal]] and [[kermes]]; [[iron oxide]]-rich earth compounds
44: ...ad]] white (also called "flake white", basic lead carbonate (PbCO<sub>3</sub>)); [[chalk]]
47: ...oal]], or burnt bones or [[ivory]]; [[sepia]]; [[iron gall]] - Blast furnace (4721 bytes)
1: ...is used for the production of [[pig iron]] from [[iron ore]].
4: ...ina]] in the [[1st century BC]]. However, [[cast iron]] artifacts found in China have been dated as ear...
6: ... a [[coal]]-derived fuel made blast furnace-based iron smelting significantly less expensive.
9: ...ther valve at the bottom opened to remove the pig iron.
15: ...iron oxide]], reacting chemically to produce pure iron and [[carbon dioxide]], which leaks out of the fu... - Desert (21206 bytes)
8: ... mineral deposits that were formed in the arid environment or that were exposed by erosion. Because dese...
22: ... cooling, or at least a moderating, effect in environments where it is plentiful. In some parts of the ...
24: ...erts. Former desert areas presently in nonarid environments are paleodeserts, and extraterrestrial deser...
75: ...ls causes distinct salt layers to form. [[Calcium carbonate]] precipitated from solution may cement sand and ...
85: ... types of plants have adapted well to the arid environment. They include the [[pea]] family and [[sunflo... - List of minerals (11610 bytes)
192: #[[Ferricrete]] Iron oxide cemented soil or sediment
281: #[[Limonite]] (a mixture of iron oxides and hydroxides - rust!)
482: #[[Travertine]] (form of calcium carbonate)
532: #[[Zanazziite]] - Limestone (3809 bytes)
3: ... composed of the [[mineral]] [[calcite]] (calcium carbonate). The primary source of this calcite is usually [...
7: ...ities, such as [[clay]], sand, organic remains, [[iron oxide]] and other materials, many limestones exhi...
9: ...round [[Hot spring|hot]] or cold springs. Calcium carbonate is deposited where evaporation of the water leave... - Cadmium (10755 bytes)
186: ...ound the new element within an impurity in [[zinc carbonate]] (calamine) and for 100 years Germany remained t...
194: ...ources, mainly from dust generated by recycling [[iron]] and [[steel]] scrap. Production in the [[Unite... - Calcium (9166 bytes)
19: ... table block|Block]]</td><td>[[group 2 element|2 (IIA)]], [[period 4 element|4]], [[atomic orbital|s]]...
115: ...izer, desulfurizer, or decarburizer for various [[Iron|ferrous]] and nonferrous [[alloy]]s.
122: ...r percolates through limestone or other soluble [[carbonate]] rocks, it partially disolves part of the rock a... - Carbon (15360 bytes)
34: * Carbon is added to [[iron]] to make [[steel]].
85: ...], it is a major component of very large masses [[carbonate]] [[Rock (geology)|rock]] ([[limestone]], [[dolom...
94: ...[ion]]s are produced. Some important minerals are carbonates, notably [[calcite]]. [[Carbon disulfide]], CS<s...
105: ...example, plants draw carbon dioxide out of the environments and use it to build biomass. Some of this b... - Cerium (12377 bytes)
172: ...t is used in some rare-earth alloys. It resembles iron in color and luster, but is soft, and both mallea...
180: ...alts are orange red or yellowish, whereas cerium(III) salts are usually white.
187: ...s opposes graphitization and produces a malleable iron.
203: ...m(III) and cerium(IV) compounds such as [[cerium(III) chloride]] have uses as [[catalyst]]s in [[organ...
218: ...fate, Ce(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>) and cerium(III) triflate (Ce(OSO<sub>2</sub>CF<sub>3</sub>)<sub>... - Copper (13595 bytes)
155: ... ''Limulus polyphemus'' uses copper rather than [[iron]] for oxygen transport.
177: ...tate, Cu<sup>+1</sup>; and the more stable copper(II) state, Cu<sup>+2</sup>, which forms lovely blue ...
179: ...-clad roofs or domes on some buildings. [[Copper(II) sulfate]] forms a blue crystalline penta[[hydrat...
181: There are two stable copper oxides, [[copper(II) oxide]] (CuO) and [[copper(I) oxide]] (Cu<sub>2<...
183: ...(I) chloride]], [[copper(II) chloride]], [[copper(II) sulfide]]. - Iron (23778 bytes)
5: ...lspan="2" align="center">[[manganese]] – '''iron''' – [[cobalt]]</td>
17: <td>iron, Fe, 26</td></tr>
22: <td>[[group 8 element|8 (VIIIB)]], [[period 4 element|4]], [[d-block|d]]</td></...
132: ...has the symbol '''Fe''' and [[atomic number]] 26. Iron is group 8 and period 4 [[metal]].
135: ...bbreviation of ''ferrum'', the [[Latin]] word for iron. - Lanthanum (10184 bytes)
112: ...[[iron]] helps to produce nodular [[pig iron|cast iron]].
131: ... injected its elimination is very slow. Lanthanum carbonate is being studied as a compound to absorb excess [...
149: ...vironmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/La.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Lanthanum] - Lithium (11359 bytes)
141: * [[Lithium salt]]s such as [[lithium carbonate]] (Li<sub>2</sub>[[carbon|C]][[oxygen|O]]<sub>3</...
163: Since the end of [[World War II]], lithium production has greatly increased. The...
170: ...xchange]] (Li substitutes for [[magnesium]] and [[iron]] in octahedral sites in [[clay]] minerals, where...
184: ...vironmentalchemistry.com/yogi/periodic/Li.html EnvironmentalChemistry.com – Lithium] - Magnesium (9193 bytes)
7: ...is metal is to aid the removal of [[sulfur]] from iron and steel.
14: ...ts and used in producing nodular graphite in cast iron.
20: * [[Magnesium carbonate]] (Mg[[carbonate|CO<sub>3</sub>]]) powder is also used by athletes... - Aluminium (26079 bytes)
55: ...luminium exceeds that of any other metal except [[iron]], and it is important in virtually all segments ...
95: ...luable than [[gold]] (It is said that [[Napoleon III of France]] had a set of aluminium plates reserve...
101: ...uxite]], which is red since it contains 30 to 40% iron oxide. This is done using the so-called [[Bayer p...
145: ...lum�o'', Spanish ''aluminio'' and Finnish ''alumiini''. (The use of these words in these other langu...
158: ...k base and aluminium salts of weak bases, such as carbonate, can't be prepared. The salts of strong acids, su... - Manganese (14965 bytes)
5: ...r">[[chromium]] – '''manganese''' – [[iron]]</td>
94: ...td><sup>54</sup>[[chromium|Cr]]<br><sup>54</sup>[[iron|Fe]]</td></tr>
106: Manganese is a gray-white [[metal]], resembling iron. It is a hard metal and is very brittle, fusible ...
112: ...] (removing the greenish tinge that presence of [[iron]] produces) and, in higher concentration, make vi...
119: ...els derives from the inadvertent production of an iron-manganese alloy. - Sulfur (18059 bytes)
62: ...te]] [[ion]]. Inorganic sulfur forms a part of [[iron-sulfur cluster]]s, and sulfur is the bridging lig...
64: == Environmental Impact ==
65: ...sulting in substantial damage to the [[natural environment]] and [[chemical weathering]] of statues and ...
82: ...clude the metal [[sulfide]]s, such as [[pyrite]] (iron sulfide), [[cinnabar]] (mercury sulfide), [[Galen...
87: ...l sulfides are common, especially those of iron. Iron sulfide is called [[pyrite]], the so called ''foo... - Titanium (20884 bytes)
113: ...rong light-weight [[alloy]]s (most notably with [[iron]] and [[aluminum]]) and its most common compound,...
118: ... | ductile]] (especially in an [[oxygen]]-free environment), easy to work, lustrous, and metallic-white ...
127: ...in size), [[vanadium]], [[copper]] (to harden), [[iron]], [[manganese]], [[molybdenum]] and with other m...
150: ...utile]], [[titanite]] (sphene), as well in many [[iron]] ores. Of these minerals, only ilmenite and ruti...
159: ...ng its mineral ore and mixing it with [[potassium carbonate]] and aqueous [[hydrofluoric acid]]. This yields ... - Zirconium (9876 bytes)
167: ... the chemical industry for piping in corrosive environments.
169: *Its [[carbonate]] is used in [[poison ivy]] lotions.
179: ...n a small decomposition process conducted in an [[iron]] tube. Pure zirconium wasn't prepared until [[19...
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