Military order
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Christian military orders appeared following the First Crusade. The foundation of the Templars in 1118 provided the first in a series of tightly organised military forces which protected the Christian colonies in the Middle East, as well as fighting non-Christians in Spain and Eastern Europe.
The principle feature of the military order is the combination of military and religious ways of life. Some of them like the Knights of St John and the Knights of St Thomas also cared for the sick and poor. However they were not purely male institutions as nuns could attach themselves to a convent of the orders. One significant feature of the military orders is that clerical brothers could be, and indeed often were, subordinate to non-ordained brethren.
The role and function of the military orders has sometimes been obscured by the concentration on their military exploits in Syria, Palestine, Prussia, and Livonia. In fact they had extensive holdings and staff throughout Western Europe. The majority were laymen. They provided a conduit for cultural and technical innovation, for example the introduction of fulling into England by the Knights of St John, or the banking facilities of the Templars.
Joseph von Hammer in 1818 compared the Christian military orders, in particular the Templars, with certain Islamic models such as the shiite sect of Assassins. In 1820 Jose Antonio Conde has suggested they were modelled on the ribat, a fortified religious institution which brought together a religious way of life with fighting the enemies of Islam. However popular such views may have become, others have criticised this view suggesting there were no such ribats around Palestine until after the military orders had been founded. Yet the innovation of fighting monks was something new to Christianity..
The modern era, from at least the 19th century to the present day, has seen the proliferation of bogus and self-styled orders. Bogus orders make fraudulent or unsubstantiable claims of ancient lineage, while self-styled orders may lack a legitimate fons honorum. While all bogus orders are self-styled, not all self-styled orders are bogus.
Military orders
(The date given is that for militarisation)
- 1120 Knights Templar
- 1136 Knights of St John (Order of Knights of the Hospital of St. John of Jerusalem or Knights of Malta or Knights of Rhodes)
- 1142 Knights of St Lazarus
- 1158 Order of Calatrava
- 1170 Order of Santiago
- 1173 Order of Montjoie Absorbed by Order of Calatrava 1221
- 1176 Order of Aviz a branch of Order of Calatrava
- 1193 Teutonic Order
- 1202 Livonian Brothers of the Sword by 1237 it had been absorbed by the Teutonic Order.
- 1227 Knights of St Thomas
- between 1216-1228 Order of Dobrin (Bracia Dobrzyńscy, Fratres Milites Christi de Dobrzyń)
- 1261 Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
- 1270s Order of Santa Maria de Espana
- 1290s Order of San Jorge de Alfama Order of St. George of Alfama was amalgamated with the Aragonese Order of Montesa
- 1323 Order of Christ -Assets of Knights Templar ; first Grand master from Order of Aviz
- 1317 Order of Montesa- First members comes from Order of Calatrava ; Knights Templar's assets in Kingdom of Aragón.
- 1408 Ordo draconis
- 1459 Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem
External links
- Military Orders at Catholic Encyclopedia (http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10304d.htm)cs:Rytířské řády
de:Ritterorden es:Orden militar fr:Ordre militaire it:Ordini militari nl:Ridderorde ja:騎士修道会 pl:Zakon rycerski pt:Ordem militar sk:Rytiersky rád sv:Riddarorden