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- Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...cesses that shape it. It is one of the [[Earth science]]s.
3: ...ice]], [[quartz]], and [[silica]], as well as elements such as [[sulfur]], [[chlorine]], and [[helium]...
5: ...r system. However, specialised terms such as ''selenology'' (studies of the [[Moon]]), ''areology'' (o...
7: ...een earthly and [[Theology|theological]] jurisprudence.
10: ...osion]] of the [[mountain]]s and by [[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of [[silt]]. - Crust (geology) (1183 bytes)
1: [[Image:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png|thumb|350px|[[Earth]] cutaway from [[cor...
3: ... stronger than the deeper layers of the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] and [[core]].
5: ... and is composed mainly of a light-colored, less dense rock called [[granite]].
8: *[[Continental drift]] - Rift (geology) (1656 bytes)
1: ...e:Rift_valley.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Rift Valley, Kenya Africa. Image provided by [http://classroomclip...
3: ... the third ultimately fails, becoming an [[aulacogen]].
11: ... Madrid Seismic Zone]] in the [[Mississippi embayment]] - Rock (geology) (2168 bytes)
3: ...[[igneous rock|igneous]], [[sedimentary rock|sedimentary]], and [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] rocks...
5: '''[[Igneous rocks]]''' are formed from molten [[magma]], and are divided into two main categori...
6: ...magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta.
8: ...ce, especially in the case of carbonate-rich sediments.
10: ...at the earth's surface, and are sufficiently high enough to change the original mineralogy to either o... - Kettle (geology) (487 bytes)
3: ...ater eroding the softer core area of a rock. When located near a lake shore the wave action causes ...
4: ...ario]], [[Canada]] has many examples of kettles, hence the name.
Page text matches
- Plateau (3062 bytes)
2: ..., like the [[tepui]]s of [[Guiana]], are formed when a section of land is uplifted that is topped with...
4: ...d basalts]], and were never associated with continents; the vast [[Ontong Jaya Plateau]] of the wester...
8: ...rland Plateau]] (a continuous landform with different local names)
16: ...[Highland Rim]] (a continuous landform with different local names)
22: ...he other tops are at the same height, which represents the original [[plain]] before uplift. - Pennsylvanian (1543 bytes)
1: ...from [[New York City|New York]] to [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]].''
3: ...l identified, but the exact date of the start and end are uncertain by a few million years.
5: ...graphic map of the [[United States]] in Middle [[Pennsylvanian]] time.]]
6: ...more-or-less continuous sequence of lowland continental deposits and are lumped together as the Carbon...
17: *http://www.palaeos.com/Paleozoic/Carboniferous/Pennsylvanian.htm - Industrial Revolution (30001 bytes)
1: ...n the first two decades of the nineteenth century enabled the manufacture of more production machines ...
3: ...development of [[Electric power|electrical power generation]].
5: ...often compared to the [[Neolithic revolution]], when mankind developed [[agriculture]] and gave up its...
7: ...guste Blanqui]] in the second half of the [[19th century]].
10: ...of the main causes was the invention of the steam engine. - Steel (28384 bytes)
3: ...rbon]]; ironically, alloys with higher carbon content than this are known as [[cast iron|iron]].
5: ..., and carbon, if present, is undesired. A more recent definition is that steels are iron-based alloys ...
8: ...elting take place in a fairly oxygen-free environment. Unlike copper and tin, liquid iron dissolves c...
11: ... ferrite around it. Self-reinforcing patterns often emerge during this process, leading to a patterne...
13: ...it requires extremely little thermal [[activation energy]] to form. - Sculpture (5545 bytes)
1: ...ith space: occupying it, relating to it, and influencing the perception of it.
3: ...on or by the simple designation of an object or even an act as sculpture.
5: ...ulptor''. A ''sculpted'' object or material has been worked to resemble sculpture either by human hand...
10: * [[Rock (geology)|stone]]
15: ** [[Porphyry (geology)|porphyry]] - Geography (8541 bytes)
1: [[Image:Environment_09.jpg|thumb|250px|Image provided by [http://cla...
2: ...nds, the features, the inhabitants, and the phenomena of the Earth. There are two main branches of Geo...
5: ...or human and also the consequences of those differences.
11: ...n culture to actively explore geography as a [[science]] and [[philosophy]]. Mapping by the [[Roman E...
13: ...[Great Geographical Discoveries]]. By the [[18th century]], geography had become recognized as a discr... - Science (19868 bytes)
3: ==What is science?==
4: There are different theories of what "science" is.
6: According to [[empiricism]], "scientific" theories are objective, empirically testabl...
8: ...e in terms of [[ontology]]: science attempts to identify what "things" in the world, their causal powe...
10: ...ertain [[verification]] is impossible and that scientific hypotheses can only be falsified ([[falsific... - Nile (13738 bytes)
12: ...e course), and, second, the point from which the length of a river is measured is not always agreed up...
14: ...g. Measuring instead from Lake Victoria gives a length of approximately 5584 km (3470 miles). It dra...
24: ...ake Victoria]], which lies between [[Uganda]], [[Kenya]] and [[Tanzania]] is considered to be the sour...
26: ...l Abyad, or the [[White Nile]], from the clay suspended in its waters. From there, the river flows to...
30: ...hiopia, but this runoff only happens in summer, when the great rains fall on the Ethiopian Plateau; th... - Continent (6440 bytes)
1: [[Image:Continents_12.jpg|thumb|250px|]]
2: ...as a [[prime meridian]], they divided the ''oikoumene'' or habitable earth into three parts: Asia was ...
4: ... give the following geologically recognized continents, from the largest to the smallest:
19: ... considered [[supercontinent]]s rather than continents, though.
21: ...and neither is a geological or geographical continent. In the same manner, historians may subdivide A... - Mediterranean Sea (9773 bytes)
4: ... part of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] almost completely enclosed by land, on the north by [[Europe]], on the...
6: ...important to understanding the origin and development of [[Western Civilization]].
11: ...er''. In [[Turkish language|Turkish]], it is ''Akdeniz'', "the white sea".
13: ...e Mediterranean Sea and its surrounding regions when employed in informal speech.
16: [[Image:Mediterranean_Relief.jpg|650px|center|Map of the Mediterranean Sea]] - Geology (12007 bytes)
1: ...cesses that shape it. It is one of the [[Earth science]]s.
3: ...ice]], [[quartz]], and [[silica]], as well as elements such as [[sulfur]], [[chlorine]], and [[helium]...
5: ...r system. However, specialised terms such as ''selenology'' (studies of the [[Moon]]), ''areology'' (o...
7: ...een earthly and [[Theology|theological]] jurisprudence.
10: ...osion]] of the [[mountain]]s and by [[Deposition (geology)|deposition]] of [[silt]]. - Glaciology (3787 bytes)
1: ... generally the study of [[ice]] and natural phenomena that involve ice.
3: ...oon)|Europa]] brings in an extraterrestrial component to the field.
9: ...tward from centers of accumulation, as in [[continental glacier]]s.
11: ...features on the landscape. Glaciology and glacial geology are key areas of polar research.
15: ...ons which once covered much of the northern continents. - Age of the Earth (20052 bytes)
1: ...ictions from different accretion models vary between several millions up to about one hundred million ...
3: == Prescientific notions ==
4: ...ng earth creationism]] (see [http://www.answersingenesis.org/creation/v24/i1/belief.asp Old-earth or y...
6: ...l of humankind, or far into the future beyond the end of humankind. One who did was [[Aristotle]], who...
9: ... in the mid-[[18th Century]] that the Earth had been created separately from the rest of the universe,... - Lithosphere (1918 bytes)
1: ...|crust]] and the uppermost layer of the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] (the upper mantle or lower lithosphere)...
3: ... The crust is distinguished from the mantle, and hence the upper mantle, by the change in chemical com...
5: ...h older oceanic crust. The thickness of the continental lithospheric plates is probably around 150 kil...
7: ... independently relative to one another. This movement of lithospheric plates is described as plate tec...
11: * The [[Continental crust|continental lithosphere/crust]]. - Crust (geology) (1183 bytes)
1: [[Image:Earth-crust-cutaway-english.png|thumb|350px|[[Earth]] cutaway from [[cor...
3: ... stronger than the deeper layers of the [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] and [[core]].
5: ... and is composed mainly of a light-colored, less dense rock called [[granite]].
8: *[[Continental drift]] - Tectonic plate (1989 bytes)
1: ...rld were mapped in the second half of the [[20th century]].]]
2: ...phere]]). The surface of the Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many more minor ones.
4: ...th's [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]] called the [[asthenosphere]], which is in constant motion. This is in...
6: ...pes of crust also differ in thickness, with continental crusts considerably thicker than oceanic.
8: ...ise to [[earthquake]]s and other geological phenomena. - Plate tectonics (27764 bytes)
1: ...rs, the outer [[lithosphere]] and the inner [[asthenosphere]].
3: ...ctivity]], [[mountain]]-building, and [[oceanic trench]] formation occur along plate boundaries (most ...
5: ...y]], the discovery of the [[genetic code]] for [[genetics]], or [[evolution]] in [[biology]]).
6: ...rld were mapped in the second half of the [[20th century]].]]
8: ...ws the tectonic plates to undergo motion in different directions. - Continental drift (4518 bytes)
3: ... by [[Robert Dietz]], [[Bruce C. Heezen|Bruce Heezen]], and [[Harry Hess]] along with a rekindling of ...
5: ...ion on current ideas underlying concepts of continental drift.
9: South America and Africa are moving apart at [[Centimetre|3 cm]] per year, due to the [[seafloor spr...
10: ...s_map.jpg|right|350px|Portrayal of shifting continents]]
11: == Evidence for continental drift == - Igneous rock (11419 bytes)
3: ...ormed beneath the surface of the Earth's [[Crust (geology)|crust]]. The word "igneous" is derived from the ...
6: ...arts of the mantle at temperatures estimated between 600 to 1600 °C.
8: ...ate minerals]], which account for over ninety percent of all igneous rocks.
10: ...by a relatively thin but widespread layer of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.
15: ...[[stratum|strata]], allowing a time sequence of events; - Earth (30908 bytes)
4: ... any Hitchhiker's Guide reference in here. It's been done to death. Find a gem with which to improve t...
7: ...nt species]] is the [[human]] (''Homo sapiens sapiens'').
9: Its symbol consists of a circled cross, representing a [[meridian]] and the [[equator]]; a variant...
12: {{seemain|Geology}}
14: ...Earth is an oblate spheroid within a [[tolerance (engineering)|tolerance]] of one part in about 584, o...
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