Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
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The Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formed by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries at a congress in Calcutta in 1969. The foundation of the party was declared by Kanu Sanyal at a mass-meeting in Calcutta on the 22nd of April (Lenin's birthday).
CPI(ML) advocated armed revolution and denounced participation in the electoral process. The party leaders were Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal, both of whom had belonged to the left-wing within Communist Party of India (Marxist) in northern West Bengal. Majumdar and Sanyal had mobilized a revolutionary peasants movement in Naxalbari, which evolved into an armed uprising. CPI(ML) saw Naxalbari as the spark that would start the Indian revolution, and the movement came to be known as 'naxalites'. In several parts of India, for example Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, differnt parts of West Bengal and in Srikakulam in northern Andhra Pradesh CPI(ML) organized guerilla units. The party got moral support from China, which actively encouranges the attempts of CPI(ML) to launch revolution.
The first party congress was held in Calcutta 1970. A Central Committee was elected consisting of:
The movement did however degenerate into extreme sectarianism. Instead of popular armed struggle in the countryside, individual terrorism in Calcutta became a principal method of struggle.
In 1971 Satyanarayan Singh revolted against the leadership and sectarianism of Majumdar. The result became that the party was split into two, one CPI(ML) led by Satyanarayan Singh and one CPI(ML) led by Charu Majumdar. In 1972 Majumdar died in police custody, and after his death a series of splits took place during the major part of the 1970s. The naxalite movement suffered a period of extremely harsh repression at the same time that the movement got all more fragmented. Another heavy blow to the movement was the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971 when China more or less asked the Indian naxalites to support the side of Pakistan (which was a political suicide in India at the time). On this issue Majumdar's line had some differentiation from that of the CPC. He gave emphasis to supporting the armed struggle of the East Pakistan Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist), which fought against both Pakistan and the Bangladeshi national liberation movement. Majumdar's line and the Chinese line caused conflict in CPI(ML) and produced splits, such as that of Ashim Chatterjee.
The pro-Majumdar CPI(ML) later split into pro- and anti-Lin Biao factions. The pro-Lin Biao group became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Second Central Committee and the anti-Lin Biao-group later became known as Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation.
A third major current at this time was Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Central Organising Committee, led by Suniti Kumar Ghosh. CPI(ML) COC was a reorganisation attempt that tried to differentiate from the Majumdar line, without completely discarding Majumdar as a political leader.
Today, there exists a large number of political organizations whose roots are in the AICCCR/CPI(ML). Some maintain and develop Majumdar's concept of armed revolution, whereas others have condemned the excesses of the sectarian epoch. The organizations belonging to the latter category have established legal overground structures (trade unions, etc.) and started participating in elections.
The more militant sector comprises:
- Communist Party of India (Maoist)
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Janashakti
- Communist Party of United States of India
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Naxalbari
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Mahadev Mukherjee)
The more moderate sector comprises:
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation
- Provisional Central Committee, Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist)
- Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Kanu Sanyal)/Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Red Flag (due to merge as of January 2004)
- Communist Revolutionary League of India
- Marxist-Leninist Committee
A middle-category can be said to consist of parties such as Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) New Democracy (who combine legal methods with armed struggle).