War reparations
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War reparations refer to the monetary compensation provided to a triumphant nation or coalition from a defeated nation or coalition. The compensation is meant to cover damage or injury during a war. Generally, the term war reparations refers to money or goods changing hands, rather than such property transfers as the annexation of land.
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History
- Rome imposed large indemnities on Carthage after the First and Second Punic Wars.
- Post-Thirty Years' War
- The 'unequal treaties' signed by the Qing dynasty in China between 1842 and 1901 included payment of indemnities to the victorious Western powers.
- Post Franco-Prussian War 1870-1871
- According to conditions of Treaty of Frankfurt (May 10, 1871), France was obliged to pay a war indemnity of 5 Billion francs in 5 years. German troops remained in parts of France until the last instalment of the indemnity was paid off in September 1873, before the obliged date. It was the most successful case of war reparations in history.
- Post-World War I
- Russia agreed to pay reparations to the Central Powers when Russia exited the war in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (which was repudiated by the Bolshevik government eight months later)
- Germany agreed to pay reparations of 132 billion gold marks to the Allies in the Treaty of Versailles
- see also: World War I reparations
- Post-World War II, according to the Potsdam conference
- Germany was supposed to pay 20 billion dollars in machines and movable goods, mainly to Soviet Union. Most of reparations stopped in 1953. Most countries never received any reparations from Germany i.e. Poland was forced to accept end of reparations in 1953. In the end, war victims in many countries were compensated by the property of Germans, that were expelled after World War II.
- Post-World War II, according to the Treaty of Peace with Japan and the bilateral agreements
- Japan agreed to pay about 1 trillion and 30 billion yen. For countries renounced any reparations from Japan, she agreed to pay indemnity and/or grants in accordance with bilateral agreements.
- Post-World War II, according to the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947
- Italy agreed to pay reparations of about US$360 million to Yugoslavia, Greece, the Soviet Union, Ethiopia, and Albania
- Finland agreed to pay (and paid) reparations of about US$300 million to the Soviet Union
- Hungary agreed to pay reparations of about US$300 million to the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia
- Romania agreed to pay reparations of about US$300 million to the Soviet Union
- Bulgaria agreed to pay reparations of about US$70 million to Greece and Yugoslavia
- The government of the United States officially apologized for the Japanese American internment during World War II in the 1980s and paid reparations.
Criticisms
The main criticisms of war reparations have historically been:
- that they are punitive measures against the populace of the losing side only, rather than against the belligerent side, which may be the side that justly ought to make amends
- that in very many instances, the defeated populace's government waged war, and the people themselves had little or no role in deciding to wage war, and therefore war reparations are imposed on innocent people
- that after months or years of war, the populace of the losing side is likely already impoverished, and the imposition of war reparations therefore may drive the people into deeper poverty, both fueling long-term resentment of the victor and making the actual payments unlikely
The most important words of criticism came from John Maynard Keynes. He claimed that overall influence on the world economy would have been disastrous.
Some critics hold that war reparations were an indirect, but major, cause of World War II. After the end of World War I, the 1919 Treaty of Versailles imposed heavy war reparations upon Germany. These reparations payments exacerbated German economic problems, and the resulting hyperinflation ruined the chances of the Weimar Republic with the public, and allowed the rise of the Nazi Party and Adolf Hitler. Others point to the fact, that post-World War II reparations were calculated on basis of the damages caused by Germans during World War I. After French-Prussian war, reparations amount was set to fixed value. Moreover, post-World War I amount were subject to frequent recalculations, that encouraged Germany to obstruct payments. Eventually, all payments was agreed to be stopped after Hitler got in power.
The bad experience of the post-World War I reparations led to the post-World War II solution, where winning powers were supposed to take reparations in machines and movable goods from the defeated nations, as opposed to money.
Recent war reparations
After the first Gulf War, Iraq accepted UN Security Council resolution 687, which declared Iraq's financial liability for damage caused in its invasion of Kuwait. The United Nations Compensation Commission ("UNCC") was established, and US$350 billion in claims were filed by governments, corporations, and individuals. Funds for these payments were to come from a 30% share of Iraq's oil revenues from the oil for food program. It was never anticipated that US$350 billion would ever become available for total payment of all reparations claims, so several schedules of prioritization were created over the years. The UNCC says that its prioritization of claims by individuals, ahead of claims by corporations and governments, "marked a significant step in the evolution of international claims practice."
Payments under this reparations program continue; as of July 2004, the UNCC stated that it had actually distributed US$18.4 billion to claimants.
See also
External links
- Japan's Record on War Reparations (http://www.jiyuu-shikan.org/e/db4a.html)
- The United Nations Compensation Commission (http://www.unog.ch/uncc/start.htm)