Goguryeo
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Template:Chinesename koreanname Goguryeo (also known as Koguryŏ or Gāogōulì) (37 BC-668) was an empire in Manchuria and northern Korea. It is referred to as one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, along with Baekje and Silla.
The modern name "Korea" derives from the medieval Korean kingdom of Goryeo, which in turn took its name from a contracted form of "Goguryeo".
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History
According to Samguk Sagi, Emperor Jumong (posthumously called Emperor Dongmyeongseong) founded the empire in 37 BC around what is now the border between China and North Korea. It gained power while China was fragmented. The maximum extent of the kingdom was reached during the reigns of Emperor Gwanggaeto the Great and his son Emperor Jangsu. During this period they ruled three fourths of Korean peninsula and most of Manchuria. It was overthrown by an alliance of Silla and Chinese Tang Empire in 668. Tang initially attempted to set up a military government, but this did not last. The southern part of Goguryeo was seized by Silla, and the rest was succeeded by Balhae.
Balhae, established in 698 claimed it as successor of Goguryeo in her diplomatic negotiations with Japan. Taebong, initially called Hu-Goguryeo ("Later Goguryeo"), claimed her succession of Goguryeo and so did Goryeo, which was even named after Goguryeo.
Culture
Remains of castles, palaces and several artifacts have been found in North Korea, including ancient paintings in a Goguryeo tomb complex. Some ruins are also still visible in Manchuria, for example at Onyeosan ("Five Maiden Peaks") near Ji'an (集安) in northeastern China, thought to be the site of the first city of Goguryeo. Some cultural artifacts still remain in modern Korean culture, for example, Ondol, Goguryeo's unique floor heating system. A modernized version can be found in the floor of every modern house in Korea.
Language
The Goguryeo language is unknown except for a small number of words, which mostly suggests that it was similar to the language of Silla and the Tungusic languages. Most Korean linguists see that Goguryeo language was closest to the Altai languages out of the three dominant states after Old Joseon. The Goguryeo names for government posts are mostly similar to those of Baekje and Silla. Chinese record suggest that the languages of Goguryeo and Fuyu (Buyeo), East Okjeo, and Old Joseon (Go-Joseon) were similar, while Goguryeo language differed significantly from that of Malgal (Mohe). Similarities in certain vocabulary with Old Japanese have been noted as well. [1] (http://www.msu.edu/~jk13/Abs.Beckwith.pdf) Some words of Goguryeo origin can be found in the old Korean language (early 10th-late 14th centuries) but most were replaced by Silla-originated ones before long. Some linguists propose the so-called "Fuyu languages" that included the languages of Fuyu, Goguryeo, and the upper class of Baekje, and Old Japanese. Supporters of the Altaic language family often classifies the Goguryeo language as a member of that language family. Striking similarities between Baekje and Goguryeo can also be found.
Modern politics
Most historians have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a Korean state, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. The Chinese have traditionally viewed Goguryeo as a foreign state that was part of the China-centred tribute system. Then, in accordance with a more inclusive view of the modern People's Republic of China as a multi-ethnic nation state, the concept of Chinese history was expanded to encompass all states that developed principally in the current territory of China. The accepted position among Chinese government historians therefore became that the history of Goguryeo before the capital was transferred to Pyongyang in the Korean Peninsula was to be considered part of Chinese history.
Some have interpreted Chinese position in the 1990s as implying that Goguryeo was to be treated as a regional power of China as well as interpreting efforts by Chinese scholars to describe the history of Goguryeo as part of Chinese history to de-emphasise or deny Korea's claim to the kingdom's legacy. The Chinese government launched a 20-billion-yuan (2.4 billion US dollars) project dealing with China's Northeast in 2002 whose aims have been interpreted by some as treating Goguryeo as a local government within China, rewriting history textbooks and restoring important Goguryeo sites in China. This was followed by protests from scholars from South Korea. As of 2004 this was threatening to lead to diplomatic disputes between China and South Korea and was contributing to growing anti-Chinese sentiment in the latter. As such, the subject of Goguryeo history now overlaps somewhat with political disputes, although all of the governments involved seem to exhibit no desire to see the issue damage relations. The existence of a sizeable ethnic Korean minority in the former Goguryeo territories in China, the issue of political influence over North Korea in the case of a collapse of the regime, and some nervousness over the rapidly increasing power of China add to the fuel of the dispute.
See Gando Convention for more information about modern politics in the area.
Goguryeo Kings
The following tables give the names of the Goguryeo Kings in Korean followed by Chinese characters with Pinyin transcription.
Legendary line
| Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) | Personal name | Period of reign |
| King Dongmyeong 동명성왕 東明聖王 Dōngmíng shèngwáng | 高朱蒙 Gāozhūméng, 鄒Zōu?, 象解 Xiàngjiě | (37 BC-19 BC) |
| King Yuri 유리왕 琉璃明王 Liúlí míngwáng | 類利 Lèilì, 孺留 Rúliú | (19 BC-18 AD) |
| King Daemusin 대무신왕 大武神王 Dàwǔ shénwáng, 大解朱留王 Dàjiězhūliúwáng | 無恤 Wúxù | (18-44) |
| King Minjung 민중왕 閔中王 Mǐnzhōng wáng | 解色朱 Jiěsèzhū | (44-48) |
| King Mobon 모본왕 慕本王 Mùběnwáng | 解憂 Jiěyóu, 解愛婁 Jiě’àilǚ | (48-53) |
Note: These are the names and dates given in the Samguk Sagi. The Wei shu (History of the Wei dynasty) gives the following names: 朱蒙 Zhūméng, 閭達 Lǘdá, 始閭諧 Shǐlǘxié, 如栗 Rúlí, and 莫來 Mòlái. The legendary line had already been formed with some variants in the early 5th century when King Jangsu built a monument for his father and Goguryeo made contacts with the Northern Wei. The inscription of that monument gives these names: 鄒牟 Zōumóu, 儒留 Rúliú, and 大朱留 Dàzhūliú.
Great king line
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Period of reign |
| King Gukjo 태조대왕 國祖王 Guózǔ wáng, 大祖王 Dàzǔ wáng, 大祖大王 Dàzǔ dàwáng | 宮 Gōng, 於漱 Yúshù | 53-146 |
| King Chadae 차대왕 次大王 Cìdà wáng | 遂成 Suìchéng | 146-165 |
| King Sindae 신대왕 新大王 Xīndà wáng | 伯固 Bógù, 伯句 Bógōu | 165-179 |
Note: The great king line with the following two kings was formed on the basis of Chinese documents like the Hou Han shu (History of the Later Han dynasty). It contains contradictions and mismatches.
Wandu-Guonei (Hwando-Guknae) line
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Period of reign |
| King Gogukcheon 고국천왕 故國川王 Gùguóchuān wáng, 國襄王Guóxiāng wáng | 男武 Nánwǔ, 伊夷謨 Yīyímó | 179-197 |
| King Sansang 산상왕 山上王 Shānshàng wáng | 廷優 Tíngyōu, 位宮 Wèigōng | 197-227 |
| King Dongcheon 동천왕 東川王 Dōngchuān wáng, 東襄王 Dōngxiāng wáng | 憂位居 Yōuwèijū, 郊彘 Jiāozhì | 227-248 |
| King Jungcheon 중천왕 中川王 Zhōngchuān wáng, 中襄王 Zhōngxiāng wáng | 然弗 Ránfú | 227-248 |
| King Seocheon 서천왕 西川王 Xīchuān wáng, 西襄王 Xīxiāng wáng | 藥盧 Yàolú, 若友 Ruòyóu | 248-270 |
| King Bongsang 봉상왕 烽上王 Fēngshàng wáng, 鴙葛王 Zhìgě wáng | 相夫 Xiāngfú, 插矢婁 Chāshǐlǚ | 292-300 |
| King Micheon 미천왕 美川王 Měichuān wáng, 好攘王 Hǎoràng wáng | 乙弗 Yǐfú, 憂拂 Yōufú | 300-331 |
| King Gogugwon 고국원왕 故國原王 Gùguóyuán wáng, 國岡上王 Guógāngshàng wáng | 斯由 Sīyóu, 劉 Liú | 331-371 |
| King Sosurim 소수림왕 小獸林王 Xiǎoshòulín wáng, 小解朱留王 Xiǎojiězhūliú wáng | 丘夫 Qiūfū | 371-384 |
| King Gogugyang 고국양왕 故國攘王 Gùguóràng wáng | 伊連 Yīlián, 於只支 Yúzhǐzhī | 384-391 |
| King Gwanggaeto the Great 광개토대왕 廣開土王 Guǎngkāitǔ wáng | 談德 Tándé, 安 Ān | 391-413 |
P'yŏngyang line
| Posthumous name | Personal name | Period of reign |
| King Jangsu 장수왕 長壽王 Chángshòu wáng | 巨連 Jùlián, 高璉 Gāolián | 412-490 |
| King Munjamyeong 문자명왕 文咨明王Wénzīmíng wáng, 文咨王 Wénzī wáng, 明治好王 Míngzhìhǎo wáng | 羅雲 Luóyún, 高雲 Gāoyún | 491-519 |
| King Anjang 안장왕 安藏王 Ānzàng wáng | 興安 Xīng’ān, 高安 Gāo’ān | 519-531 |
| King Anwon 안원왕 安原王 Ānyuán wáng | 寶廷 Bǎotíng, 高廷 Gāotíng | 531-545 |
| King Yangwon 양원왕 陽原王 Yángyuán wáng, 陽崗上好王 Yánggāngshànghǎo wáng | 平成 Píngchéng | 545-559 |
| King Pyeongwon 평원왕 平原王 Píngyuán wáng, 平崗上好王 Pínggāngshànghǎo wáng, 平崗上王 Pínggāngshàng wáng, 狛鵠香岡上王 Pògéxiānggāngshàng wáng | 陽成 Yángchéng, 湯 Tāng, 高陽 Gāoyáng | 559-590 |
| King Yeongyang 영양왕 嬰陽王 Yīngyáng wáng, 平陽王 Píngyáng wáng | 高元 Gāoyuán, 大元 Dàyuán | 590-618 |
| King Yeongnyu 영류왕 營留王 Yíngliú wáng, 建武王 Jiànwǔ wáng | 高建武 Gāojiànwǔ, 成 Chéng, 高武 Gāowǔ | 618-642 |
| King Bojang 보장왕 寶藏王 Bǎozàng wáng | 高藏 Gāozàng, 寶藏 Bǎozàng | 642-668 |
Note: The royal surname Go/Gao 高 seems to have been adopted in the early 5th century when King Gwanggaeto was acknowledged as a member of the Northern Yan imperial family by Gao Yun 高雲 (or Murong Yun 慕容雲), Emperor of the Northern Yan, whose grandfather He (和) was in line of the Goguryeo royal family. According to the Jin shu (History of the Jin dynasty), Gao Yun took the surname Gao from Gaoyang 高陽氏 (or Zhuan Xu, one of the San Huang Wu Di) but it is doubtful. Later history books say that Go was named after the country name Goguryeo.
See also
External link
- Korean history in Manchuria (http://hcs.harvard.edu/~yisei/backissues/fall_98/mark_byington.html)
- Information about the ancient kingdom (http://www.koguryo.org/)
- Excavated paintings about the ancient kingdom (http://www.goguryeo.org/doc/murals/tp-hwanghaedo-anak-tomb%20no.%203.htm)de:Goguryeo
eo:Kogurjo fr:Koguryŏ ko:고구려 nl:Lijst van koningen van Koguryo ja:高句麗 pt:Koguryo sv:Koguryo zh:高句丽