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- Cartography (10500 bytes)
1: ...s into one of three main types; [[computer-aided design |CAD]], [[geographic information system | GIS...
7: ... map dates from the [[5th millennium BCE]]. The oldest maps emphasized topological relationships such ...
9: ...flooding of the [[Nile]] obscured the property borders.
11: ...rence of the earth to within 15 per cent of the modern-day accepted value.
13: ...le]] later provided arguments in support of this idea. Those arguments can be summarized as follows: - Imhotep (3367 bytes)
1: ...age:Ancient_eygpt-1.jpg|thumb||170px|Clipart provided by <br> [http://classroomclipart.com Classroom C...
3: ... [[Pharaoh]] [[Djoser|Djos�r]]'s [[Vizier]], he designed the [[Pyramid of Djzos�r]] ([[Step Pyrami...
5: ...ne, and as author of the [[Edwin Smith papyrus]], detailing cures, ailments and [[anatomy|anatomical]]...
7: ...e, and [[Amenhotep son of Hapu]], who was another deified architect.
11: == Modern cultural impact== - Cairo (12536 bytes)
2: ...he world. Cairo is located at 30°2' North, 31°13' East (30.03333, 31.21667). [http://earth-inf...
6: ...ere by troops sent from Cairo. ([[Mongols]], Crusaders & Ottomans are examples)
11: ...20040617.jpg|thumb|left|200px|This Envisat ASAR Wide-Swath radar multicolour composite image is focuse...
14: ...aks into three branches into the low-lying [[Nile Delta]] region.
16: ...ro is dominated by the government buildings and modern architecture, the eastern half is filled with h... - Bassoon (11661 bytes)
2: ...re. It is known for its distinctive tone color, wide range, variety of character, and agility.
4: ==History and development==
6: ...e instrument body to the reed. It was, like the modern instrument,frequently constructed of maple, wit...
8: ...oon" in ''Dioclesian'' (1690) referring to the wooden double reed, the word began to be used to refer ...
10: ...ich scholars date to the end of the 17th century, depicts the bassoon much as it appears in its curren... - Piccolo heckelphone (2734 bytes)
1: ...[[heckelphone]], the piccolo heckelphone was intended to redress a point of weakness in the romantic o...
3: ... of [[Johann Sebastian Bach|Bach]]'s second [[Brandenburg Concerto]], where it played the high trumpet...
5: ...trument's conicity is quite wide (though not as wide as that of a [[saxophone]]), giving it a characte...
9: ...nstrument museum. Of the rest, some may have been destroyed in the second world war, or may be in the ...
11: ...sis. It is this author's contention that were a modern version produced, it would undoubtedly be a gre... - Piccolo (2812 bytes)
1: ...[octave]] lower than than the sounds desired in order to avoid too many [[leger line]]s above the [[Mu...
6: ...sh" instrument. A typical flute section may include only one or two piccolos, and since piccolo playe...
8: ...itive to tuning, the piccolo does require a great deal of breath support and is quite conspicuous when...
10: ... In more recent years the piccolo has also been made out of a plastic composite material. The composit...
13: ...strident [[whistle register]] notes at that altitude can be said to mimick a piccolo, hence its name. ... - Recorder (12954 bytes)
1: ...r to the functioning of the ancestors of the recorder, early folk [[whistle]]s.
3: ...at the instrument intended was the sopranino recorder.
5: ...y at some level, is pre-tuned, and is not too strident in even the most musically-inept hands. It is h...
7: ... of recorder music in which he himself plays recorders.
9: ... are the most common solo instruments in the recorder family. - Saxophone (14311 bytes)
3: ...] music, and [[jazz]], but it was originally intended as both an [[orchestra]]l and [[military band]] ...
7: ...ong time it was relegated to military bands--this despite his great friendship with the influential Pa...
9: ...nvent an entirely new instrument which suited his desires both tonally and technically and possessed a...
11: The development is defined almost entirely in terms of Sax's patent. F...
14: ...lto saxophones exist, though rare. There is some debate amongst players as to whether the curve affec... - Alto saxophone (1789 bytes)
8: ...and [[Paul Desmond]]. The alto saxophone is included in concert music more often than the tenor, and ... - Alphorn (1746 bytes)
1: ...a [[wind instrument]], consisting of a natural wooden horn of conical bore, having a cup-shaped [[mout...
3: ...outhpiece carved out of a block of hard wood is added and the instrument is complete.
5: ...e bore in relation to the length. An alpenhorn made at Rigi-Kulm, Schwytz, and now in the [[Victoria ...
8: ...f the alpenhorn from French Switzerland. The song describes the time of bringing the cows to the high ...
10: ... [[Michael Praetorius]] mentions the alpenhorn under the name of holzerni trummet in ''Syntagma Music... - Horn (instrument) (19243 bytes)
2: ... developed in France in about 1650 from the ''cor de chasse'' or hunting horn, and has been known as t...
6: ...sic)|harmonic series]], facilitated by its small, deep [[mouthpiece]], giving it its characteristic "m...
12: ... needed to play and the other could be free to guide his steed. The only way to change the pitch was ...
14: ...ype of horn, called the [[natural horn]] in the modern literature.
16: ...rmonic series, and there were then three valves added to it. Using these three valves, the player cou... - Trumpet (13239 bytes)
6: ...l, before the flare for the bell begins. (Careful design of these tapers is critical to the [[tuning|i...
8: ... sound and the ease with which it can be played. Deeper cupped mothpieces are best suited for expansi...
11: ...]] or ''cornetto'' (not to be confused with the modern cornet), and the [[Scandinavia]]n [[lur]].
16: ...make well-known the term ''[[double high C]]'' to describe the next octave above high C. Trumpeters w...
19: ...urice Andre]], [[Wynton Marsalis]] and [[Hakan Hardenberger]]. - Harmonica (21752 bytes)
14: is made to vibrate more easily by air from above, reeds a...
16: ...) also include a spring-loaded button-actuated slide that, when
17: depressed, further redirects air blown or drawn thr...
24: The harmonica consists of a "comb" made of wood, plastic or metal which
26: ...omatic harmonicas also have a button-activated slide. - Pipe organ (24478 bytes)
1: ...on for the visible pipes of an organ to be purely decorative, with the real pipes behind them.]]
7: ...lso found in town halls, and in arts centres intended for the performance of [[classical music]]. In t...
13: ''A more detailed article is to be written at [[styles of pip...
15: ...everal distinctive styles of pipe organ have been developed and achieved popularity at particular time...
19: ...n attempt to provide authentic voices for an extended repertoire, and each one of these instruments is... - Ukulele (6345 bytes)
1: ...0th century]], the instrument's name was often rendered as "ukelele", a spelling stilll used in Great ...
3:
5: ...eturned to the ukulele to its ancestral home of Madeira Island off the coast of North Africa. Flora Fo...
11: ...The tension and tone are a little brighter and louder. This tuning is still used today by some known ...
13: ...e-entrant tuning is the characteristic that most identified the original ukulele. - Bouzouki (4321 bytes)
2: The '''bouzouki''' is the mainstay of modern [[Greek music]], and is also found in [[Irish m...
19: Despite being nearly synonymous with Greek music, bo...
21: ...t with them the music known as Smyrneika, which made use of the arabic lute (al [[ud]] or 'outi' as th...
23: ...the melody. Trichordo bouzoukis are still being made, and are very popular with aficionados of [[Rembe...
25: ...or Anastasios Stathopoulos. The tetrachordo was made popular by [[Manolis Chiotis]]. - Ptolemy I of Egypt (7434 bytes)
3: ...er of [[Egypt]] ([[323 BC]] - [[283 BC]]) and founder of the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]]. In [[305 BC]] he t...
7: ...s]] and the young [[Alexander IV of Macedon|Alexander IV]].
9: ...sfully defended the [[Nile]] and Perdiccas was murdered by two of his subordinates. In the long wars ...
11: ...ge:Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt.jpg|thumb|right|Silver coin depicting '''Ptolemy I''' (r. [[305 BC|305]] - [[283...
13: ...her [[Menelaus]] was defeated and captured in the decisive [[Battle of Salamis in Cyprus (306 BC)|Batt... - Ptolemaic dynasty (4871 bytes)
3: ...s as the successors to the [[pharaoh]]s of independent Egypt. Ptolemy's family ruled Egypt until the [...
9: ...he one used here is the one most widely used by modern scholars.
12: ...I]], then [[Arsinoe II of Egypt|Arsinoe II]] Philadelphos; ruled jointly with [[Ptolemy the Son of Egy...
22: * [[Ptolemy X of Egypt|Ptolemy X]] Alexander I ([[107 BC]]-[[88 BC]]) married [[Cleopatra Sel...
24: ... [[Berenice III of Egypt|Berenice III]] before murdering her; ruled alone for 19 days after that. - War (7002 bytes)
1: ...ar is contrasted with [[peace]], which is usually defined as the absence of war.
8: ...vance of technology has led to an increase in the destructiveness and cost of warfare throughout human...
14: ...position was forcefully defended by the Indian leader [[Mohandas K. Gandhi]] (called "Mahatma" or "Gre...
16: ...] to the [[fascist]] states of the [[1930s]]. The defeat and repudiation of the fascist states and the...
18: ...use suffering, but are started to counter what is deemed even worse suffering) as legitimate, and it i... - Ashoka (15187 bytes)
5: ...abharata rulers, to unify such a vast territory under his empire, which in retrospect exceeds the boun...
10: ...anked Queen known as Dharma. Ashoka had several elder siblings and just one younger sibling, Vitthasho...
14: ...omed by the revolting militias and the uprising ended without a fight. (The province revolted once mor...
16: Ashoka's success made his step-brothers more wary of his intentions of ...
18: ...utra]], but instead sent him back to Ujjain and made him the governor of Ujjain.
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