IBM PC
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IBM_PC_5150.jpg
IBM PC™ (Personal Computer), is a trade mark of IBM. The predecessor of the current personal computers and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware platform, it was introduced in August 1981. The original model was designated the IBM 5150. It was created by a team of 12 engineers and designers under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry Systems Division. The introduction of the PC changed the world of IBM in 1981.
The phrase "personal computer" was common currency before 1981, and was used as early as 1972 to characterize Xerox PARC's Alto. However, due to the success of the IBM PC, what had been a generic term came to mean specifically a microcomputer compatible with IBM's specification. (Twenty years after the original IBM PC was introduced, the term "personal computer" was still occasionally used, although very seldom, in the wider generic sense.)
During the second quarter of 2005, the Chinese Lenovo Group is set to secure the rights to produce IBM branded personal computers. This move reflects IBM's present lack of interest in the personal computer in favour of the server/mainframe markets.
Note the following distinctions within the general subject of personal computers :
- For details on "PC compatible" computers (aka "PC clones" or just "PC"s, and making up the majority of today's computers), see IBM PC compatible
- For a discussion of generic "personal computers", see personal computer
- For details of the second generation of microcomputers, which largely died out with the Personal Computer revolution, see home computer
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The IBM PC concept
The original PC was an IBM attempt to get into the home computer market then dominated by the Apple II and a host of CP/M machines.
Rather than going through the usual IBM design process, which had already failed to design an affordable microcomputer (for example the failed IBM 5100), a special team were assembled to bypass normal company restrictions and get something to market rapidly. The project was given the code name Project Chess.
The team consisted of just 12 people headed by William Lowe. They succeeded — development of the PC took about a year. To achieve this they first decided to build the machine with "off-the-shelf" parts from a variety of different original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) and countries. Previously IBM had developed their own components. Second they decided on an open architecture so that other manufacturers could produce and sell compatible machines — the IBM PC compatibles, so the specification of the ROM BIOS was published. IBM hoped to maintain their position in the market by royalties from licensing the BIOS, and by keeping ahead of the competition.
Unfortunately for IBM, other manufacturers rapidly reverse engineered the BIOS to produce their own royalty-free versions. Compaq Computer Corporation announced the first cloned IBM PC compatible in November 1982 (it did not ship until March 1983) — the Compaq Portable. Not only was it the first IBM-PC compatible computer not manufactured by IBM, it was also the first ever IBM-PC compatible portable computer.
Once the IBM PC became a commercial success the PC came back under the usual IBM management control, with the result that competitors had little trouble taking the lead from them. (In this regard, IBM's tradition of "rationalizing" their product lines—deliberately restricting the performance of lower-priced models in order to prevent them from "cannibalizing" profits from higher-priced models—worked against them).
Commercial success
The first IBM PC was released on August 12 1981. Although not cheap, at a base price of $1,565 it was affordable for businesses — and it was business that purchased the PC. However it was not the corporate "computer department" that was responsible for this, for the PC was not seen as a 'proper' computer. It was generally well educated middle managers that saw the potential — once the revolutionary VisiCalc spreadsheet, the "killer app", had been ported to the PC. Reassured by the IBM name, they began buying the machines on their own budgets to help do the calculations they had learned at business school.
IBM PC models
The models of IBM's first-generation Personal Computer (PC) series have names:
- The original PC had a version of Microsoft BASIC —IBM Cassette BASIC— in ROM. The CGA (Colour Graphics Adapter) video card could use a standard TV for display. The standard storage device was cassette tape. A floppy disk drive was an optional extra; no hard disk was available. It had only five expansion slots; maximum memory using IBM parts was 256 KB, 64K on the main board and three 64K expansion cards. The processor was an Intel 8088 (second-sourced AMDs were used after 1983) running at 4.77 MHz. IBM sold it in configurations with 16K and 64K of RAM preinstalled.
- The original PC failed miserably in the home market, but was widely used in business. The "IBM Personal Computer XT" was an enhanced machine designed for business use. It had 8 expansion slots and a 10 megabyte hard disk. It could take 256K of memory on the main board; later models were expandable to 640K, which combined with the ROM made up the full megabyte of memory that the 8088 could address. It was usually sold with a Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) video card. The processor was still a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 and the expansion bus still 8-bit ISA with XT bus architecture.
- The "IBM Personal Computer/AT", announced August 1984, used an Intel 80286 processor, originally at 6 MHz. It had a 16-bit ISA bus and 20MB harddrive. A faster model, running at 8 MHz, was introduced in 1986. IBM made some attempt at marketing it as a multi-user machine, but it sold mainly as a faster PC for power users. Early PC/ATs were plagued with reliability problems, mostly related to the internal 20 MB hard drive. While some people blamed IBM's controller card and others blamed the hard drive manufacturer (Computer Memories International, or CMI), the IBM controller card worked fine with other drives, including CMI's 33-megabyte model. The problems introduced doubt about the computer and, for a while, even about the 286 architecture in general, but after IBM replaced the 20-megabyte CMI drives, the PC/AT proved reliable and became a lasting industry standard. CMI quickly went out of business.
The models of its second generation, the IBM Personal System/2 (PS/2), are known by model number: Model 25, Model 30. Within each series, the models are also commonly referenced by their CPU clock rate.
All IBM personal computers are software compatible with each other in general, but not every program will work in every machine. Some programs are time sensitive to a particular speed class. Older programs will not take advantage of newer higher-resolution display standards.
Technology
Electronics
The main circuit board in an IBM PC is called the motherboard. This carries the CPU and memory, and has a bus with slots for expansion cards.
The bus used in the original PC became very popular, and was subsequently named ISA. It is in use to this day in computers for industrial use. Later, requirements for higher speed and more capacity forced the development of new versions. The VESA Local Bus allowed for a single, much faster 32-bit card slot for display cards, and the EISA architecture was developed as a backward compatible standard including 32-bit card slots, but it only sold well in high-end server systems. The lower-cost and more general PCI bus was introduced in 1994 and has now become ubiquitous.
The motherboard is connected by cables to internal storage devices such as hard disks, floppy disks and CD-ROM drives. These tend to be made in standard sizes, such as 3.5" (90 mm) and 5.25" (133.4 mm) widths, with standard fixing holes. The case also contains a standard power supply unit (PSU) which is either an AT or ATX standard size.
Intel 8086 and 8088-based PCs require EMS (expanded memory) boards to work with more than one megabyte of memory. The original IBM PC AT used an Intel 80286 processor which can access up to 16 megabytes of memory (though standard DOS applications cannot use more than one megabyte without using additional APIs. Intel 80286-based computers running under OS/2 can work with the maximum memory.
Keyboard
The original 1981 IBM PC's keyboard was severely criticised by typists for its non-standard placement of the return and left shift keys. In 1984, IBM corrected this on its AT keyboard, but shortened the backspace key, making it harder to reach. In 1987, it introduced its enhanced keyboard, which relocated all the function keys and placed the control key in an awkward location for touch typists. The escape key was relocated to the opposite side of the keyboard. By relocating the function keys, IBM made it impossible for software vendors to use them intelligently. What's easy to reach on one keyboard is difficult on the other, and vice versa. To the touch typist, these deficiencies are maddening.
An "IBM PC compatible" may have a keyboard which does not recognize every key combination a true IBM PC does, e.g. shifted cursor keys. In addition, the "compatible" vendors sometimes used proprietary keyboard interfaces, preventing you from replacing the keyboard.
See also: Keyboard layout
Character set
The original IBM PC used the 7 bit ASCII alphabet as the basis, but in addition this was extended to an 8 bit somewhat haphazardly collected set of characters unique for the IBM PC. This set was not really suitable for international use, and soon a veritable cottage industry emerged providing variants of the original character set in various national variants. In IBM tradition, these variants were called code pages. These codings are now obsolete, being replaced by more well thought out schemes for character coding, like the ISO 8859-1 and Unicode.
This was the original IBM PC character set:
-0 | -1 | -2 | -3 | -4 | -5 | -6 | -7 | -8 | -9 | -A | -B | -C | -D | -E | -F | ||||
0- | ☺ | ☻ | ♥ | ♦ | ♣ | ♠ | • | ◘ | ○ | ◙ | ♂ | ♀ | ♪ | ♫ | ☼ | 0-
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1- | ► | ◄ | ↕ | ‼ | ¶ | § | ▬ | ↨ | ↑ | ↓ | → | ← | ∟ | ↔ | ▲ | ▼ | 1-
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2- | ! | " | # | $ | % | & | ' | ( | ) | * | + | , | - | . | / | 2-
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3- | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | : | ; | < | = | > | ? | 3-
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4- | @ | A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | 4-
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5- | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | [ | \ | ] | ^ | _ | 5-
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6- | ` | a | b | c | d | e | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | o | 6-
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7- | p | q | r | s | t | u | v | w | x | y | z | { | | | } | ~ | ⌂ | 7-
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8- | Ç | ü | é | â | ä | à | å | ç | ê | ë | è | ï | î | ì | Ä | Å | 8-
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9- | É | æ | Æ | ô | ö | ò | û | ù | ÿ | Ö | Ü | ¢ | £ | ¥ | ₧ | ƒ | 9-
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A- | á | í | ó | ú | ñ | Ñ | ª | º | ¿ | ⌐ | ¬ | ½ | ¼ | ¡ | « | » | A-
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B- | ░ | ▒ | ▓ | │ | ┤ | ╡ | ╢ | ╖ | ╕ | ╣ | ║ | ╗ | ╝ | ╜ | ╛ | ┐ | B-
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C- | └ | ┴ | ┬ | ├ | ─ | ┼ | ╞ | ╟ | ╚ | ╔ | ╩ | ╦ | ╠ | ═ | ╬ | ╧ | C-
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D- | ╨ | ╤ | ╥ | ╙ | ╘ | ╒ | ╓ | ╫ | ╪ | ┘ | ┌ | █ | ▄ | ▌ | ▐ | ▀ | D-
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E- | α | ß | Γ | π | Σ | σ | µ | τ | Φ | Θ | Ω | δ | ∞ | φ | ε | ∩ | E-
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F- | ≡ | ± | ≥ | ≤ | ⌠ | ⌡ | ÷ | ≈ | ° | ∙ | · | √ | ⁿ | ² | ■ | F-
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-0 | -1 | -2 | -3 | -4 | -5 | -6 | -7 | -8 | -9 | -A | -B | -C | -D | -E | -F |
Storage media
Technically, the standard storage medium for the original IBM PC model 5150 was a cassette port. It was virtually obsolete—even by 1981 standards—and very few (if any) IBM PCs left the factory without a floppy disk drive installed. The 1981 PC had one or two 360 kilobyte 5 1/4 inch single sided double density floppy disk drives.
In 1984, IBM introduced the 1.2 megabyte dual sided floppy disk along with its AT model. Although often used as backup storage, the high density floppy was not often used for interchangeability. In 1986, IBM introduced the 720 kilobyte double density 3.5" microfloppy disk on its Convertible laptop computer. It introduced the 1.44 megabyte high density version with the PS/2 line. These disk drives could be added to existing older model PCs. In 1988 IBM introduced a drive for 2.88 megabyte "DSED" diskettes in its top-of-the-line models; it was an instant failure and is all but forgotten today (but survives as a possible "size" choice in disk-formatting utilities).
The first IBM PC that included a fixed, non-removable, hard disk was the XT. Hard disks for IBM compatibles are now available with very large storage capacities. If a hard disk is added that is not compatible with the existing disk controller, a new controller board must be plugged in. However, one disk's internal standard does not conflict with another, since all programs and data must be copied onto it to begin with.
Software
All IBM PCs includes a relatively small piece of software stored in ROM and used mainly for bootstrapping, called a BIOS. In addition, the original IBM PC came with BASIC in ROM (Cassette BASIC). Later, BASIC and BASICA were distributed on floppy disks but ran and referenced routines in the PC's ROM.
IBM PC and PS/2 models
| Model name | Introduced | CPU | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| PC | Aug 1981 | 8088 | Floppy disk system |
| XT | Mar 1983 | 8088 | Slow hard disk |
| XT/370 | Oct 1983 | 8088 | System/370 mainframe emulation |
| 3270 PC | Oct 1983 | 8088 | With 3270 terminal emulation |
| PCjr | Nov 1983 | 8088 | Floppy-based home computer |
| PC Portable | Feb 1984 | 8088 | Floppy-based portable |
| AT | Aug 1984 | 286 | Medium-speed hard disk |
| Convertible | Apr 1986 | 8088 | Microfloppy laptop portable |
| XT 286 | Sep 1986 | 286 | Slow hard disk, but zero wait state memory on the motherboard. This 6mhz machine was actually faster than the 8mhz ATs (when using planar memory) because of the zero wait states |
| Model | Introduced | CPU | Features |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | August 1987 | 8086 | PC bus (limited expansion) |
| 30 | April 1987 | 8086 | PC bus |
| 30 | August 1987 | 286 | PC bus |
| 50 | April 1987 | 286 | Micro Channel Architecture bus |
| 50Z | June 1988 | 286 | Faster Model 50 |
| 55 SX | May 1989 | 386SX | MCA bus |
| 60 | April 1987 | 286 | MCA bus |
| 70 | June 1988 | 386 | Desktop, MCA bus |
| P70 | May 1989 | 386 | Portable, MCA bus |
| 80 | April 1987 | 386 | Tower, MCA bus |
| CPU | Clock speed (MHz) | CPU bus width (bits) | System Bus width (bits) | RAM (megabytes) | Floppy disk drive | Hard drive (megabytes) | Operating system |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8088 | 4.77–9.5 | 16 | 8 | 1 (1) | 5.25, 360K 3.5, 720K 3.5, 1.44M | 10–40 | PC-DOS |
| 8086 | 6–12 | 16 | 20–60 | ||||
| 286 | 6–25 | 1–8 (1) | 5.25, 360K 5.25, 1.2MB | 20–300 | PC-DOS, OS/2 | ||
| 386 | 16–33 | 32 | 32 | 1–16 (2) | 3.5, 720K 3.5, 1.44MB | 40–600 | UNIX |
| 386SX | 16 |
- Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with EMS memory boards
- Under DOS, RAM is expanded beyond 1M with normal "extended" memory and a memory management program.
See also
- IBM PC compatible (aka IBM PC clone)
- List of IBM products
References
- Norton, Peter (1986). Inside the IBM PC. Revised and enlarged. New York. Brady. ISBN 0-89303-583-1.
- IBM Corporation (August 12, 1981). Personal Computer Announced By IBM (http://www-1.ibm.com/ibm/history/documents/pdf/pcpress.pdf) (PDF format). Press Release in the historical archives of IBM.
- Mueller, Scott (1992) Upgrading and Repairing the PCs, Second Edition, Que Books, ISBN 0-88022-856-3
External links
- IBM PC (http://www.old-computers.com/museum/computer.asp?c=274) The beginning of the PC: the IBM PC - model 5150.
- Limitations of the IBM PC Architecture (http://world.std.com/~swmcd/steven/rants/pc.html) History of the IBM PC Architecture
- "IBM Personal Computer" (http://groups.google.com/groups?selm=anews.Aucbvax.2735) — The first USENET post to review the IBM PC.
- Google Groups (http://www.google.com/groups?q=ibm+group:net.micro.pc&hl=en&lr=&ie=UTF-8&scoring=d&as_drrb=b&as_mind=1&as_minm=1&as_miny=1981&as_maxd=1&as_maxm=1&as_maxy=1983&selm=bnews.mhuxh.1069&rnum=28) thread from 1982 indicating that IBM PCs with 16K RAM were actually manufactured and sold. (The statement that 16K machines were sold is hard to believe and hence frequently challenged).
- This article was originally based on material from the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing, which is licensed under the GFDL.
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