Aracruz, ES, Brazil
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Aracruz is the name of a municipality and its capital on the central eastern coast of Espírito Santo, Brazil.
History
The municipality's history begins in 1556, when two Jesuit preists (Braz Lourenço and Diogo Jácomo) founded Santa Cruz, a town then called Aldeia Nova (New Village). Aldeia Nova later became known as Aldeia Velha (Old Village), since it didn't prosper as much as its neighbour, which then became known as Aldeia Nova, and is today called Nova Almeida. Aldeia Velha became emancipated as a municipality in 1848, and changed its name to Santa Cruz. In 1943, the municipality and its capital were both renamed Aracruz. However, the biggest economic driver at the time was Jacaranda wood, and Sauaçú held most of the wood processing plants (serrarias), so in 1948 the capital was moved to Sauaçú (also called Sauassú), and the capital's name went with it. Sauaçú then became known as Aracruz, and Aracruz reverted to its formal and present name, Santa Cruz.
Santa Cruz was founded at the mouth of the Piraquê-mirim and Piraquê-açu Rivers, as were a number of Amerindian tribes. After a visit from the Emperor Peter II who slept in Santa Cruz in 1860, he signed permission for 386 Italian families to settle in Santa Cruz, and those families founded Fazenda Nova Trento (New Trento Farm) around 1874. Other groups moved up the Piraquê-açu river to found Palmas Farm (Fazenda das Palmas) and Santa Teresa. At this time coffee and cassava plantations were common.
Another large wave of Italian immigrants began coming around 1872, when a ship called Sofia arrived bringing 386 Italians from the region of Trento. Those went on to found Nova Trento Colony.
Population
Today Aracruz is home to roughly 1500 Amerindians divided into six reservations: Caieiras Velha, Comboios, Irajá, Pau Brasil, Tekoá and Três Palmeiras. Only in the last couple of decades have they been able to secure their land here, as many problems with local paper industry greatly prolonged their land struggles. Those Indians are of two tribes: the Tupiniquim and Guarani. The Indians in Aracruz Municipality no longer speak their native languages, but they hold on to their traditional subsistence farming and handcraft trade.pt:Aracruz