Seljuk Turks
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The Seljuk Turks are regarded as the ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Azerbaijan. The Seljuk Turks and their descendants, the Ottoman Turks, played a major role in medieval history by creating a barrier to Europe against the Mongol invaders from the East, defending the Islamic world against Crusaders from the West, and conquering the Byzantine Empire.
Under Alp Arslan's successor Malik Shah I and his vizier Nizam al-Mulk the Seljuk state expanded in various directions so that it bordered China in the East and the Byzantine Empire in the West. When Malik Shah died in 1092 the empire split, as his brother and four sons quarrelled over the apportioning of the empire among themselves. In 1118, the third son Ahmed Sanjar, unsatisfied by his portion of the inheritance, took over the empire. His brothers did not recognize his claim to the throne and Mahmud II proclaimed himself Sultan and established a capital in Baghdad. Ahmed Sanjar was captured and held captive by Turkish nomads from 1153 to 1156 and died the following year.
Despite several attempts to reunite the Seljuks in the centuries following Malik Shah's death, the Crusades prevented them from regaining their former empire. For a brief period, Toğrül III, was the Sultan of all Seljuk except for Anatolia. In 1194 Toğrül was defeated by Ala ad-Din Tekish, the Shah of Khwarezm, and the Seljuk finally collapsed. Of the former Great Seljuk Empire, only the Sultanate of Rüm in Anatolia remained. As the dynasty declined in the middle of the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Anatolia in the 1260s and divided it into small emirates called the Anatolian beyliks, which in turn were later conquered by the Ottomans.
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Rulers of Great Seljuk 1037-1157
- Toğrül bin Mikail (Tughril Beg) 1037-1063
- Alp Arslan bin Chaghri 1063-1072
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I 1072-1092
- Nasir ad-Din Mahmud I 1092-1094
- Rukn ad-Din Barkiyaruq 1094-1105
- Mu'izz ad-Din Ahmed Sanjar 1097-1157
- Mu'izz ad-Din Malik Shah II 1105
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mehmed I Tapar (Muhammad) 1105-1118
- Mahmud II 1118-1131
- Dawud (David) 1131-1132
- Toğrül II (Tughril Beg) 1132-1134
- Mas'ud 1134-1152
- Malik Shah III 1152-1153
- Mehmed II (Muhammad II) 1153-1160
- Süleyman Shah (Sulaiman Shah) 1160-1161
- Arslan Shah 1161-1176
- Toğrül III (Tughril Beg III) 1176-1194
Seljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187
Kerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by Toğrül III of Great Seljuk.
- Qawurd 1041-1073
- Kerman Shah 1073-1074
- Sultan Shah 1074-1075
- Hussain Omar 1075-1084
- Turan Shah I 1084-1096
- Iran Shah 1096-1101
- Arslan Shah I 1101-1142
- Mehmed I (Muhammad) 1142-1156
- Toğrül Shah 1156-1169
- Bahram Shah 1169-1174
- Arslan Shah II 1174-1176
- Turan Shah II 1176-1183
- Mehmed II (Muhammad) 1183-1187
Seljuk Rulers in Syria 1076-1117
- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1085-1086
- Jalal ad-Dawlah Malik Shah I of Great Seljuk 1086-1087
- Qasim ad-Dawla Abu Said Aq Sunqur al-Hajib 1087-1094
- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I (second time) 1094-1095
- Fakhr al-Mulk Radwan 1095-1113
- Tadj ad-Dawla Alp Arslan al-Akhras 1113-1114
- Sultan Shah 1114-1123
- Aziz ibn Abaaq al-Khwarazmi 1076-1079
- Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I 1079-1095
- Abu Nasr Shams al-Muluk Duqaq 1095-1104
- Tutush II 1104
- Muhi ad-Din Baqtash 1104
Seljuk Sultans of Rüm (Anatolia) 1077-1307
- Kutalmish 1060-1077
- Süleyman Ibn Kutalmish (Suleiman) 1077-1086
- Dawud Kilij Arslan I 1092-1107
- Malik Shah 1107-1116
- Rukn ad-Din Mas'ud 1116-1156
- Izz ad-Din Kilij Arslan II 1156-1192
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I 1192-1196
- Süleyman II (Suleiman) 1196-1204
- Kilij Arslan III 1204-1205
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau I (second time) 1205-1211
- Izz ad-Din Kay Ka'us I 1211-1220
- Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh I 1220-1237
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II 1237-1246
- Izz ad-Din Kay Ka'us II 1246-1260
- Rukn ad-Din Kilij Arslan IV 1248-1265
- Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh II 1249-1257
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau II (second time) 1257-1259
- Ghiyath ad-Din Kay Khusrau III 1265-1282
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II 1282-1284
- Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III 1284
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (second time) 1284-1293
- Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III (second time) 1293-1294
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (third time) 1294-1301
- Ala ad-Din Kay Qubadh III (third time) 1301-1303
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud II (fourth time) 1303-1307
- Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud III 1307
See also
External links
- All About Turkey: The Seljuks (http://www.allaboutturkey.com/selcuk.htm)
- Sadberkhanim Muzesi: Seljuk Art (http://www.sadberkhanimmuzesi.org.tr/english/sanat/selcuklu.htm)
- The Seljuks: Great Seljuks (http://www.islamicarchitecture.org/dynasties/seljuks.html)