Timeline of global philosophers
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The most popular or noteworthy philosophers can be found in bold, and slightly less influential philosophers are in italics.
Philosophers are organized roughly by the publication of their first, most influential works, or their "breakout" moments.
Also be sure to take a look at the Timeline of Eastern philosophers and the Timeline of Western philosophers.
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Late 20th Century
1950-1975
- von Neumann - created first programming instructions for a computer, set theory, game theory
- Konrad Lorenz - ethology, biology, aggression
- John Wisdom - philosophy of mind, analytic
- Paul Tillich - theist, authenticist
- Grace Hopper - COBOL, programming
- Kenneth Arrow - group psychology, economics
- R.M. Hare - noncognitivist morality, morals as prescriptive universalizables
- Maurice Merleau-Ponty - consciousness as pre-sensual awareness
- George Polya - heuristics
- B.F. Skinner - behaviorism, operant conditioning
- Isaiah Berlin - positive and negative freedom
- Simone Weil - mystic, Christian, alienation solved by meaningful work
- Alonzo Church - arithmetic is non-recursive and therefore there can't be a decision procedure for them
- GEM Anscombe - ethics and humanity
- Ayn Rand - atheism, capitalist libertarian, thematic aesthetics, egoism
- Max Horkheimer - unification of abstract philosophy and social science
- Herbert Feigl - Vienna Circle. logical positivist, materialist
- Milton Friedman - Chicago Boys. monetary economics, quantity of funds as determinant of government policy / business cycles / inflation
- John Austin - language, locution, illocution, perlocution
- Stuart Hampshire - freedom, intention vs. likelihood
- Hannah Arendt - futility of philosophy on individual actions and politics, anti-totalitarian
- Carl Hempel - paradox of contraposition
- P. F. Strawson - descriptive metaphysics
- Kurt Baier - social and personal morals
- H.G. Gadamer - hermeneutic
- W.V.O. Quine - naturalistic, physicalistic, relativity creative skepticism
- Paul Grice - language, discourse rules, reflexive intention and conversational implicature
- H.L.A. Hart - analytic legal philosopher
- Jacques Lacan - psychoanalyst, unconscious, repressed messages in linguistics
- Nelson Goodman - semantics, radical nominalism
- Wilfred Sellars - logical positivism, functionalism, analytics
- Jürgen Habermas - origins of knowledge the will comes from dialogue
- Thomas Kuhn - discontinuity of scientific progress
- J.J.C. Smart - physicalist, noncognitivist utilitarianism
- Herbert Marcuse - Frankfurt. Marxist-Freudian
- Richard Feynman - philosophy of science
- Gustav Bergmann - realism, ideal language
- Paul Ricoeur - theologist, hermeneutic, volition
- Edmund Gettier - justified belief != knowledge
- D.M. Armstrong - materialism mental events correlate to brain states (functionalism)
- Martin Luther King - civil rights, egalitarianism, passive resistance
- Louis Althusser - structuralist, assignment of social roles
- Noam Chomsky - libertarian socialism, anti-globalization, underdetermination, universal grammar, internal language over social language
- Roderick Chisholm - phenomenology
- Jacques Derrida - deconstructionist, meaning occurs provisionally, reinterpretation on an individual level
- John Searle - skeptical of AI comprehension, non-physical cognition, speech as acts
- Imre Lakatos - heuristic
- John Rawls - justice as fairness, social inequality justifiable only if least favored receive most benefits
- Michel Foucault - thought shaped by norms, freedom in deviance
- Saul Kripke - modal logic, names and sorts not descriptions but designators
- Robert M. Pirsig - metaphysics of quality
- E.O. Wilson - sociobiology
- Marshall McLuhan - human consciousness inside machines medium as message, hot and cool media, tetrad
- Gilles Deleuze - post-modernist, anti-modernist-rationality
1975-2000
- Paul Feyerabend - critique of science rational anarchist
- Judith Jarvis Thomson - individual rights as defeasible
- Stephen Hawking - quantum and relativity physics, topography, beginning and end of time
- Peter Singer - animal rights, consequentialist
- Umberto Eco - semiotics
- Michael Dummett - intuitionist mathematics
- Hilary Putnam - brain in a vat epistemology
- Andrea Dworkin - legal positivism
- Jean-François Lyotard - postmodernism, anti-inhumanism, anti-grand narratives
- Donald Davidson - identity theory, intentionalism, logic of humanity
- Thomas Nagel - subjectivity and objectivity
- Mary Midgley - ethological morality
- Mary Daly - theologist, egalitarian gynomorphic language
- Douglas Hofstadter - AI, cognitive science, history of science, metamathematics, recursivity
- Lawrence Kohlberg - moral structure of the mind
- Richard Rorty - postmodern philosophical method
- Robert Nozick - libertarian
- Helene Cixous - sought destruction of binary opposition inherent in symbolic language, deconstructivist
- Benoit Mandelbrot - fractal geometry
- Jaegwon Kim - metaphysics psychophysical identity
- Tom Regan - animal rights
- Michele Le Dœuff - criticisms of gender categories undermine objectivity (?)
- Donna Haraway - cyborg feminism
- Carol Gilligan - male and female ethics
- Julia Kristeva - semiotics vs. logic
- Umberto Unger - experimentalist social theory
- Marvin Minsky - nonconscious parts of a conscious whole, map of the mind
- Henry Frankfurt - free will as ownership
- Kwame Anthony Appiah - African roots of knowledge, probabilistic semantics
- Nel Noddings - relationship-centric ethics
- Luce Irigaray - anti-valorization of gender
- Klaus von Klitzing - discovered the quantized Hall effect
- Keith Lehrer - coherence theory of knowledge
- Annette Baier - trust as a link between rationality and love
- Virginia Held - female experience emphasizes private influence
- Sandra Harding - against the necessity of universality, objectivity, duality
- Sara Ruddick - violence as masculine, empathic method to ethics
- Sarah Lucia Hoagland - isolation of homosexuals, patriarchy and heterosexuality as the source of all evil
- George Lakoff - family studies as political roots categories of the mind, metaphors as essential to understanding
- Catherine MacKinnon - legal feminism, gender exploitation
- Daniel Dennett - neuroscientific philosophy of mind
- Martha Nussbaum - emotion, decision-making
- Michael Walzer - liberalism, justice spheres, tolerance
- John Martin Fischer - guidance control in the free will
- Susan Bordo - masculinization of thought
- Georges Charpak - invented and developed particle detectors
- Francis Fukuyama - success of liberal democracy as the end of historical progress
- Andrew John Wiles - solved Fermat's last Theorem
- Michael Albert - participatory socialism
- John Ralston Saul - positive and negative nationalism, corporatism
- Cornel West - theologist, ethnicity, cultural genealogy
- Frederick Reines - detected the neutrino
- bell hooks - egalitarian, critic of feminist movement as racist
Millennials
2000+
- Lene Hau - slowed down light
- Lynne Baker - free will as a first person perspective
- Martin Van Creveld - military historian, war as an end to itself
- Christopher DiCarlo - evolutionary process of logic
External links
- http://www.philosophypages.com - an excellent resource by Garth Kemerling which informed much of this encyclopedia entry.