Widerstand
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de:Widerstand gegen den Nationalsozialismuspl:Widerstand Widerstand (German: 'resistance') is the name given to the resistance movements in Nazi Germany.
From 1938 to 1945, there were 17 assassination attempts against Adolf Hitler by the German Resistance.
The last assassination attempt against Hitler, called the July 20 Plot, resulted in the capture and executions of more than 4,800 known or suspected opponents of his regime, effectively destroying the resistance movement.
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Quotes
We must not make the mistake of thinking that all those who eat the cookies of dictatorship are friendly from the first; but they must necessarily become beautiful....The curse of a system of terror is that there is no turning back; neither in the large realm of policies nor the 'larger' realm of everyday human relationships is it possible for men to retrace their steps. - Hans Bernd Gisevius
A soldier's obedience finds its limits where his knowledge, his conscience and his responsibility forbid [him] to obey orders. - Colonel general Ludwig Beck, Chief of general's staff of the German army (1932-1938).
We took this challenge before our lord and our conscience, and it must be done, because this man, Hitler, he is the ultimate evil. - Colonel Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg
The assassination must be attempted at all costs. Even if it should not succeed, an attempt to seize power in Berlin must be made. What matters now is no longer the practical purpose of the coup, but to prove to the world and for the records of history that the men of the resistance dared to take the decisive step. Compared to this objective, nothing else is of consequence. - Major-General Henning von Tresckow
Groups & plots
- Halder's conspiracy
- Operation Spark
- Kreisau Circle
- July 20 Plot
- Red Orchestra
- White Rose
- Edelweißpiraten
- Georg Elser
People
- Pastor Dietrich Bonhoeffer
- Admiral Wilhelm Canaris
- Father Alfred Delp
- Hans von Dohnanyi
- Georg Elser
- General Fellgiebel
- Ernst August Count von Galen
- Hans Bernd Gisevius
- Carl Friedrich Goerdeler
- Ulrich von Hassell (or Ulrich von Hassel)
- Helmuth Hübener
- Julius Leber
- Colonel Freiher von Loringhoven
- Helmuth James Count von Moltke
- Joseph Mueller
- General Hans Oster
- Fabian von Schlabrendorff
- Alex Schmorell
- Hans and Sophie Scholl
- Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg
- General Helmuth Stieff
- General Fritz Thiele
- General Henning von Treskow
- Adam von Trott zu Solz
- Peter York Count von Wartenburg
- Field Marshal Erwin von Witzleben
See also
Literature
- Hans Mommsen, Angus McGeoch Alternatives to Hitler: German Resistance Under the Third Reich Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2003. ISBN 0691116938.
- Ulrich von Hassell, The Von Hassell Diaries 1938-1944 the Story of the Forces Against Hitler Inside Germany Doubleday, 1947, ISBN 0404169449. Reprint Greenwood Press, 1971, ISBN 0837132282.
- Gregor Schöllgen, A Conservative Against Hitler: Ulrich von Hassell, Diplomat in Imperial Germany, the Weimar Republic, and the Third Reich, 1881-1944 New York : St. Martin's Press, 1991, ISBN 0312057849.
External links
- German conspiracy to overthrow Hitler and the Nazi regime (http://www.joric.com/Conspiracy/Conspiracy.htm)
- A list of 226 German conspirators - short biographical profiles for 70 of them (http://www.joric.com/Conspiracy/Resistance.htm)
- The story of the German resistance to Hitler (http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Academy/1148/july.html)
- The July Plot to Assassinate Hitler (http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/julyplot.html)
- Bonhoeffer: Agent of Grace (A film on Dietrich Bonhoeffer's life) (http://www.pbs.org/opb/bonhoeffer/film/characters.html)