Farnham
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- This article is about the English town. For other meanings, see Farnham (disambiguation).
Farnham is a small town (pop. 38,000) in Surrey, England. It is of historic interest, with many old buildings, including a number of Georgian houses. The castle overlooks the town. Although now a conference centre, the medieval keep is in the care of English Heritage and is open to the public.
Farnham was the birthplace of William Cobbett and the home of Mike Hawthorn at the time of his death.
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Geography
Farnham is located at Template:Coor dms (51.21, -0.80)1.
History
Evidence exists of human presence of the site in the Paleolithic period, 400,000 years ago. Farnham first seems to have become inhabited during the Mesolithic period, around 6000BC, and continued to grow through the Bronze and Iron Ages.
In Roman times the district became a pottery centre due to the plentiful clay of the area. The remains of a pottery, as well as a Roman villa and bath have been found in the vicinity.
It was the Saxons who gave the town its name - Farnham is listed as Fearnhamme in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Fearn refers to the fern and bracken of the land and Hamme to the water meadows. In 688 the West Saxon King Caedwalla donated the district around Farnham to the Church, and to the diocese of Winchester. A Saxon community grew up in the valley by the river. At the time of the Danish invasion in the 9th century there was a battle on the edge of the settlement when Edward the Elder, son of Alfred the Great, routed the invaders.
The Domesday Book records Farnham as a possession of the Bishop of Winchester. The town is midway between Winchester and London and in 1138 Henry de Blois (grandson of William the Conqueror, and brother of King Stephen) started building the Castle to provide accommodation for the Bishop in his frequent journeyings between his cathedral and the capital. the castle's garrison provided a market for farms and small industries in the town, accelerating its growth.
Farnham was eventually granted its charter as a town in 1249 by William de Ralegh, then Bishop of Winchester.
The Blind Bishop's Steps, a series of steps leading along Castle Street up to the Castle, were originally constructed for Bishop Richard Fox (godfather of Henry VIII).
During the English Civil War the castle was, except for two short periods, in the hands of Parliamentary forces. In 1648 the keep was partially dismantled by the victorious parliamentarians, at the orders of Oliver Cromwell, to make further occupation by garrison impossible. In 1660 the Bishops of Winchester were restored to the adjoining Bishops Palace, which remained their residence until 1927. From 1927 until 1955 it was a residence of the Bishops of the newly created diocese of Guildford. The castle is currently owned by English Heritage.
The Black Death hit Farnham in 1348, killing about 1,300 people, at that time about a third of the population. In 1625 Farnham was again subject to an outbreak of the plague.
King Charles I stayed at Vernon House in Farnham on his way to his trial and execution in London in 1649. Vernon House is now the site of the town library.
Farnham became a successful market town; the author Daniel Defoe wrote that Farnham had the greatest corn-market after London, and describes 1,100 fully laden wagons delivering wheat to the town on market day. During the 17th century other new industries evolved: greenware pottery (a pottery, dating from 1873, still exists on the outskirts of the town), wool and cloth, the processing of wheat into flour, and eventually hops, a key ingredient of beer.
The essayist William Cobbett was born in Farnham in 1763, in a pub called the Jolly Farmer. The pub still stands, and has been renamed the William Cobbett.
The railway arrived in 1848 and, in 1854, neighbouring Aldershot became the “Home of the British Army”. Both events had a significant effect on Farnham. The fast link with London meant city businessmen could think of having a house in the country and still be in close contact with the office; Farnham thereby became an early example of a 'commuter town'. Also, the railway did not reach Aldershot until 1870; during the intervening period soldiers would be carried by train to Farnham station and then march to Aldershot. Many officers and their families chose to billet in Farnham itself.
In 1895 Farnham Urban District Council was formed. In 1930 the council purchased Farnham Park, a large park which occupies much of the former castle grounds.
In 1901, the population of Farnham was about 14,000. Since the end of the Second World War, Farnham has expanded from a population of about 20,000 to the present 38,000. Of that figure, approximately 15,000 live in the town centre, whilst the remaining 23,000 live in the surrounding suburbs and villages within the town's administrative boundaries.
Politics
Farnham lies within:
- the county of Surrey
- the borough of Waverley
- the parliamentary constituency of Surrey South West. Conservative MP Jeremy Hunt was elected in the 2005 General Election on the 5th May of that year.
Famous people from Farnham
- William Cobbett, essayist
- Harold Falkner, artist
- Mike Hawthorn, Formula One racing driver
- John Henry Knight, builder of the first British motor car
- George Sturt, writer
- Graham Thorpe, cricketer
- Jonny Wilkinson, England Rugby Union captain (2004-)
External links
- Farnham Town Council (http://www.farnham.gov.uk/index.php)
- History of Farnham Park (http://www.waverley.gov.uk/countryside/site01b.asp)
- Farnham Museum (http://www.waverley.gov.uk/museumoffarnham/)
- Farnham Pottery (http://www.hoggie.demon.co.uk/farnham/index.htm)
- BBC article on the rural impact of the Black Death of 1348, substantially discussing Farnham (http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/society_culture/welfare/plague_countryside_01.shtml)de:Farnham (Surrey)