Nauvoo Legion
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Missing image NauvooLegionpaint.gif The Nauvoo Legion |
Missing image NauvooLegion.jpg Joseph Smith marshalling the Nauvoo Legion |
The Nauvoo Legion was a private militia employed by Joseph Smith, Jr. and Brigham Young during the Latter Day Saint movement through 1870 for the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the LDS Church; see also "Mormon"). The Legion was named for the city of its inception, Nauvoo, Illinois, although it only operated there for six years.
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Formation
In 1839, Joseph Smith relocated his followers—the Mormons—from a hostile environment in Missouri to Commerce, Illinois which he renamed Nauvoo. Voter-conscious Illinois Democrats and Whigs (including Abraham Lincoln) passed a bipartisan city-state charter for Nauvoo in 1840. On December 16 the governor signed it into law, granting Smith and the city of Nauvoo broad powers. Among these was the authority to create a "body of independent militarymen." This force was a militia, not a police force, and it became known as the "Nauvoo Legion". By 1842, the militia had 2,000 troops, and at least 3,000 by 1844, including some non-Mormons. In comparison, the U.S. Army had only 8,500 men in this period.
There was extensive overlap between officers in the Nauvoo Legion and a previous secretive group of Mormon vigilantes called the "Danites". Organized by Doctor Sampson Avard in 1838, the Danites were a group known for violence and subscription to a doctrine called "blood atonement." Avard was excommunicated from the Church for organizing the Danites and officers of the Church publicly disavowed any sponsorship. Exercising their influence, leaders disbanded the organization soon after its founding. However, former Danites in the Nauvoo Legion fueled the misperception by some that the militia was also a vigilante group. To the contrary, records indicate that officers of the Legion strove for an aura of legitimacy.
Although the charter authorizing the Nauvoo Legion created an independent militia, it could be used at the disposal of the governor or the president as well as for the mayor of Nauvoo. Joseph Smith himself was Nauvoo's second mayor, and the Nauvoo court martial also appointed him as highest ranking officer of the Legion, a Lieutenant General. This rank is one step above Major General which most contemporary militias employed as their commanding rank. One motive for the higher rank was to prevent Smith from being tried in a court martial by officers of lesser rank. In 1837 the Missouri militia had contemplated an illegal court martial against Smith, only a civilian at that time.
In the last month of his life, June 1844, Smith declared martial law in Nauvoo and deployed the Legion to defend the city.
Surviving Smith's death
In the morning of the last day of Joseph Smith's life, June 27, 1844, he sent an order to Johnathan Dunham, major general of the Nauvoo Legion. Smith requested that Dunham immediately bring troops to the Carthage Jail where Smith was imprisoned. Wishing to avoid confrontation with state troops, and a possible siege on Nauvoo itself, Dunham refused to obey the orders. Smith was assassinated by a mob attacking the jail that evening.
However, the Legion survived the loss of its founder. Brigham Young became the ranking officer of the militia in August, 1844. The Legion insufficiently protected the Mormons from increased mob violence, so Young directed most of his followers out of the city while a crew remained to complete the Nauvoo Temple. Upon revocation of the Nauvoo Charter in the winter of 1844-1845, the Legion became an extra-legal militia which it would remain for the much of its existence. Illinois was abandoned by the Mormons entirely by September 17, 1846 after a week of artillery shelling called the "Battle of Nauvoo".
The Nauvoo Legion survived the abandonment of its namesake. The Legion was re-organized in Iowa by Hosea Stout on September 22, 1846.
In Utah
Some legionnaires served in the 500-man Mormon Battalion for the U.S. government in 1846 as part of its campaign against Mexico. However, the Nauvoo Legion itself resurfaced to prominence soon after Brigham Young led the first band of Mormons to Utah, then called Deseret, in 1847. Under territorial law, the Nauvoo Legion became the territorial militia in 1852 although it curiously retained its name.
1849 conflicts with Native Americans in Utah County foreshadowed the 1853-1854 Walker War between the Nauvoo Legion and Indians led by Chief Wakara ("Walker"). Twenty service men and many more Native Americans died in the Walker War.
The Legion was used again in the so-called "Utah War" against federal troops entering Utah in the "Utah Expedition" from 1857-1858. After this conflict, the federal government appointed Utah's territorial governor, and the Nauvoo Legion was allowed to exist supposedly at the command of the governor. However, it was widely known the Legion was more responsive to Latter-day Saint leaders than appointed government officials.
Former Nauvoo Legion officers and militiamen also took part in the Mountain Meadows Massacre of 120 Arkansas immigrants traveling through Southern Utah.
During the civil war, two units of the re-organized Nauvoo Legion were gainfully employed by the United States to protect western mail and telegraph lines.
The final use of the Legion was in Utah's Black Hawk War 1865-1868 when over 2,500 troops were dispatched against Indians led by Antonga Black Hawk. (Antonga Black Hawk was a Ute and has no connection to the Illinois Sauk chief Black Hawk of the 1830s.) In 1870 the Utah Territorial governor, J. Wilson Shaffer forced the Legion inactive unless he ordered otherwise. Federal troops dispatched in response to the 1870 Ghost Dance ensured Shaffer's order was enforced. The Nauvoo Legion never gathered again, and the 1887 Edmunds-Tucker Act permanently disbanded it. In 1894, in anticipation of statehood, the Utah National Guard was organized as Utah's official state militia.
External links
- Utah History Encyclopedia: The Utah National Gaurd and Territorial Militias (http://www.media.utah.edu/UHE/u/UTAHNATIONALGUARD.html)
- LDS.org, Images of Old Nauvoo: Mormon Legion (http://www.lds.org/museum/exhibits/nauvoo/exhibit/0,13482,4088-1-2-14-30,00.html)
- Light Planet: Nauvoo Legion (http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/daily/history/1831_1844/nauvoo_legion_eom.htm) – from the Encyclopedia of Mormonism