MUSIC-N
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MUSIC-N refers to a family of computer music programs and programming languages descended from or influenced by MUSIC, a program written by Max Mathews in 1957 at Bell Labs, and considered to be the first computer program for making music (in actuality, sound) on a digital computer.
MUSIC had a number of descendants, e.g.:
- MUSIC II, MUSIC III, MUSIC IV (all developed at Bell Labs)
- MUSIC IV-B (developed at Princeton University to run on an IBM mainframe)
- MUSIC IV-BF (re-written in FORTRAN, therefore portable)
- MUSIC V (the last of the Bell Labs line)
- MUSIC 360 (written by Barry Vercoe at MIT, descended from MUSIC IV-BF)
- Csound (descended from MUSIC 360 and in wide use today)
- CMix / Real-Time Cmix (by Paul Lansky, Brad Garton, and others)
- CMusic (by F. Richard Moore)
Less obviously, MUSIC can be seen as the parent program for:
- Max/MSP (perhaps obvious, given that the program was named after Max Mathews)
- SuperCollider
- JSyn
- Common LisP Music
- ChucK
- Any other computer synthesis language that relies on a modular system (e.g. Reaktor).
All MUSIC-N derivative programs have a (more-or-less) common design, made up of a library of functions built around simple signal-processing and synthesis routines (written as opcodes or unit generators). These simple opcodes are then constructed by the user into an instrument (usually through a text-based instruction file, but increasingly through a graphical interface) that defines a sound which is then "played" by a second file (called the score) which specifies notes, durations, pitches, amplitudes, and other parameters relevant to the musical informatics of the piece. Some variants of the language merge the instrument and score, though most still distinguish between control-level functions (which operate on the music) and functions that run at the sampling rate of the audio being generated (which operate on the sound).
A number of highly original (and to this day largely unchallenged) assumptions are implemented in MUSIC and its descendants about the best way to create sound on a computer. Many of Mathew's implementations (such as using pre-calculated arrays for waveform and envelope storage, the use of a scheduler that runs in musical time rather than at audio rate) are the norm for most hardware and software synthesis and audio DSP systems today.