Earthly Branches
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The Earthly Branches (Chinese: 地支; pinyin: dìzhī; or 十二支, shíèrzhī, "twelve branches") is an ancient Chinese cyclic numeral system once used to count days and years but now used only in conjunction with the Heavenly Stems in the traditional calendar and Taoism. There are twelve phonetic characters in the system, each corresponding to an animal of the Chinese zodiac, and a respective direction, season, month, and Chinese hour (a modern double hour). The association to twelve animals is still common throughout East Asia.
| Earthly Branch |
Chinese name |
Japanese name (On and Kun) |
Korean name |
Vietnamese name |
Chinese zodiac |
Direction | Season | Lunar Month | Hour | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 子 | zǐ | shi ne | 자 | tý (Tí) | Rat | 0° (north) | winter | Month 11 (winter solstice) | 12 (midnight) |
| 2 | 丑 | chǒu | chu ushi | 축 | sửu | Ox | 30° | Month 12 | 2am | |
| 3 | 寅 | yín | in tora | 인 | dần | Tiger | 60° | spring | Month 1 | 4am |
| 4 | 卯 | mǎo | bou u | 묘 | mão (mẹo) | Rabbit | 90° (east) | Month 2 (vernal equinox) | 6am | |
| 5 | 辰 | chén | shin tatsu | 진 | thìn | Dragon | 120° | Month 3 | 8am | |
| 6 | 巳 | sì | mi | 사 | tỵ | Snake | 150° | summer | Month 4 | 10am |
| 7 | 午 | wǔ | uma | 오 | ngọ | Horse | 180° (south) | Month 5 (summer solstice) | 12pm (noon) |
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| 8 | 未 | wèi | mi hitsuji | 미 | mùi | Sheep | 210° | Month 6 | 2pm | |
| 9 | 申 | shēn | saru | 신 | thân | Monkey | 240° | autumn | Month 7 | 4pm |
| 10 | 酉 | yǒu | tori | 유 | dậu | Rooster | 270° (west) | Month 8 (autumnal equinox) | 6pm | |
| 11 | 戌 | xū | jutsu inu | 술 | tuất | Dog | 300° | Month 9 | 8pm | |
| 12 | 亥 | hài | gai i | 해 | hợi | Pig | 330° | winter | Month 10 | 10pm |
The seasons are based on the movement of the sun, not the weather. A Chinese new year usually starts on the new moon day closest to the midpoint between the winter solstice and the vernal equinox.
Some cultures assign different animals: the second animal is the water buffalo in Vietnam, the fourth is the cat in Vietnam and Thailand, and the twelfth is the wild boar in Japan.
Some researchers think the origin of the Earthly Branches may be foreign, because twelve differs from the Chinese culture's preference for the decimal system. The Heavenly stems, which are clearly decimal, appeared hundreds of years before the first use of the Earthly Branches. The association to twelve animals was a later invention, probably affected by the Mesopotamian zodiac imported through India and Tibet. This is why the Chinese zodiac has no relation to Chinese constellations.
Directions
Even though Chinese has words for the four cardinal directions - 北 (běi, north), 東 (dōng, east), 南 (nán, south), and 西 (xī, west) - Chinese mariners and astronomers preferred using the twelve directions of the Earthly Branches, which is somewhat similar to using o'clock for directions. Since twelve points were not enough especially for sailing, twelve midpoints were added later. Instead of combining two adjacent direction names, they assigned new names as follows:
- For the four diagonal directions, appropriate trigram names of I Ching were used.
- For the rest, the Heavenly Stems were used. According to the Five Elements theory, east is assigned to wood, and the Stems of wood are 甲 (jiǎ) and 乙 (yǐ). Thus they were assigned clockwise to the two adjacent points of the east.
Here is a table of the 24 directions.
| Character | Chinese name |
Japanese name |
Direction | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 子 | zǐ | ne | 0° (north) |
| 2 | 癸 | guǐ | mizunoto | 15° |
| 3 | 丑 | chǒu | ushi | 30° |
| 4 | 艮 | gèn | ushitora | 45° (northeast) |
| 5 | 寅 | yín | tora | 60° |
| 6 | 甲 | jiǎ | kinoe | 75° |
| 7 | 卯 | mǎo | u | 90° (east) |
| 8 | 乙 | yǐ | kinoto | 105° |
| 9 | 辰 | chén | tatsu | 120° |
| 10 | 巽 | xùn | tatsumi | 135° (southeast) |
| 11 | 巳 | sì | mi | 150° |
| 12 | 丙 | bǐng | hinoe | 165° |
| 13 | 午 | wǔ | uma | 180° (south) |
| 14 | 丁 | dīng | hinoto | 195° |
| 15 | 未 | wèi | hitsuji | 210° |
| 16 | 坤 | kūn | hitsujisaru | 225° (southwest) |
| 17 | 申 | shēn | saru | 240° |
| 18 | 庚 | gēng | kanoe | 255° |
| 19 | 酉 | yǒu | tori | 270° (west) |
| 20 | 辛 | xīn | kanoto | 285° |
| 21 | 戌 | xū | inu | 300° |
| 22 | 乾 | qián | inui | 315° (northwest) |
| 23 | 亥 | hài | i | 330° |
| 24 | 壬 | rén | mizunoe | 345° |
Advanced mariners such as Zhèng Hé used 48-point compasses. An additional midpoint was called by a combination of its two closest basic directions, such as 丙午 (bǐngwǔ) for the direction of 172.5°, the midpoint between 丙 (bǐng), 165°, and 午 (wǔ), 180°.
See also
External links
- Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches - Hong Kong Observatory (http://www.hko.gov.hk/gts/time/stemsandbranches.htm)de:Erdzweige