Gurmukhi
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The Gurmukhi (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ or ਗੁਰਮੁੱਖੀ) script, derived from the Later Sharada script and standardised by Guru Angad Dev in the 16th century, was designed to write the Punjabi (ਪੰਜਾਬੀ) language. The whole of the Guru Granth Sahib's 1430 pages are written in this script. The word Gurmukhi is commonly translated as "from the Mouth of the Guru".
Gurmukhi is a form of alphabet called an abugida, as each consonant has an inherent vowel (a), that can be changed using vowel signs.
Modern Gurmukhi has forty-one consonants (Vianjans), nine vowel symbols (Laga Matra), two symbols for nasal sounds (Bindi and Tippi) and one symbol which duplicates the sound of any consonant (Addak). In addition, four conjuncts are used: three subjoined forms of the consonants Rara, Haha and Vava, and one half-form of Yaiyya. Use of the conjunct forms of Vava and Yaiyya in increasingly scarce in modern contexts.
Gurmukhi has been adapted to write other languages, such as Sanskrit, Hindi and Braj Bhasha.
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Origins
Like most of the North Indian writing systems, the Gurmukhi script is a descendant of the Brahmi script. The Proto-Gurmukhi letters evolved through the Gupta script, from 4th to 8th century, followed by the Sharada script, from 8th century onwards, and finally adapted their archaic form in the Devasesha stage of the Later Sharada script, dated between the 10th and 14th centuries.
The traditional accounts, such as the references found in the Janamsakhi literature, say that the Gurmukhi script was invented by the second Sikh Guru, Guru Angad Dev. However, it would be correct to say that the script was standardised, rather than invented, by the Sikh Gurus. E.P. Newton (Panjabi Grammar, 1898) writes that at least 21 Gurmukhi characters are found in ancient manuscripts: 6 from 10th century, 12 from 3rd century BC and 3 from 5th century BC. Apparently, the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak Dev also used the Gurmukhi script for his writings.
There are two major theories on how the Proto-Gurmukhi script emerged in the 15th century. G.B. Singh (1950), while quoting Abu Raihan Al-Biruni's Ta'rikh al-Hind (1030 AD), says that the script evolved from Ardhanagari. Al-Biruni writes that the Ardhanagari script was used in Bhatinda, including Sindh and western parts of the Punjab in the 10th century. For some time, Bhatinda remained the capital of the kingdom of Bhatti Rajputs of the Pal clan, who ruled North India before the Muslims occupied the country. Because of its connection with the Bhattis, the Ardhanagari script was also called Bhatachhari. According to Al-Biruni, Ardhanagari was a mixture of Nagari, used in Ujjain and Malwa, and Siddha Matrika or the Siddham script, a variant of the Sharada script used in Kashmir.
Pritam Singh (1992) has also traced the origins of Gurmukhi to the Siddha Matrika.
Tarlochan Singh Bedi (1999) writes that the Gurmukhi script developed in the 10-14th centuries from the Devasesha stage of the Sharada script. His argument is that from the 10th century, regional differences started to appear between the Sharada script used in Punjab, the Hill States (partly Himachal Pradesh) and Kashmir. The regional Sharada script evolves from this stage till the 14th century, when it starts to appear in the form of Gurmukhi. Indian epigraphists call this stage Devasesha, while Bedi prefers the name Pritham Gurmukhi or Proto-Gurmukhi.
Gurus adopted the Proto-Gurmukhi script to write the Guru Granth Sahib, the religious scriptures of the Sikhs. Other contemporary scripts used in the Punjab were Takri and the Lande alphabets. Also Takri was a script that developed through the Devasesha stage of the Sharada script, and is found mainly in the Hill States, such as Chamba, where it is called Chambyali and in Jammu, where it is known as Dogri. The local Takri variants got the status of official scripts in some of the Punjab Hill States, and were used for both administrative and literary purposes until the 19th century. After 1948, when Himachal Pradesh was established as an administrative unit, the local Takri variants were replaced by Devanagari.
Meanwhile, the mercantile scripts of Punjab known as the Lande were normally not used for literary purposes. Landa means alphabet "without tail", applying that the script did not have vowel symbols. In Punjab, there were atleast ten different scripts classified as Lande, Mahajani being the most popular. The Lande alphabets were used for household and trade purposes. Compared to the Lande, Sikh Gurus favoured the use of Proto-Gurmukhi, because of the difficulties involved in pronouncing words without vowel signs.
The usage of Gurmukhi letters in Guru Granth Sahib meant that the script developed its own orthographical rules. In the following epochs, Gurmukhi became the prime script applied for literary writings of the Sikhs. Later in the 20th century, the script was given the authority as the official script of the Eastern Punjabi language. Meanwhile, in Western Punjab a form of the Urdu script, known as Shahmukhi is still in use.
Gurmukhi etymology
The word Gurmukhi is commonly translated as "from the Mouth of the Guru". However, the term used for the Punjabi script has somewhat different connotations. The opinion given by traditional scholars is that as the Sikh holy writings, before they were scribed, were uttered by the Gurus, they came to be known as Gurmukhi or the "Utterance of the Guru". And consequently, the script that was used for scribing the utterance was also given the same name. However, the prevalent view among Punjabi linguists is that as in the early stages the Gurmukhi letters were primarily used by Gurmukhs, or the Sikhs devoted to the Guru, the script came to be assosiated with them. Another view is that as the Gurmukhs, in accordance with the Sikh belief, used to meditate on the letters ਵ, ਹ, ਗ, ਰ which jointly form ਵਾਹਿਗੁਰੂ or God in Sikhism, these letters were called Gurmukhi or the "speech of the Gurmukhs". Subsequently, the whole script came to be known as Gurmukhi.
Alphabet
The Gurmukhi alphabet contains thirty-five distinct letters. The first three letters are unique because they form the basis for vowels and are not consonants. Except for Aira, the first three characters are never used on their own. See the section on vowels for further details.
| Name | Pron. | Name | Pron. | Name | Pron. | Name | Pron. | Name | Pron. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ੳ | Ura | ਅ | Aira | ੲ | Iri | ਸ | Sussa | Sa | ਹ | Haha | Ha | |||
| ਕ | Kakka | Ka | ਖ | Khukha | Kha | ਗ | Gugga | Ga | ਘ | Ghugga | Gha | ਙ | Ungga | Nga |
| ਚ | Chuchaa | Ca | ਛ | Chhuchha | Cha | ਜ | Jujja | Ja | ਝ | Jhujja | Jha | ਞ | Yanza | Nya |
| ਟ | Tainka | Tta | ਠ | Thutha | Ttha | ਡ | Dudda | Dda | ਢ | Dhudda | Ddha | ਣ | Nahnha | Nna |
| ਤ | Tutta | Ta | ਥ | Thutha | Tha | ਦ | Duda | Da | ਧ | Dhuda | Dha | ਨ | Nunna | Na |
| ਪ | Puppa | Pa | ਫ | Phupha | Pha | ਬ | Bubba | Ba | ਭ | Bhubba | Bha | ਮ | Mumma | Ma |
| ਯ | Yaiyya | Ya | ਰ | Rara | Ra | ਲ | Lulla | La | ਵ | Vava | Va | ੜ | Rahrha | Rra |
In addition to these, there are six consonants created by placing a dot (bindi) at the foot (pair) of the consonant:
| Name | Pron. | |
|---|---|---|
| ਸ਼ | Shusha paireen bindi | Sha |
| ਖ਼ | Khukha paireen bindi | Khha |
| ਗ਼ | Gugga paireen bindi | Ghha |
| ਜ਼ | Zuzza paireen bindi | Za |
| ਫ਼ | Fuffa paireen bindi | Fa |
| ਲ਼ | Lulla paireen bindi | Lla |
Lulla paireen bindi was only recently added to the Gurmukhi alphabet. Some sources may not consider it a separate letter.
Vowels
Gurmukhi follows similar concepts to other Brahmi scripts and as such, all consonants are followed by an inherent‘a’sound (unless at the end of a word when the ‘a’ is usually dropped). This inherent vowel sound can be changed by using dependent vowel signs which attach to a bearing consonant. In some cases, dependent vowel signs cannot be used – at the beginning of a word or syllable for instance – and so an independent vowel character is used instead.
Independent vowels are constructed using three bearer characters: Ura (ੳ), Aira (ਅ) and Iri (ੲ). With the exception of Aira (which represents the vowel 'a') they are never used without additional vowel signs.
| Vowel | Name | IPA | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ind. | Dep. | with /k/ | Letter | Unicode | |
| ਅ | (none) | ਕ | Mukta | A | |
| ਆ | ਾ | ਕਾ | Kanna | AA | |
| ਇ | ਿ | ਕਿ | Sihari | I | |
| ਈ | ੀ | ਕੀ | Bihari | II | |
| ਉ | ੁ | ਕੁ | Onkar | U | |
| ਊ | ੂ | ਕੂ | Dulankar | UU | |
| ਏ | ੇ | ਕੇ | Lavan | EE | |
| ਐ | ੈ | ਕੈ | Dulavan | AI | |
| ਓ | ੋ | ਕੋ | Hora | O | |
| ਔ | ੌ | ਕੌ | Kanuara | AU | |
Dotted circles represent the bearer consonant. Vowels are always pronounced after the consonant they are attached to. Thus, Sihari is always written to the left, but pronounced after the character on the right.
Vowel Examples
| Word | Transcription | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ਆਲੂ | ālū | potato |
| ਦਿਲ | dil | heart |
Halant
The Halant (੍) character is not used when writing Punjabi in Gurmukhi. However, it may occasionally be used in Sanskritised text or in dictionaries for extra phonetic information. When it is used, it represents the suppression of the inherent vowel.
The affect of this is shown below:
- ਕ – Ka
- ਕ੍ – K
Numerals
Gurmukhi has its own set of numerals that behave exactly as Arabic numerals do. These are used extensively in older texts. In modern contexts, they are being replaced by standard Latin numerals although they are still in widespread use.
- 0 - ੦
- 1 - ੧
- 2 - ੨
- 3 - ੩
- 4 - ੪
- 5 - ੫
- 6 - ੬
- 7 - ੭
- 8 - ੮
- 9 - ੯
Other Signs
Bindi (ਂ) and Tippi (ੰ) are used for nasalisation (similar to the ‘n’ sound in words ending in ‘ing’). In general, Onkar (u) and Dulankar (uu) take Bindi in their initial forms and Tippi when used after a consonant. All other short vowels take Tippi and all other long vowels take Bindi. Older texts may not follow these conventions.
The use of Addak (ੱ) indicates that the following consonant is geminate. This means that the subsequent consonant is doubled or reinforced.
Visarg
The Visarg symbol (ਃ) is used very occassionally in Gurmukhi. It can either represent an abbreviation (like period is used in English) or it can act like a Sanskrit Visarg where a voiceless ‘h’ sound is pronounced after the vowel.
Ek Onkar
Ek Onkar (ੴ) is a Gurmukhi symbol that is often used in Sikh literature. It literally means ‘one God’.
Gurmukhi in Unicode
The Unicode range for Gurmukhi is U+0A00 to U+0A7F. Using Unicode for Gurmukhi has only recently started to become widespread. Many sites still use proprietary fonts that convert Latin ASCII codes to Gurmukhi glyphs.
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| A00 | ਁ | ਂ | ਃ | ਅ | ਆ | ਇ | ਈ | ਉ | ਊ | ਏ | ||||||
| A10 | ਐ | ਓ | ਔ | ਕ | ਖ | ਗ | ਘ | ਙ | ਚ | ਛ | ਜ | ਝ | ਞ | ਟ | ||
| A20 | ਠ | ਡ | ਢ | ਣ | ਤ | ਥ | ਦ | ਧ | ਨ | ਪ | ਫ | ਬ | ਭ | ਮ | ਯ | |
| A30 | ਰ | ਲ | ਲ਼ | ਵ | ਸ਼ | ਸ | ਹ | ਼ | ਾ | ਿ | ||||||
| A40 | ੀ | ੁ | ੂ | ੇ | ੈ | ੋ | ੌ | ੍ | ||||||||
| A50 | ਖ਼ | ਗ਼ | ਜ਼ | ੜ | ਫ਼ | |||||||||||
| A60 | ੦ | ੧ | ੨ | ੩ | ੪ | ੫ | ੬ | ੭ | ੮ | ੯ | ||||||
| A70 | ੰ | ੱ | ੲ | ੳ | ੴ |
Bibliography
Following books/articles have been written on the origins of the Gurmukhi script (all in the Punjabi language):
Gurbaksh (G.B.) Singh. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Chandigarh: Punjab University, 1950.
Ishar Singh Tãgh, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Vigyamulak Adhiyan. Patiala: Jodh Singh Karamjit Singh.
Kala Singh Bedi, Dr. Lipi da Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1995.
Kartar Singh Dakha. Gurmukhi te Hindi da Takra. 1948.
Piara Singh Padam, Prof. Gurmukhi Lipi da Itihas. Patiala: Kalgidhar Kalam Foundation Kalam Mandir, 1953.
Prem Parkash Singh, Dr. "Gurmukhi di Utpati." Khoj Patrika, Patiala: Punjabi University.
Pritam Singh, Prof. "Gurmukhi Lipi." Khoj Patrika. p.110, vol.36, 1992. Patiala: Punjabi University.
Sohan Singh Galautra. Punjab dian Lipiã.
Tarlochan Singh Bedi, Dr. Gurmukhi Lipi da Janam te Vikas. Patiala: Punjabi University, 1999.
External Links
- Punjabi Computing Resource Centre (http://guca.sourceforge.net/)
- Saab - A free Unicode 4.0 OpenType Gurmukhi font (http://guca.sourceforge.net/typography/fonts/saab/)
- Gurmukhi pseudo text generator (http://www.zenofliving.ca/bhupinder/punjabi.php/)
- Free online Punjabi (Gurmukhi) lessons (http://www.5abi.com/5ratan/)
- Learn Gurmukhi (http://www.punjabonline.com/servlet/library.language?Action=Main)
- Omniglot's guide to Gurmukhi (http://www.omniglot.com/writing/gurmuki.htm)
- Test for Unicode support in Web browsers (http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/gurmukhi.html)
- Unicode script chart for Gurmukhi (PDF file) (http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0A00.pdf)
- Introduction to Gurmukhi (http://punjabirc.tiet.ac.in/On-Line-Teaching-Punjabi/frame/PUNJABI%20intro%20page1.htm)de:Gurmukhi-Schrift