Apsis

This article is about several astronomical terms (apogee & perigee, aphelion & perihelion, generic equivalents based on apsis, and related but rarer terms). In architecture, apsis is a synonym for apse; Apogee is also the name of a video game publisher.

In astronomy, an apsis (plural apsides "ap-si-deez") is the point of greatest or least distance of the elliptical orbit of a celestial body from its center of attraction (the center of mass of the system).

The point of closest approach is called the periapsis and the point of farthest approach is the apoapsis. A straight line drawn through the periapsis and apoapsis is the line of apsides. This is the major axis of the ellipse, the line through the longest part of the ellipse.

Related terms are used to identify the body being orbited. The most common are perigee and apogee, referring to earth orbits, and perihelion and aphelion, referring to orbits around the sun.
We have:

• Periapsis: maximum speed <math> v_\mathrm{per} = \sqrt{ \frac{(1+e)\mu}{(1-e)a} } \,<math>  at minimum distance <math>r_\mathrm{per}=(1-e)a\!\,<math> (periapsis distance)
• Apoapsis: minimum speed <math> v_\mathrm{ap} = \sqrt{ \frac{(1-e)\mu}{(1+e)a} } \,<math>  at maximum distance <math>r_\mathrm{ap}=(1+e)a\!\,<math> (apoapsis distance)

where one easily verifies

<math>h = \sqrt{(1-e^2)\mu a}<math>

<math>\epsilon=-\frac{\mu}{2a}<math>

(each the same for both points, like they are for the whole orbit, in accordance with Kepler's laws of planetary motion (conservation of angular momentum) and the conservation of energy)

where:

• <math>a\!\,<math> is the semi-major axis
• <math>e\!\,<math> is the eccentricity
• <math>h\!\,<math> is the specific relative angular momentum
• <math>\epsilon\!\,<math> is the specific orbital energy
• <math>\mu\!\,<math> is the standard gravitational parameter

Properties:

<math>e=\frac{r_\mathrm{ap}-r_\mathrm{per}}{r_\mathrm{ap}+r_\mathrm{per}}=1-\frac{2}{\frac{r_\mathrm{ap}}{r_\mathrm{per}}+1}=\frac{2}{\frac{r_\mathrm{per}}{r_\mathrm{ab}}+1}-1<math>

Note that for conversion from heights above the surface to distances, the radius of the central body has to be added, and conversely.

The arithmetic mean of the two distances is the semi-major axis <math>a\!\,<math>. The geometric mean of the two distances is the semi-minor axis <math>b\!\,<math>.

The geometric mean of the two speeds is <math>\sqrt{-2\epsilon}<math>, the speed corresponding to a kinetic energy which, at any position of the orbit, added to the existing kinetic energy, would allow the orbiting body to escape (the square root of the sum of the squares of the two speeds is the local escape velocity).

Terminology

Various related terms are used for other celestial objects. The '-gee', '-helion' and '-astron' and '-galacticon' forms are frequently used in the astronomical literature, while the other listed forms are occasionally used, although '-saturnium' has very rarely been used in the last 50 years. The '-gee' form is quite commonly used as a generic 'closest approach to planet' term instead of specifically applying to the Earth.

Body	Closest approach	Farthest approach
Galaxy	Perigalacticon	Apogalacticon
Star	Periastron	Apastron
Sun	Perihelion	Aphelion (1)
Earth	Perigee	Apogee
Moon	Periselene/Pericynthion/Perilune	Aposelene/Apocynthion/Apolune
Jupiter	Perijove	Apojove
Saturn	Perisaturnium	Aposaturnium

Since "peri" and "apo" are Greek, it might be considered more correct to use the Greek form for the body, giving forms such as '-zene' for Jupiter and '-krone' for Saturn. For Venus, the alternate form '-krition' (from Kritias, an older name for Aphrodite) has also been suggested. In practice, while the '-selene' and '-lune' forms are both used for the Moon, albeit very infrequently, like the '-cynthion' form, which is reserved for artificial bodies (an alternate definition has '-lune' for an object launched from the Moon and '-cynthion' for an object launched from elsewhere), other pure Greek forms are not used by astronomers. For Jupiter, the '-jove' form is occasionally seen whilst the '-zene' form is never used, like '-cytherion' (Venus), '-areion' (Mars), '-hermion' (Mercury), '-krone' (Saturn), '-uranion' (Uranus), '-poseidion' (Neptune) and '-hadion' (Pluto).

See also

• Eccentric anomalybg:Апсида

de:Apside el:Περιήλιο eo:Apsido fr:Apside gl:Afelio ja:近地点・遠地点 sk:apsida (astronómia) sl:apsidna točka vi:Cùng điểm