Austronesian languages
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The Austronesian languages are a family of languages widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. Malagasy is a geographic outlier, which is spoken on Madagascar. Austronesian has ten primary subgroups, nine of them found in Taiwan (the Formosan languages, unrelated to Chinese) and one ancestral to all other members of the family (Malayo-Polynesian languages). Austronesian is one of the largest language families in the world, both in terms of number of languages (1244 according to Ethnologue) and in terms of the geographical extent of the homelands of its languages (from Madagascar to Easter Island).
The name comes from the Greek Austronesia, meaning "southern islands".
The Formosan languages are spoken on the island of Taiwan, and some neighbouring islands. The Malayo-Polynesian languages are scattered across the huge area described above. The Malayo-Polynesian (MP) languages are divided into two major subgroups, the Western MP and the Central-Eastern MP. Western has 300 million speakers; Eastern has about 1 million speakers.
Comparative reconstruction, confirmed by archaeology, has shown that the original homeland of the linguistic ancestors of all these languages was in south-eastern or eastern China, from which they emigrated to the island of Taiwan. On this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are among families of native Formosan languages. The older term 'Malayo-Polynesian' is sometimes still used for the entire non-Taiwanese branch of Austronesian.
Some linguists believe the Tai languages probably deserve a place within an expanded version of this family. Yet others have attempted to show a genetic relationship between Austronesian and Austroasiatic languages, forming an Austric superfamily. Neither the Austro-Tai, nor the Austric superfamilies have gained general acceptance in the linguistic community.
The Malayo-Polynesian languages tend to use reduplication (repetition of all or part of a word - such as wiki-wiki), and have highly restrictive phonotactics, with small numbers of phonemes and predominantly consonant-vowel syllables, so that texts are quite repetitive in terms of the frequency of sounds.
Languages
- Javanese (>80 million)
- Banyumasan (>10 million)
- Malay (>50 million)
- Indonesian Malay (35 million native speakers)
- Malaysian Malay (18 million native)
- Tagalog (22 million native)
- Sundanese (> 20 million native)
- Cebuano (18 million native)
- Malagasy (10 million)
- Ilokano (7 million native)
- Fijian (337,000)
- Samoan (200,000? but many speak English also)
- Maori (160,000 but nearly all speak English also)
- Tongan (108,000)
- Hawaiian
- Gilbertese (Kiribati) (100,000)
- Marshallese
- Mangaabe-Mbula
- Paiwan
- Bantik
- It is theorized by some linguists that Japanese is either a member of or has been heavily influenced by the Austronesian language family.
Classification
The internal structure of the Austronesian languages is difficult to work out, as the family consists of many very similar languages with large numbers of Dialect continuums. In the best classifications available today, many of the groups in the Philippines and Indonesia are geographic conveniences rather than reflections of relatedness. However, it is clear that the greatest genealogical diversity is found among the Formosan languages of Taiwan, and the least among the islands of the Pacific, supporting a dispersal of the family from Taiwan or mainland China. (There is historical evidence of Austronesian languages on the mainland, from Fujian province to the Shandong peninsula, several millennia ago.) Below is a consensus opinion of Malayo-Polynesian, with the Western Malayo-Polynesian classification based on Fay Wouk and Malcolm Ross (ed.), The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems, Australian National University, 2002. The Formosan languages are listed both with and without subgrouping.
Formosan classification I
Austronesian
- Amis
- Atayalic
- Bunun
- Kulunic
- Paiwan
- Puyuma
- Rukai
- Saisiyat
- Thaoic
- Tsouic
- Malayo-Polynesian
? Ketangalan (unclassified)
Formosan classification II
Austronesian
- Atayalic
- "Tsou-Malayo-Polynesian"
- Tsouic (includes Rukai)
- "Paiwan-Malayo-Polynesian"
- Paiwanic (includes Amis, Bunun)
- Malayo-Polynesian
Consensus Malayo-Polynesian classification
- Outer Hesperonesian [or Outer Western Malayo-Polynesian] (Borneo and the Philippines: Many small groups of languages, the most important languages being Tagalog, Kapampangan, Ilokano, Cebuano, Malagasy)
- Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (possibly dispersed from Sulawesi)
- Sunda-Sulawesi [or Inner Western Malayo-Polynesian] (Western Indonesia: Javanese, Sundanese, Malay (Malaysian/Indonesian), Cham (of Vietnam), Balinese, Buginese (of Sulawesi), Chamorro (of Guam), Palauan)
- Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian
- Central Malayo-Polynesian (around the Banda Sea: languages of Timor, Sumba, Flores, and the Malukus)
- Eastern Malayo-Polynesian [or "Melanesian", taken to subsume Micronesian and Polynesian]
- Halmahera-Geelvink Bay (languages of Halmahera and western Irian Jaya, the most important being Buli and Biak)
- Oceanic
- West Oceanic (languages of coastal New Guinea from Jayapura east, and the Solomon Islands)
- Manus (possibly including the language of Yap, in Micronesia)
- East Oceanic
External link
- Ethnologue report for Austronesian. (http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=106)
- Basic vocabulary database for 287 Austronesian Languages. (http://language.psy.auckland.ac.nz)
- Austronesian Language Resources (http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm)minnan:Lâm-tó-gí-hē
de:Austronesische Sprachen es:Lenguas austronesias eo:Aŭstroneziaj lingvoj fr:Langues austronésiennes id:Bahasa Austronesia it:Lingue austronesiane hu:Ausztronéz nyelvcsalád ms:Bahasa Austronesian nl:Austronesische talen ja:オーストロネシア語族 no:Austronesiske språk fi:Austronesialaiset kielet zh:南島語系