Machias Seal Island
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Machias Seal Island is an island located at Template:Coor dms. Sovereignty of the island is under dispute with ownership claimed by both Canada and the United States.
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Geography
The relationship of Machias Seal Island to the Grand Manan archipelago is a source of some dispute among geologists. The island is considered to be a possible continuation of the series of exposed shoals, rocks, and islets strewn south and west of Grand Manan Island. The deeper Grand Manan Channel lies to the north and west of the island, between the coast of Washington County, Maine.
Machias Seal Island is located in the Gulf of Maine, approximately 16 kilometres (10 miles) southeast from Cutler, Maine and approximately 19 kilometres (12 miles) southwest of Southwest Head, New Brunswick on Grand Manan Island. Machias Seal Island measures approximately 80,000 m² (20 acres) in area, and is largely barren rock and devoid of trees.
Because of its location at the boundary between the Gulf of Maine and the Bay of Fundy, Machias Seal Island is fog-bound for many days of the year. It is also a sanctuary for seabirds such as the famous Atlantic Puffin and the common tern.
History
Likely used by the Passamaquoddy Nation in the pre-European era, Machias Seal Island was never actively nor successfully settled during the years when French and British explorers were discovering this part of North America. Famously, the island was largely overlooked by both Great Britain and its warring colonies during the American Revolutionary War. However, it was geo-political events stemming from this war which established Machias Seal Island's place in world history.
The Treaty of Paris (1783) (also referred to as the "The Paris Peace Treaty of 1783") ended the conflict surrounding the American Revolutionary War. Article 2 attempted to establish the boundaries between the United States and British North America and part of this text stated the following:
And that all disputes which might arise in future on the subject of the boundaries of the said United States may be prevented, it is hereby agreed and declared, that the following are and shall be their boundaries, from the northwest angle of Nova Scotia, that angle which is formed by a line drawn due north from the source of St. Croix River to the highlands...
...comprehending all islands within twenty leagues of any part of the shores of the United States, and lying between lines to be drawn due east from the points where the aforesaid boundaries between Nova Scotia on the one part and East Florida on the other shall, respectively, touch the Bay of Fundy and the Atlantic Ocean, excepting such islands as now are or heretofore have been within the limits of the said province of Nova Scotia.
The "northwest angle" of Nova Scotia is reportedly referring to Cape St. Marys, Nova Scotia located at Template:Coor dm. Apparently Machias Seal Island lies farther than 20 leagues west of the line drawn between Cape St. Marys and the St. Croix River (which originally defined the western boundary with Massachusetts for Nova Scotia's land grant). Additional ambiguity lies in the original text of the land grant dated 1621 to Sir William Alexander (founder of Nova Scotia) in which all "islands" lying within 6 leagues of any coasts are deemed part of Nova Scotia. Machias Seal Island lies within 3.5 leagues from Grand Manan Island and 3 leagues from the coast of Maine, although Britain would later cease its claims on other islands in eastern Maine, such as Moose Island.
These ambiguities resulted in both countries claiming the island, although the island itself wasn't largely known until the mid-19th century during the golden years of the "Age of Sail." During the War of 1812, Great Britain occupied a large portion of coastal Maine extending from the border with New Brunswick (created from Nova Scotia in 1784) west to the Penobscot River valley. During this time, tolls were charged upon residents at various occupied harbours in the area. Great Britain withdrew their forces upon signing the Treaty of Ghent in 1814 with the stipulation being that the boundary should be better delineated in the area of the Grand Manan Channel. However Britain maintained possession of Machias Seal Island, under pressure from shipping interests at the burgeoning port of Saint John, with a lighthouse being established and manned, beginning in 1832. There is no indication of either nation having a presence on the island prior to 1832. Later boundary treaties and negotiations extended the seaward boundary in the Grand Manan Channel in 1908-1910 to its present terminus, roughly equidistant between Grand Manan Island and the coast of Maine, and several dozen kilometres northeast of Machias Seal Island.
Canadian Interest in Machias Seal Island
Great Britain, and later Canada, have maintained an ongoing interest in the island, largely through continuous occupation by manning the lighthouse. Until the 1970s-1980s, lighthouse keepers would live on the island with their families, receiving supplies by sea from Grand Manan or Saint John. In recent decades, the island has been protected under its designation as the Machias Seal Island National Wildlife Area (a wildlife and seabird sanctuary), managed by the Canadian Wildlife Service. No private citizen in Canada has made an ownership claim to Machias Seal Island, and Canada considers the property to be wholly owned by the federal government. The island has long been included in federal and provincial electoral districts, and policing has been enforced on the island by Royal Canadian Mounted Police and on waters surrounding the island by the Department of Fisheries and Oceans. In the 20th century, some Canadian residents placed mining claims on the island as an exercise of sovereignty, despite the fact that it is considered a protected area.
United States Interest in Machias Seal Island
The United States has never recognized the construction and continuous manning of a lighthouse since 1832 by the United Kingdom and now Canada to be worthy of consideration as to determining the island's ownership, citing several cases worldwide that support this assertion (e.g., a case concerning the Red Sea). That being said, the United States has never maintained an ongoing presence on the island as Canada has, and until recent decades, many branches of U.S. and Maine governments were inconsistent in their communications: they sometimes have referred to Machias Seal Island as being owned by Canada, however this has now been addressed, and the island has also been included in Maine and federal electoral districts.
In 1918, with Canadian agreement, a small detachment of Marines was placed on the island following the U.S. entry into the First World War, as a means to assist in safeguarding the territory and its key lighthouse guarding the entrance to the Bay of Fundy from German U-boat attack. These forces were withdrawn after several months, and no U.S. presence has been established since. Several private citizens in Maine have staked claims to ownership of the island, and U.S. tourboat operators bringing tourists to view seabirds have maintained their sovereignty in light of some Canadian conservation measures in the seabird sanctuary, such as removing a wharf/slip, and limits to visitors during sensitive periods for birds. Several skirmishes have arisen over lobster fishing rights in recent decades. Canadian authorities have attempted to enforce Canadian fishing laws in waters surrounding the island, only to be intercepted or warded off by U.S. Coast Guard patrol boats.
Gulf of Maine Boundary
Machias Seal Island's sovereignty would likely not still be in question today if it were not for the decision by Canada and the United States to avoid settling this issue in their 1979 application to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) at The Hague in the Netherlands to have the boundary delineated in the Gulf of Maine for fishing and mineral exploration purposes on Georges Bank. Both Canada and the U.S. avoided having ICJ rule on the sovereignty of Machias Seal Island by agreeing to have a common starting point for the offshore boundary southwest of the island at Template:Coor dms. The October 12, 1984, ICJ ruling, Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area (Canada/United States of America), has since highlighted a gap in the maritime boundary for several dozen kilometres between the current end of the International Boundary and the 1984 Gulf of Maine boundary starting point. Machias Seal Island lies in the middle of this "grey zone" - a term coined by fishermen from both countries, referring to unclear jurisdictional boundaries in the area.
Current Status
The dispute has not been resolved.
It should also be noted that North Rock is an exposed rock outcropping located approximately 4 kilometres (Template:Coor dms), north-northeast of Machias Seal Island. It also lies within the "grey zone" and has been claimed by both Canada and the U.S. as part of the Machias Seal Island boundary dispute.
Unfortunately, since the Gulf of Maine boundary case in 1984 decided the fate of offshore boundaries, Machias Seal Island has become a political football for local politicians in fishing communities of coastal Charlotte County, New Brunswick and Washington County, Maine. There are little to no mineral or petroleum resources in the "grey zone", but a valuable lobster fishery is becoming the raison d'etre in both countries to continue this jurisdictional dispute. The local environment is likely to be the casualty of this sovereignty dispute because fishermen from both countries are exploiting the lack of rules in the "grey zone" by overfishing various species.
In 1995, the Canadian Coast Guard dramatically reduced the number of manned lighthouses on the Atlantic coast as a cost-saving measure. Today, all lighthouses in Eastern Canada except for the station on Machias Seal Island are unmanned. The Machias Seal Island light had been automated several years prior to the announcement, however Canada's Department of Foreign Affairs is now covering the Canadian Coast Guard's costs to maintain lightkeepers on Machias Seal Island "for sovereignty purposes."
Using the residence on the island, two lightkeepers are flown by helicopter from the coast guard base in Saint John every 30 days to replace the two existing keepers. These coast guard employees also assist the Canadian Wildlife Service in maintaining the National Wildlife Area, as well as helping any wildlife researchers who may stay on the island for a period of time.
See also
External links
- Academic paper on Machias Seal Island boundary dispute (Southern Illinois University Edwardsville) (http://www.siue.edu/GEOGRAPHY/ONLINE/Schmidt.htm)
- United States Department of State (http://www.state.gov)
- Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs (http://www.fac-aec.gc.ca/menu-en.asp)
- Canadian Wildlife Service (http://www.cws-scf.ec.gc.ca/index_e.cfm)
- Canadian Coast Guard/DFO media release announcing lighthouse destaffing & Machias Seal Island exemption (http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/media/newsrel/1995/hq-ac92_e.htm)