Punjabi language
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| Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ / پنجابی) | |
|---|---|
| Spoken in: | India, Pakistan and other countries with Punjabi migrants |
| Region: | Punjab |
| Total speakers: | 27 million (Eastern) 61-62 million (Western) |
| Ranking: | 11th |
| Genetic classification: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Punjabi |
| Official status | |
| Official language of: | Punjab, India |
| Regulated by: | --- |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | pa |
| ISO 639-2 | pan |
| SIL | PMU, PNB, PNJ |
| See also: Language – List of languages | |
Punjabi.png
Punjabi is the official language of the Indian state of Punjab, and is also spoken in neighbouring areas such as Haryana and Delhi. In Pakistan, however, it is not an official language and has no official status in education. In formal contexts, such as government, newspapers, and education, as well as in most writing, Pakistani Punjabi speakers tend to use Urdu and English, which are the nation's official tongues. This has led to resentment from many Punjabi speakers, who form the largest single linguistic group in Pakistan (i.e. about 50% of the total Pakistani population, or above 60% if we include the closely related Punjabi dialect 'Siraiki', spoken in and around the historical city of Multan).
Punjabi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries, including Afghanistan, as well as many nations where Punjabis have emigrated in large numbers, such as Britain, the United States and especially Canada, where it is the fifth most commonly used language. [1] (http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?Temporal=2001&PID=55536&APATH=3&GID=431515&METH=1&PTYPE=55440&THEME=41&FOCUS=0&AID=0&PLACENAME=0&PROVINCE=0&SEARCH=0&GC=0&GK=0&VID=0&FL=0&RL=0&FREE=0) Punjabi is the sacred language of the Sikhs, in which the religious literature is written (See Adi Granth). It is the usual language of Bhangra music, which has recently gained wide popularity both in South Asia and abroad.
Punjabi culture, much like its Bengali counterpart, suffered a split between India and Pakistan during the Partition of 1947. As such, Punjabi language and culture tend to be uniting factors in spite of national and religious affiliations.
Modern Punjabi has borrowed extensively from other languages, including Hindi, Urdu, Persian and English. Like other North Indian languages, it is derived from Sanskrit and is therefore Indo-European. In addition, like Hindi and Urdu, it has a substantial number of loanwords from Arabic, Persian, and even a few from Turkish. Many sources subdivide the Punjabi language into Western Punjabi - Lehnda (ਲੇਹੰਦਾ) or Lahnda (ਲਹਿੰਦਾ) - and Eastern Punjabi.
There are several different scripts used for writing the Punjabi language, depending on the region and the dialect spoken, as well as the religion of the speaker. Sikhs and others in the Indian state of Punjab tend to use the Gurmukhi (from the mouth of the Gurus) script. Hindus, and those living in neighbouring states such as Haryana and Himachal Pradesh sometimes use the Devanagari script. Finally, Muslims, and in general Pakistani Punjabis, use a modified Arabic script called Shahmukhi.
Much like English, Punjabi has moved around the world and developed local forms by integrating local vocabulary. While most loanwords come from English, Hindi and Urdu (and indirectly, from Persian and Arabic), Punjabi emigrants around the world have integrated terms from such languages as Spanish and Dutch. A distinctive "Diaspora Punjabi" is thus emerging. As there is no formal consensus over vocabulary and spelling in Punjabi, it is likely that Diaspora Punjabi will increasingly deviate from the forms found on the Indian Subcontinent in the future.
Notable authors
- Waris Shah
- Jaka Shah
- Bulleh Shah
- Hashim
- Sultan Bahu
- Navjit Ghuman
- Shiv Kumar Batalvi
- Amrita Pritam
- Kartar Duggal
- Mohan Singh
- Pash
- Sahin Nashin Jahui
- Gurbaksh Singh Preetlari
- Nanak Singh
- Ilyas Ghumman
- Saadat Hasan Manto
- Surjit Patar
- Bhai Veer Singh
- Dhani Ram Chatrik
- Gurdial Singh
- Sohan Singh Seetal
- Sant Singh Sekhon
See also
- Demographics of India for a list of the official languages of India
- List of Punjabi authors
- List of Punjabi poets
- List of Punjabi prose writers
- List of Punjabi musicians
- List of Punjabi televisions
External links
- A look at the variety on offer in panjabi language and culture (http://www.panjabi.tv)
- Punjabi dictionary (http://www.punjabidictionary.com/)
- Punjabi Computing Resource Centre (http://guca.sourceforge.net/)
- Academy of the Punjab In North America (APNA) (http://www.apnaorg.com)
- Free online Diaspora Punjabi (Gurmukhi) lessons (http://www.5abi.com/5ratan/)
- Learn Gurmukhi - Sound and Graphics (http://www.punjabonline.com/servlet/library.language?Action=Main)
- Punjabi Language and Literature (http://www.punjabi.net/punjab/literature.htm)
- Peoples and Languages in Pre-Islamic Indus Valley (http://asnic.utexas.edu/asnic/subject/peoplesandlanguages.html)
- Ethnologue - Languages of India (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=India)
- Ethnologue - Languages of Pakistan (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=Pakistan)
- Romanized to Unicode Punjabi transliterator (http://www.iit.edu/~laksvij/language/punjabi.html)es:Panyabi
da:Punjabisk de:Pandschabi eo:Panĝaba lingvo fr:Panjb hi:पंजाबी id:Bahasa Punjabi no:Punjabi nn:Panjabi pa:ਪੰਜਾਬੀ pl:Język pendżabski ru:Панджаби sv:Punjabi