Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor
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Francis I (December 8, 1708 – August 18, 1765) was Holy Roman Emperor and Grand Duke of Tuscany. He was also known as Francis III Stephen, Duke of Lorraine.
He was born in Nancy, Lorraine in France, the second son of Leopold Joseph, duke of Lorraine, and his wife Elizabeth Charlotte, daughter of Philippe I of Orléans. He was connected with the Habsburgs through his grandmother Eleanore, daughter of Emperor Ferdinand III, and wife of Charles Leopold of Lorraine, his grandfather. Emperor Charles VI favoured the family, who, besides being his cousins, had served the house of Austria with distinction. He had designed to marry his daughter Maria Theresa to Francis' older brother Clement. On Clement's death, Charles adopted the younger brother as his future son-in-law. Francis was brought up in Vienna with Maria Theresa on the understanding that they were to be married, and a real affection arose between them.
At the age of 15, when he was brought to Vienna, he was established in the Silesian Duchy of Cieszyn, which had been mediatized and granted to his father by the emperor in 1722. He succeeded his father as Duke of Lorraine in 1729, but the emperor, at the end of the War of the Polish Succession, desiring to compensate his candidate Stanislaus Leszczynski for the loss of his crown in 1735, persuaded Francis to exchange Lorraine for the grand duchy of Tuscany.
On February 12, 1736, Francis and Maria Theresa were married, and they went for a short time to Florence, when he succeeded to the grand duchy on the death of John Gaston, the last of the ruling house of Medici. His wife secured his election to the Empire on the September 13, 1745, in succession to Charles VII, and she made him co-regent of her hereditary dominions.
Francis was well content to leave the wielding of power to his able wife. He had a natural fund of good sense and some business capacity and was a useful assistant to Maria Theresa in the laborious task of governing the complicated Austrian dominions, but his functions appear to have been primarily secretarial. He also took a great interest in the natural sciences.
He died suddenly in his carriage while returning from the opera at Innsbruck on August 18, 1765.
Maria Theresa and Francis I had sixteen children--their youngest daughter was the future queen consort of France, Marie Antoinette (1755-1793). He was officially succeeded by his eldest son Joseph II although the real power remained with his wife. Another son was the Emperor Leopold II.
External link and reference
- Encyclopedia of Austria: Franz I (http://www.aeiou.at/aeiou.encyclop.f/f659693.htm)
| Preceded by: Leopold Joseph | Duke of Lorraine (as François III) 1729-1737 | Succeeded by: Stanislaus |
| Preceded by: Gian Gastone | Grand Duke of Tuscany (as Francesco II) 1737-1765 | Succeeded by: Peter Leopold |
| Preceded by: Charles VII | Holy Roman Emperor (as Franz I) 1745-1765 | Succeeded by: Joseph II Template:End boxda:Frans 1. Stefan (Tysk-romerske rige) de:Franz I. Stephan (HRR) es:Francisco I de Austria fr:François Ier du Saint-Empire ja:フランツ1世 (神聖ローマ皇帝) no:Franz I Stephan av det tysk-romerske rike nl:Frans I van het Heilige Roomse Rijk pl:Franciszek I Lotaryński sv:Frans I, tysk-romersk kejsare zh:弗朗茨一世 (神圣罗马帝国) |