The Cathedral and the Bazaar
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The Cathedral and the Bazaar is an essay by Eric S. Raymond on software engineering methods, based on his observations of the Linux kernel development process and his experiences managing an open source project, fetchmail. It was first presented by the author at the Linux Kongress on May 27, 1997 and was published as part of a book of the same name in 1999. It is commonly regarded as the manifesto of the open source movement.
Cathedral-and-the-Bazaar-book-cover.jpg
The essay contrasts two different free software development models:
- The Cathedral model, in which source code is available with each software release, but code developed between releases is restricted to an exclusive group of developers. GNU Emacs and GCC are presented as examples.
- The Bazaar model, in which the code is developed over the Internet in view of the public. Raymond credits Linus Torvalds, leader of the Linux kernel project, as the inventor of this process. He also provides anecdotal accounts of his implementation of this model for the fetchmail project.
The essay's central thesis is Raymond's proposition that Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow (which he terms Linus's law): if the source code is available for public testing, scrutiny, and experimentation, then bugs will be discovered at a rapid rate. In contrast, Raymond claims that an inordinate amount of time and energy must be spent hunting for bugs in the Cathedral model, since the working version of the code is available only to a few developers.
The essay helped convince most existing open source and free software projects to adopt Bazaar-style open development models, fully or partially — including GNU Emacs and GCC, the original Cathedral examples. Most famously, it also provided the final push for Netscape to open the source of Netscape Communicator and start the Mozilla project.
The Cathedral is also the typical development model for proprietary software — with the additional restriction in that case that source code is usually not provided even with releases — and a common usage of the phrase "the Cathedral and the Bazaar" is to contrast proprietary with open source. However, the original essay concerns itself only with free software, and does not address proprietary development in any way at all.
The terminology has been extended to describe non-software projects. Wikipedia is a Bazaar-style project, while Nupedia and the Encyclopædia Britannica are Cathedral-style projects.
When O'Reilly published the book in 1999, it achieved another distinction by being the first complete and commercially distributed book published under a Creative Commons license.
Book
- Eric S. Raymond: The Cathedral & the Bazaar (O'Reilly; hardcover ISBN 1565927249, October 1999; paperback ISBN 0596001088, January 2001) — includes "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", "Homesteading the Noosphere", "The Magic Cauldron", and "Revenge of the Hackers"
External links
- The Cathedral and the Bazaar (http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/) (original essay)
- The Cathedral and the Bazaar (http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/cathbazpaper/) (O'Reilly Books page)
- Open Source Software Development as a Special Type of Academic Research (Critique of Vulgar Raymondism) (http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue4_10/bezroukov/index.html) (Nikolai Bezroukov, First Monday, vol 4 no 10, October 1999)
- Response to Nikolai Bezroukov (http://www.catb.org/~esr/writings/response-to-bezroukov.html) (Eric S. Raymond, October 1999)
- A Second Look at the Cathedral and the Bazaar (http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue4_12/bezroukov/) (Nikolai Bezroukov, First Monday, vol 4 no 12, December 1999)de:Die Kathedrale und der Bazaar
es:La Catedral y el Bazar ko:성당과 시장 it:La Cattedrale ed il Bazaar he:הקתדרלה והבזאר ja:バザール方式 pl:The Cathedral and the Bazaar